TEXTILESAUXILIARIES ANDCHEMICALSWITH PROCESSES & FORMULATIONS© Copy Reserved by Sudhir Gupta, DelhiISBN : 978-81-86732-93-9At present, Textile Auxiliaries and Chemicals have gottremendous demand in India as well as in overseas countries.Considering to this, EIRI have recently published a unique bookon this subject. The book almost covers all the Textile Auxiliariesand Chemicals with their formulae to provide detailed knowledge.Apart from these, we have also included many project profilesrelated with the same industry which will be helpful for the newentrepreneurs to set-up their own unit.The book Textile Auxiliaries and Chemicals with Processesand Formulations covers almost all the basic and advanceddetails to setup own industry/unit. The new edition of the bookis covering latest technology of textile auxiliaries chemicalprocesses including: Classifications and Chemistry, ManufacturingProcesses of Textile Auxiliaries, Commercial Textile Auxiliaries,Formulations of Textile Auxiliaries, Classification of Surfactants,Details of Raw Materials, Anionic Surfactants, Cationic Surfactants,Nonionic Surfactants, and Miscellaneous Important Compounds.The book has been compiled for the benefit and to prove anasset and a handy reference guide in the hands of newentrepreneurs and well established industrialists.

PrefaceDirectorNai Sarak, New Delhi (INDIA)E-Mail: eiribooks@yahoo.comCHAPTER 1CLASSIFICATIONS ANDCHEMISTRY .........................1-87Classification ............................ 1Spinning Assistants ................. 3Sizing Agents ............................ 3Desizing Agents ....................... 3Scouring and Bleaching Aids .. 3Dyeing Assistants .................... 3Printing Aids ............................. 3Finishing Agents ...................... 4Detergents and Surfactants .... 5Inorganic Compounds ............. 5Hydrophilic andhydrophobic groups ................. 8Molecular weight ...................... 8Solubility and surface activity ... 8Nomenclature and chemicalcomposition ........................ 9Wetting and detergentstructures ............................ 9Anionic Surfactants ................ 10

Carboxylates ........................... 10Sulphonates ........................... 11Alkylbenzenesulphonates ...... 11Petroleum sulphonates ......... 12Naphthalene-sulphonates ..... 12Olefin sulphonates ................. 13Sulphates ............................... 13Alkyl sulphates (Sulphatedalcohols) ........................... 13Sulphated natural fatsand oils ............................. 14Sulphated alkanolamides ..... 14Sulphated esters .................... 14Alkyphenols, ethoxylated andsulphated .......................... 15Nonionic Surfactants .............. 15Polyoxyethylene Surfactants .. 16Ethoxylated Aliphatic Alcohols .. 18Carboxylic Esters ................... 18Polyethylene glycol esters ..... 19Anhydrosorbitol ester ............. 21Glycol esters of fatty acids ..... 22Natural fats, oils, and waxes,ethoxylated ........................ 22Carboxylic Amides ................. 23Monoalkanolaminecondensates ..................... 23Polyoxyethylene Fatty AcidAmides .............................. 23Cationic Surfactants ............... 24Polyoxyethylene alkyl andalicyclic amines ................ 24

Contents-cum-Index2 Alkyl 1 (hydroxyethyl) 2imidazolines ...................... 25N,N.N’,N’ Tetrakis substitutedethylenediamines ............. 25Amines Having AmideLinkages ........................... 26Quaternary Ammonium Salts .. 26Amphoteric Surfactants .......... 27Sizing ...................................... 29Starch ...................................... 29Modified Starch ....................... 32Industrial Gums ..................... 36Gum Arabic ............................. 36Guar gum ............................... 36Locust bean gum ................... 37Tamarind kernel powder........ 37Carboxy Methyl CelluloseSodium Salt ...................... 37Usages ................................... 38Sizing of Blended Yarn ........... 40Acrylic Size .............................. 42Desizing .................................. 42Bleaching AND ScouringOperation .......................... 45Scouring of Wool .................... 46Carbonising ............................ 46Scouring of Silk ...................... 47Scouring of Rayon ................. 47

Scouring of Synthetic Fibres .. 47Mercerising ............................. 47Dyeing ..................................... 49Wetting agents ....................... 50Dispersing agents ................. 50Levelling agents ..................... 50Sulphated Castor Oil ............. 51Sequestering agents ............. 53Antifoaming agents ................ 53Carriers ................................... 53Migration inhibitor ................... 53Dye fixing agents .................... 53Stripping agents ..................... 53Thickeners .............................. 54Wetting agents ....................... 54Dispersing agents ................. 54Antifoaming agents ................ 55Oxidising and reducing agents .. 55Carriers ................................... 55Binders ................................... 55After washing .......................... 55Finishing of textiles ................ 55Acetals .................................... 61Epoxides and epichlorohydrin................................. 61Optical Brightening Agents .... 62Pyrazoline Derivatives ............ 66Derivatives of Naphthalimide ... 68Softeners ................................ 68Bis (benzoxazol 2 yl)derivatives ......................... 76Bis (benzimidazol 2 yl)derivatives ......................... 76Coumarins ............................. 76Pyrazolins ............................... 76Naphtalimides ........................ 76Triazinyl pyrenes .................... 772 Styryl benoxazoles andnaphthoxazoles ................. 77Nonionic softeners ................. 77Cationic softeners .................. 78Reactive softeners ................. 79Emulsion softeners ............... 80Silicone softeners .................. 80Biopolishing ........................... 80Stone Washing ....................... 82Water Repellents ................... 83Aluminium acetate ................. 84Wax dispersions .................... 84Pyridinium Type ofRepellents ......................... 85Fluorochemicals .................... 86CHAPTER 2MANUFACTURINGPROCESSES OF TEXTILEAUXILIARIES ................... 88-131Starch ...................................... 88Dextrin/British Gum ................ 89Starch Hydroxy Ethyl Ether ..... 90Methyl Cellulose ..................... 90Hydroxy Ethyl Cellulose ......... 90Ethyl Hydroxy Ethyl Cellulose ... 90

Sodium Carboxy MethylCellulose ........................... 90Gum Arabic ............................. 91Gum Karya ............................. 92Gum Tragacanth .................... 92Locust Beam Gum ................. 93Guar Gum ............................... 93Tamarind Kernel Powder ....... 94Turkey Red Oil ....................... 94Sodium Lab Sulphonate ........ 95Sodium Lauryl Sulphate ........ 95Dibutyl NapthaleneSulphonate ........................ 96Ethylene Oxide Condensate ofLauryl Alcohol .................... 96Octadecenoyl N MethylTaurate (Igepon T) ............ 96Sodium Beta SulphoethylEsters of Fatty Acids ......... 97Oleyl Chloride ......................... 97Hydroxyethane SodiumSulphate ............................ 98Sodium beta sulphothylester of oleic acid ............. 98Lauric Diethanol Amide ......... 99Superamide .......................... 100Sulphated Alkanolamides ... 100Urea FormaldehydePrecondensate ............... 101Bismethoxy Methyl Urea ...... 101Melamine FormaldehydePrecondensate ............... 102Poly Vinyl Acetate ................. 102Poly Vinyl Alcohol ................. 103Preparation of OctadecylChloromethyl Ether ......... 104Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone ........... 105Cetyl Pyridinium Bromide(Fabric Softener) ............. 105Dimethyl Phenyl BenzylAmmonium Chloride(Dye DischargingAgent) .............................. 105M Nitrobenzene Sulphonicacid Sodium Salt (MildOxidizer) ........................... 105Stearamide MethylPyridinium Chloride ........ 105Sodium Oleyl Para AnisidineSulphonate ...................... 106Polyethylene Glycol Esters .. 106Fatty Acid Esters ofAnhydrosorbitol ............... 106Higher Alcohol Esters ofMethacrylic Acid(Polymerized) .................. 106High Molecular Weight FattyAmide (Stearyl/CetylStearamide) .................... 106Dioctyl Ester of SulphosuccinicAcid ................... 106Optical Brightening

Agents ............................. 106Sodium, 5,5’ Dichloro 4,4’dinitrostilbene 2,2’disulphonate ................... 1065,5’ Dichloro 4,4’diaminostilbene 2,2’disulphonic acid ............. 107Acylation of 5,5’ dichloro4,4’ diaminostilbene2,2’ disulphonic acid ...... 107Sodium 4,4’ Bis(phenylcarbamylamino)5,5’ dichlorostilbene2,2’ disulphonate ............ 108Cyclohexylammonium 6,6’Dichloro 4,4’ dinitrostibene2,2’ disulphonate .... 108Glycerol Phthalic Anhydride(PAN) Condensate .......... 109o Methyl CyclohexanolStearate ........................... 109Tetrahydronaphthalene ........ 109Polyvinyl Butyral .................... 109Dinaphthalene MethylDisulphonic Acid ............. 109Polystyrene Suspension ...... 109THPC ThioureaCondensation Product ... 109Quaternary Aryl AminoalkylPhosphonium Salt .......... 110THPC Ammonia CondensationProduct ................. 111Poly Condensation Product . 1111,3,2 DiazaphospholidineCompounds .................... 112Alkyl And ArylSulphonamidomethylPhosphonates ................ 113Phosphorus ContainingAcrylic Monomers ............ 114HalogenatedPolyphosphonates .......... 116Dimethyl a, ac Bis (DiethylPhosphono) Adipate (D) 1182,4,6 Tris(Carbamoylmethylamino)1,3,5, S Triazine .............. 118Anionic Polyurethane ResinEmulsion ......................... 119Perfluoro Tertiary AlkylEthers .............................. 120Polyfluoroalkyl HydroxypropylPhosphates..................... 122Hybrid TetracopolymersBased on Fluoroacrylates.......................... 123Vinyl Ether ReactiveOrganopolysiloxaneAddition Products ............ 124Alkylene Oxide ModifiedAminoplastCompounds .................... 125

Fatty, MethylolatedPolyoxyalkyleneCarbamates .................... 128Polyethylene GlycolModified TriazineCompounds .................... 129Diester amine Adducts ........ 130CHAPTER 3COMMERCIAL TEXTILEAUXILIARIES ................. 132-163Foreign ................................. 132Shirlan .................................. 132Mercerol ................................ 132Reference ............................. 132Teepol ................................... 133Amoa Solo-Prufe .................. 134Metabol O ............................. 134Mitin FF ................................. 135Aquasols .............................. 136References ........................... 136Aerosol OT ........................... 136Formerly ALPHASOLS ......... 136Ammonyx BC ........................ 137Cation active alkyldimethylbenzylammoniumchloride. ........................... 137Lissolamine A and V ........... 137Nervanase and Gelatase .... 138Tergitols 08, 4 and 7 ............ 139Avi-Meral L24 ........................ 140Velan PF ............................... 140Nilo (Various Brands) .......... 141Celanol A .............................. 142Nonic 218 ............................. 142Resloom M-75 and HP ........ 143Lenka .................................... 144Rhonite 609 (and VariousBrands) ........................... 144Lubrol Mo .............................. 145Gardinol WS and CS Paste 146Glydote A .............................. 147Igepal (Various Brands) ....... 147Lissapol C (Paste andPowder) ........................... 148Lissatan AC .......................... 148Textol Wax ............................. 148Formaset (Various Brands) . 149Norane R .............................. 149Igepon T Powder, T Gel, TFSConc. ............................... 150Triton NE and N 100 ............ 150Rhozyme PF ......................... 151Triton K 60 ............................ 151Triton 770 Conc. and X-301 151Rhozyme BB and C ............. 152Calatac MMN and MMP ........ 152Calatac VA ............................ 153Igepon AP Extra Conc. ......... 153Lanoc CN ............................. 154Alkylene B and IP ................. 154Zelan AP Paste .................... 155Aridex L Conc. and AridexWP Water Repellents ..... 156

Resist Salt L ........................ 157Merid T .................................. 158Glycol Fatty Acid Esters(Including DiglycolOleate S, DiglycolStearate S, S147, S151,S152, S137, S1003, andAldo 25) ........................... 158Doittau 32 – HuileUniversol R ..................... 160Perminal BX, WA & EML ...... 161Lissapol LS paste andpowder ............................ 161Leucaphor O ........................ 162Cellofas C ............................ 163CHAPTER 4FORMULATIONS OFTEXTILE AUXILIARIES .. 164-203Scour Formulations ............. 164Solvent Formulations ........... 165Activated Bleach ................... 165Starch Size ........................... 168Starch Sizing ........................ 169Durable Finish for Cotton& Rayon........................... 169“Wash and Wear” CottonFinish .............................. 169Crease Resistant Finish forCotton .............................. 169Crease Resistant RayonFinish .............................. 170Rainproofing PolyesterCotton Finish .................. 170Flame Proof CreaseResistant Finish ............. 170Flame Proof, Softening AndAnticrease Finish ............ 171Flame Proof Finish (Cotton) 172Crush Resistant Finish ....... 172Textile Softener & WaterRepellent ......................... 173Textile Bleach ....................... 173Textile Size ............................ 174Textile Warp Sizing ............... 174Waterproofing Finish ............ 175Textile Sizings ....................... 176Crease Proofing CelluloseAcetate ............................. 178Crease Resisting ViscoseCrepe .............................. 178Fabric Sizing (Aerosol) ......... 178Textile Fabric Finish(Anti-crease Waterproof) ... 179Vat Colour Printing Paste .... 180Textile Delusterant ............... 180Textile Softener ..................... 180Kapok Softener ..................... 181Nylon Yarn Coning Oil ......... 181Textile Printing PasteThickener ........................ 181Semistiff Collar ..................... 182Flameproof, Waterproof And

Mildewproof Coating ForTextiles PigmentComposition ................... 182Printing Paste ....................... 183Textile Dullers (Delusterants)for Hosiery ............. 183Textile Softening Cream ...... 184Textile Scouring Agents ....... 185Textile Printing Paste ........... 185Silk Printing Discharge ........ 185Textile Printing Resist .......... 186Stripping Dye From Wool .... 186Stripping Dyed Cotton .......... 186Flameproof, Waterproof andMildwproof TextileCoating ............................ 187Waterproofing Agent ............ 187Aniline Black Printing paste 188Vat Printing Colour ............... 188Textile Printing Pastes ......... 189Textile Waterproofing ............ 189Delusterant For Textiles ....... 190Cotton Filling Compositions 190Sizing Rayon And Silk .......... 191Tallow Emulsion For TextileSofting ............................. 191Lubrications For SyntheticTextile Fibres ................... 192Thread And Yarn Lubricant .. 192Hoechst Composition ofPrinting Paste ................. 192Blotch Printing Formulation . 195Vat Printing Paste ................. 196Manufacture of ‘Soromins’ ... 196Soromin WF ......................... 197“Soromin F” .......................... 197“Soromin DM” ....................... 198Waterproofing Agent ............ 198Antistatic Agents ................... 198Synthetic Textile FibreLubricant ......................... 199Rayon Lubricants ................. 200Cotton Spraying Oil .............. 200Textile Softeners ................... 200CHAPTER 5CLASSIFICATION OFSURFACTANTS ........ 204-228Surface Active Agents .......... 206Amphoteric surfactants ........ 207Anionic Surfactants .............. 212Sulphated vegetable oils ..... 212Sulphated fatty acid esters .. 212Sulphated esters of lowmolecular weightaliphatic acids ................. 212Fatty acid esters ofsulphonated alcohols ..... 212Sulphonated substitutedfatty acid amides ............ 212Alkyl aryl sulphonates .......... 213Aliphatic alcohol sulphates . 213Secondary alcohol

sulphates ........................ 213Sulphated alkyl phenolethyleneoxidecondensates ................... 214Phosphate esters ................ 214Cationic Surfactants ............. 214Fatty acid amides andtheir derivatives ............... 214Quaternary ammoniumsalts ................................. 214Fatty amine salts: ................. 215Pyridinium and substitutedpyridinium salts .............. 215Cyclic (imidazolinium)derivatives ....................... 216Alkylol amide salts ............... 216Dicyandiamideformal-dehyde condensate.... 216Nonionic surfactants ............ 217Alkyl phenol condensates ... 217Fatty alcohol condensates ... 218Fatty acid condensates ........ 218Fatty amine condensates .... 218Fatty amide condensates .... 218Non-Surface ActiveCompounds .................... 219Non-surface active agentformulations containingsmall amounts ofsurface active agents ..... 219Spinning assistants ............. 220Sizing agents ........................ 220Desizing agents ................... 220Scouring & bleaching aids .. 220Dyeing assistants ................ 220Printing aids ......................... 221Finishing agents .................. 221Hybrid Surfactants ................ 221Surfactants ........................... 222Hybrid surfactants ................ 223Nonionic-anionic hybrids ..... 225Nonionic-cationic hybrids .... 227Cationic-nonionic-anionichybrids ............................. 227CHAPTER 6DETAILS OF RAWMATERIALS ............. 229-258Fatty Acids ............................ 229Aliphatic hydroxycompounds and theirderivatives ....................... 232Octyl alcohol ......................... 232Lauryl alcohol ....................... 233Cetyl alcohol ......................... 233Oleyl alcohol ......................... 233Ethylene glycol ..................... 233Diethylene glycol .................. 234Thiodiethylene glycol ............ 235Glycerine (Glycerol) .............. 235Diethanolamine .................... 236Triethanolamine ................... 237Hydrocarbons ....................... 237

Diphenyl ................................ 237Dodecyl benzene, DDB ........ 238Paraffin wax .......................... 238Polyethylene (low molecularweight) ............................. 238Phenolic compounds ........... 239Phenol .................................. 239Human toxicity ...................... 239Cresols ................................. 240Human toxicity ...................... 240Nonyl phenol ........................ 240o-Phenyl phenol ................... 241p-Phenyl Phenol ................... 241Aromatic chloro compounds 242o-Dichlorobenzene (ODCB) . 242Trichlorobenzene .................. 242Pentachlorophenol ............... 243Sodium salt .......................... 243Human toxicity ...................... 243Sulphonic acids ................... 244Sulphanilic acid .................... 244-Naphthalene sulphonicacid .................................. 244Aldehyde ............................... 245Formaldehyde ...................... 245Glyoxal .................................. 245Acids and their derivatives ... 246Acetic acid ............................ 246Citric acid .............................. 247Acrylic acid ............................ 247Maleic anhydride .................. 248Methyl acrylate ...................... 248Ethyl acrylate ........................ 249Butyl acrylate ........................ 249Acrylamide ............................ 249Stearamide ........................... 250Amines and proteins ........... 250Aniline ................................... 250Human toxicity ...................... 251Casein .................................. 251Glue ...................................... 252Animal & vegetable waxes .. 253Starch .................................... 253Dextrins/British gums .......... 254Guar gum ............................. 254Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 ...... 255Chloroform CHCl3 .......................... 255Dicyandiamide ..................... 256Ethylene oxide ...................... 256Ethylene diamine ................. 257Nitrobenzene ........................ 257Urea ...................................... 258CHAPTER 7ANIONICSURFACTANTS ............. 259-308Soap ..................................... 259Turkey Red Oil (TRO) .......... 262Sulphated derivatives offatty acid esters ofmonovalent alcohols ...... 266Sizing softeners ................... 267Fatty alcohol sulphates ........ 269

History ................................... 269Fatty alcohols ....................... 271Suphation of alcohols .......... 272Choice of sulphationprocesses and ofsulphating agents ........... 272Batch process ...................... 273Process of continuoussulphation ....................... 274Precautions to be takenduring processing .......... 275Neutralisation ....................... 275Raw material storage .......... 276Recovery of alcohols ............ 277Sulphation of unsaturatedalcohols ........................... 277Formation of sulphatedalcohols from olefines ... 277Mercerizing wetting agents .. 279Synthesis of 2-ethyl hexylsulphate .......................... 282Synthesis of n-butylsulphate .......................... 283Alkyl naphthalenesulphonates .................... 283Fatty acid ester and amidesulphonates .................... 284Dodecyl benzenesulphonate ...................... 285Dodecyl benzenesulphonate (Na) .............. 287Sulphonation ........................ 288Spend acid separation ........ 288Neutralisation ....................... 289Bleaching .............................. 289Batch sulphonation with20% oleum ..................... 289Sulphonation with sulphuricacid-oleum mixture ......... 290Commercial anionicdetergents ....................... 291Dialkyl sulphosuccinate ....... 293Nylon dyeing assistants ...... 298Sulphated ethers .................. 304Alkyl sulphonates ................. 305Phosphate esters and alkylphosphates ..................... 306CHAPTER 8CATIONICSURFACTANTS ............. 309-339Quaternary ammoniumsalts ................................. 309Quaternary ammoniumcompound with twoquarternary atoms .......... 312Softeners .............................. 315Origin of cationic softeners . 316Interesting advantages ........ 316Hydrophilicity andhydrophobicity ................. 318Chemistry of cationicsofteners ......................... 319

Mode of action ...................... 321Advantages ........................... 322Disadvantages ..................... 323Application ............................ 323Some products ..................... 323Zwitterion .............................. 326Dyeing assistants ................ 328Germicides ........................... 329Product of the generalformula ............................ 329Water-repellent finishes ...... 332CHAPTER 9NONIONICSURFACTANTS ............. 340-365Vat levelling agents .............. 349Azoic fastness improvers .... 350Fatty acid-ethylene oxidecondensates ................... 351Synthesis and properties .... 355CHAPTER 10MISCELLANEOUSIMPORTANTCOMPOUNDS ............... 366-414Silicones ............................... 366Chain extension of lowmolecular weight polyorganosiloxanes ............ 372Reaction with cellulosichydroxyl under acidicconditions ........................ 373Reaction with alkalinesolutions ......................... 373Reaction with celluloseunder mildly alkalinesolutions ......................... 373Self-crosslinking reaction .... 374Chemically modifiedpolyorgano-siloxanes ..... 374Application of siliconeemulsions ....................... 377Carriers ................................. 382Polyvinyl acetate emulsion .. 387Manufacture of polyvinylacetate dispersion .......... 387Polyvinyl alcohol ................... 388Formic acid ........................... 388Vinyl acetate ......................... 389Material of construction ........ 389Temperature control ............. 389Agitation ................................ 389Cleaning of the kettle ........... 389Identification of polyvinylalcohol ............................. 396Polyvinyl alcohol in sizing .... 396Wax emulsions .................... 397Carbohydrates ...................... 401Methyl cellulose .................... 403Guar gum ............................. 406Printing thickeners ............... 406Solution aids ........................ 412CHAPTER 11DETERGENT PASTE

(TEXTILE GRADE) ......... 415-417CHAPTER 12DISPERSANT FORTEXTILES ...................... 418-422CHAPTER 13LEVELLING ANDDISPERSING AGENT ..... 423-427CHAPTER 14NON-IONICSURFACTANTSWETTING AGENTS ....... 428-430CHAPTER 15PIGMENT EMULSIONFOR TEXTILES .............. 431-433CHAPTER 16PIGMENTS BINDERSFOR TEXTILEPRINTING ...................... 434-438CHAPTER 17POLY VINYL ACETATEEMULSION .................... 439-442CHAPTER 18ROSIN SIZING AGENT.... 443-446CHAPTER 19SILICONE EMULSION ... 447-449CHAPTER 20SILK SIZING LIQUID(WATER SOLUBLE) ...... 450-453CHAPTER 21SOFTENERS (CATIONIC,AN-IONIC ANDNON-IONIC) ................... 454-458CHAPTER 22TEXTILE AND FINISHINGAGENTS ................. 459-465CHAPTER 23TEXTILEAUXILLIARIES ............... 466-474CHAPTER 24TEXTILECHEMICALS .................. 475-481CHAPTER 25TEXTILE PRINTINGPASTE ........................... 482-484