Textbook - Milady - Cengage Learning
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AUTHORS FOR 2012 EDITION: Catherine M. Frangie Alisha Rimando Botero Colleen Hennessey Dr. Mark Lees Bonnie Sanford Frank Shipman Victoria Wurdinger EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTORS FOR 2012 EDITION: John Halal Randy Ferman Jim McConnell Janet McCormick Vicki Peters Douglas Schoon Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States STANDARD MILADY COSMETOLOGY
Transcript of Textbook - Milady - Cengage Learning
AUTHORS FOR 2012 EDITION:
Catherine M. FrangieAlisha Rimando Botero
Colleen HennesseyDr. Mark Lees
Bonnie SanfordFrank Shipman
Victoria Wurdinger
EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTORS FOR 2012 EDITION:
John HalalRandy FermanJim McConnell
Janet McCormickVicki Peters
Douglas Schoon
Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States
StandardMILadY
CoSMetoLogY59306_FM.indd 1 2/1/11 10:37 AM
Milady Standard Cosmetology Author: Milady
President, Milady: Dawn Gerrain
Senior Product Manager: Philip Mandl
Editorial Assistant: Maria K. Hebert
Director of Beauty Industry Relations: Sandra Bruce
Executive Marketing Manager: Gerard McAvey
Production Director: Wendy Troeger
Senior Content Project Manager: Angela Sheehan
Senior Content Project Manager: Nina Tucciarelli
Design Director: Bruce Bond
Art Director: Benj Gleeksman
Senior Art Director: Joy Kocsis
Cover and title page photo:
© Adrianna Williams/Corbis
© 2012, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1996, 1991, 1985, 1981, 1972, 1967, 1965, 1959, 1954, 1938 Milady®, a part of Cengage Learning
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Printed in the United States of America1 2 3 4 5 XXX 15 14 13 12 11
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007941007
HardcoverISBN-13: 978-1-4390-5930-2ISBN-10: 1-4390-5930-6 SoftcoverISBN-13: 978-1-4390-5929-6ISBN-10: 1-4390-5929-2
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OrientatiOn/1 1 History and Career Opportunities / 2 2 Life Skills / 16 3 Your Professional Image / 34 4 Communicating for Success / 44
GeneralScienceS/65 5 Infection Control: Principles and Practices / 66 6 General Anatomy and Physiology / 108 7 Skin Structure, Growth, and Nutrition / 154 8 Skin Disorders and Diseases / 174 9 Nail Structure and Growth / 196 10 Nail Disorders and Diseases / 204 11 Properties of the Hair and Scalp / 218 12 Basics of Chemistry / 244 13 Basics of Electricity / 262
Haircare/28114 Principles of Hair Design / 28215 Scalp Care, Shampooing, and
Conditioning / 30616 Haircutting / 34217 Hairstyling / 41818 Braiding and Braid Extensions / 50619 Wigs and Hair Additions / 538 20 Chemical Texture Services / 56221 Haircoloring / 626
Skincare/68522 Hair Removal / 68623 Facials / 70824 Facial Makeup / 756
nailcare/79125 Manicuring / 79226 Pedicuring / 84227 Nail Tips and Wraps / 87228 Monomer Liquid and Polymer
Powder Nail Enhancements / 89629 UV Gels / 924
buSineSSSkillS/95530 Seeking Employment / 95631 On the Job / 984 32 The Salon Business / 1006
appendixa Associations / 1031
appendixb Metric Conversions / 1032
Glossary/index/1034
ContentsinBrief
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ProceduresataGlance/viii
Preface/xiForeword: A Little Advice from Successful Professionals / xiNew to this Edition / xviAdditional Features of this Edition / xixEducational Chapter Formatting / xxiExtensive Learning and Teaching Package / xxiiiEducator Supplements / xxvii
contributingauthors/xxviii
editorialcontributorsforthe2012edition/xxxii
acknowledgments/xxxvReviewers / xxxvi
Part1OrientatiOn/11 HistoryandcareerOpportunities/2
Why Study Cosmetology History and Career Opportunities? / 4Brief History of Cosmetology / 4Career Paths for Cosmetologists / 9
2 lifeSkills/16Why Study Life Skills? / 18Life Skills / 18The Psychology of Success / 19Managing Your Career / 22Goal Setting / 24Time Management / 26Study Skills / 28Ethics / 29Personality Development and Attitude / 31
3 YourProfessionalimage/34Why Study the Importance of Your Professional Image? / 36Beauty and Wellness / 37Appearances Count / 38Your Physical Presentation / 40
4 communicatingforSuccess/44Why Study Communicating for Success? / 46Human Relations / 46Communication Basics / 49The Client Consultation/Needs Assessment / 52Special Issues in Communication / 57In-Salon Communication / 60
Part2GeneralScienceS/65
5 infectioncontrol:Principlesand Practices/66
Why Study Infection Control? / 69Regulation / 69Principles of Infection / 72Principles of Prevention / 82Universal Precautions / 92The Professional Salon Image / 94Procedures / 96
6 GeneralanatomyandPhysiology/108Why Study Anatomy and Physiology? / 112Anatomy, Physiology, and You / 112Cells / 113Tissues / 114Organs and Body Systems / 114The Skeletal System / 115The Muscular System / 120The Nervous System / 126The Circulatory System / 131The Lymphatic/Immune System / 137The Endocrine System / 137The Digestive System / 138The Excretory System / 139The Respiratory System / 140The Integumentary System / 140The Reproductive System / 141
7SkinStructure,Growth,and nutrition/154
Why Study Skin Structure, Growth, and Nutrition? / 156Anatomy of the Skin / 156Nutrition and Maintaining Skin Health / 164
TableofContents
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8 SkinDisordersandDiseases/174Why Study Skin Disorders and Diseases? / 177Disorders and Diseases of the Skin / 177Disorders of the Sebaceous (Oil) Glands / 180Disorders of the Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands / 181I nflammations and Common Infections of the Skin / 182Pigment Disorders of the Skin /182Hypertrophies of the Skin / 184Skin Cancer / 184Acne and Problem Skin / 186Aging Skin Issues / 187The Sun and Its Effects / 189Contact Dermatitis / 190
9 nailStructureandGrowth/196Why Study Nail Structure and Growth? / 198The Natural Nail / 198Nail Anatomy / 199Nail Growth / 201Know Your Nails / 202
10nailDisordersandDiseases/204Why Study Nail Disorders and Diseases? / 206Nail Disorders / 206Nail Diseases / 212
11PropertiesoftheHairandScalp/218Why Study Properties of the Hair and Scalp? / 220Structure of the Hair / 220Chemical Composition of Hair / 222Hair Growth / 227Hair Loss / 229Disorders of the Hair / 232Disorders of the Scalp / 233Hair and Scalp Analysis / 236
12basicsofchemistry/244Why Study Basics of Chemistry? / 246Chemistry / 246Matter / 247Potential Hydrogen (pH) / 256
13basicsofelectricity/262Why Study Basics of Electricity? / 264Electricity / 264Electrical Equipment Safety / 266Electrotherapy / 269Other Electrical Equipment / 271Light Energy and Light Therapy/ 272
Part3Haircare/281
14PrinciplesofHairDesign/282Why Study Principles of Hair Design? / 284Philosophy of Design / 284Elements of Hair Design / 285Principles of Hair Design / 290Influence of Hair Type on Hairstyle / 293Creating Harmony between Hairstyle and Facial Structure / 295Designing for Men / 303
15Scalpcare,Shampooing, andconditioning/306
Why Study Scalp Care, Shampooing, and Conditioning? / 308Scalp Care and Massage / 308Hair Brushing / 310Understanding Shampoo / 311Understanding Conditioner / 318Draping / 320Three-Part Procedure / 322Procedures / 323
16Haircutting/342Why Study Haircutting? / 344Basic Principles of Haircutting / 344Client Consultation / 350Haircutting Tools / 353Posture and Body Position / 364Safety in Haircutting / 365Basic Haircuts / 366Other Cutting Techniques / 371Clippers and Trimmers / 380Procedures / 384
17Hairstyling/418Why Study Hairstyling? / 420Client Consultation / 420Wet Hairstyling Basics / 421Finger Waving / 421Pin Curls / 422Roller Curls / 426Comb-Out Techniques / 429Hair Wrapping / 431Blowdry Styling / 431Thermal Hairstyling / 435Thermal Hair Straightening (Hair Pressing) / 441Styling Long Hair / 446Formal Styling / 447The Artistry of Hairstyling / 447Procedures / 448
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18braidingandbraidextensions/506Why Study Braiding and Braid Extensions? / 508Understanding the Basics / 509Braiding the Hair / 514Procedures / 520
19WigsandHairadditions/538Why Study Wigs and Hair Additions? / 541Human versus Synthetic Hair / 541Wigs / 544Hairpieces / 550Hair Extensions / 553
20chemicaltextureServices/562Why Study Chemical Texture Services? / 564The Structure of Hair / 564Permanent Waving / 567Chemical Hair Relaxers / 583Curl Re-Forming (Soft Curl Permanents) / 591Procedures / 593
21Haircoloring/626Why Study Haircoloring? / 629Why People Color Their Hair / 629Hair Facts / 630Identifying Natural Hair Color and Tone / 631Types of Haircolor / 636Consultation / 642Haircolor Formulation/ 643Haircolor Applications / 647Using Lighteners / 650Using Toners / 652Special Effects Haircoloring / 653Special Challenges in Haircolor/ Corrective Solutions / 655Haircoloring Safety Precautions / 663Procedures / 664
Part4Skincare/685
22Hairremoval/686Why Study Hair Removal? / 688Client Consultation / 689Contraindications for Hair Removal / 690Permanent Hair Removal / 692Temporary Hair Removal / 693Procedures / 696
23Facials/708Why Study Facials? / 710Skin Analysis and Consultation / 710Determining Skin Type / 716Skin Care Products / 718Client Consultation / 723Facial Massage / 725Facial Equipment / 733Electrotherapy and Light Therapy / 734Facial Treatments / 737Aromatherapy / 740Procedures / 741
24FacialMakeup/756Why Study Facial Makeup? / 758Cosmetics for Facial Makeup / 758Makeup Color Theory / 767Basic Professional Makeup Application / 771Special-Occasion Makeup / 773Corrective Makeup / 774Artificial Eyelashes / 783Procedures / 784
Part5nailcare/791
25Manicuring/792Why Study Manicuring? / 794Nail Technology Tools / 794Professional Cosmetic Products / 803The Basic Manicure / 807A Man’s Manicure Service / 810Massage / 811Spa Manicures / 813Aromatherapy / 814Paraffin Wax Treatments / 815Nail Art / 816Only the Beginning / 816Procedures / 817
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26 Pedicuring/842Why Study Pedicuring? / 844Pedicure Tools / 845About Pedicures / 851Disinfection / 859Procedures / 863
27nailtipsandWraps/872Why Study Nail Tips and Wraps? / 874Nail Tips / 874Nail Wraps / 876Nail Wrap Maintenance, Repair, and Removal / 877Procedures / 879
28MonomerliquidandPolymerPowder nailenhancements/896
Why Study Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder Nail Enhancements? / 898Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder Nail Enhancements / 898Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder Nail Enhancement Supplies / 901Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder Nail Enhancement Maintenance, Crack Repair, and Removal / 904Odorless Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder Products / 906Colored Polymer Powder Products / 907Procedures / 908
29uVGels/924Why Study UV Gels? / 926UV Gels / 926UV Gel Supplies / 929When to Use UV Gels / 931Choosing the Proper UV Gel / 931UV Light Units and Lamps / 932UV Gel Polish / 933UV Gel Maintenance and Removal / 934Procedures / 935
Part6buSineSSSkillS/955
30Seekingemployment/956Why Study How to Prepare for and Seek Employment? / 958Preparing for Licensure / 958Preparing for Employment / 963The Job Interview / 974
31OntheJob/984Why Study What It Is Like on the Job? / 986Moving from School to Work / 986Out in the Real World / 987Managing Your Money / 993Discover the Selling You / 996Keeping Current Clients and Expanding Your Client Base / 1001On Your Way / 1004
32theSalonbusiness/1006Why Study the Salon Business? / 1008Going into Business for Yourself / 1008Operating a Successful Salon / 1019Building Your Business / 1026
appendixaAssociations / 1031
appendixbMetric Conversions / 1032
Glossary/index/1034
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5–1 DisinfectingNonelectricalToolsandImplements/96
5–2 DisinfectingFootSpasorBasins/97
5–3 ProperHandWashing/102
15–1 Pre-ServiceProcedure/323
15–2 Post-ServiceProcedure/326
15–3 NormalHairandScalpTreatment/328
15–4 DryHairandScalpTreatment/329
15–5 OilyHairandScalpTreatment/330
15–6 AntidandruffTreatment/331
15–7 HairBrushing/332
15–8 DrapingforaBasicShampooingandConditioning/333
15–9 DrapingforaChemicalService/334
15–10 BasicShampooingandConditioning/335
15–11 ScalpMassage/338
16–1 BluntHaircutwithFringe:Right-Handed/384
16–1 BluntHaircutwithFringe:Left-Handed/388
16–2 GraduatedHaircut:Right-Handed/392
16–2 GraduatedHaircut:Left-Handed/397
16–3 Uniform-LayeredHaircut:Right-Handed/401
16–3 Uniform-LayeredHaircut:Left-Handed/405
16–4 Long-Layered(180-Degree)Haircut:Right-Handed/408
16–4 Long-Layered(180-Degree)Haircut:Left-Handed/411
16–5 Men’sBasicClipperCut/413
17–1 PreparingHairforWetStyling/448
17–2 HorizontalFingerWaving:Right-Handed/450
17–2 HorizontalFingerWaving:Left-Handed/454
17–3 CarvedorSculptedCurls:Right-Handed/457
17–3 CarvedorSculptedCurls:Left-Handed/459
17–4 WetSetwithRollers/461
17–5 HairWrapping/463
17–6 BlowdryingShort,Layered,CurlyHairtoProduceSmoothandFullFinish:Right-Handed/465
17–6 BlowdryingShort,Layered,CurlyHairtoProduceSmoothandFullFinish:Left-Handed/467
17–7 BlowdryingShort,CurlyHairinItsNaturalWavePattern/469
17–8 DiffusingLong,Curly,orExtremelyCurlyHairinItsNaturalWavePattern/471
17–9 BlowdryingStraightorWavyHairforMaximumVolume:Right-Handed/472
17–9 BlowdryingStraightorWavyHairforMaximumVolume:Left-Handed/474
ProceduresataGlance
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17–10 BlowdryingBluntorLong-Layered,StraighttoWavyHairintoaStraightStyle:Right-Handed/476
17–10 BlowdryingBluntorLong-Layered,StraighttoWavyHairintoaStraightStyle:Left-Handed/479
17–11 ThermalWaving:Right-Handed/481
17–11 ThermalWaving:Left-Handed/484
17–12 CurlingShortHair/487
17–13 CurlingMedium-LengthHair/489
17–14 CurlingHairUsingTwoLoopsorFigure8/491
17–15 SoftPressingforNormalCurlyHair/493
17–16 KnotorChignon/496
17–17 Twist/498
17–18 Pleat/500
18–1 PreparingTexturedHairforBraiding/520
18–2 RopeBraid/522
18–3 FishtailBraid/524
18–4 InvisibleBraid/526
18–5 SingleBraidswithoutExtensions/528
18–6 SingleBraidswithExtensions/530
18–7 BasicCornrows/533
18–8 CornrowswithExtensions/535
20–1 PreliminaryTestCurlforaPermanentWave/593
20–2 PermanentWaveandProcessingUsingaBasicPermanentWrap/595
20–3 PermanentWaveandProcessingUsingaCurvaturePermanentWrap/598
20–4 PermanentWaveandProcessingUsingaBricklayPermanentWrap/601
20–5 PermanentWaveandProcessingUsingaWeaveTechnique/603
20–6 PermanentWaveandProcessingUsingaDouble-RodorPiggybackTechnique/605
20–7 PermanentWaveandProcessingUsingaSpiralWrapTechnique/607
20–8 ApplyingThioRelaxertoVirginHair/610
20–9 ThioRelaxerRetouch/612
20–10 ApplyingHydroxideRelaxertoVirginHair/614
20–11 HydroxideRelaxerRetouch/617
20–12 CurlRe-Forming(SoftCurlPerm)/620
21–1 PerformingaPatchTest/664
21–2 PreliminaryStrandTest/665
21–3 TemporaryHaircolorApplication/667
21–4 SemipermanentHaircolorApplication/669
21–5 Single-ProcessColoronVirginHair/671
21–6 PermanentSingle-ProcessRetouchwithaGlaze/673
21–7 LighteningVirginHair/675
21–8 TonerApplication/677
21–9 SpecialEffectsHaircoloringwithFoil(FullHead)/679
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22–1 Pre-ServiceProcedure/696
22–2 Post-ServiceProcedure/699
22–3 EyebrowTweezing/701
22–4 EyebrowWaxing/703
22–5 BodyWaxing/705
23–1 BasicFacial/741
23–2 FacialforDrySkin/746
23–3 FacialforOilySkinwithOpenComedones(Blackheads)/748
23–4 FacialforAcne-ProneandProblemSkin/751
24–1 BasicProfessionalMakeupApplication/784
24–2 BandLashApplication/787
25–1 Pre-ServiceProcedure/817
25–2 Post-ServiceProcedure/821
25–3 ProperHandWashing/823
25–4 HandlinganExposureIncidentDuringaManicure/824
25–5 PerformingaBasicManicure/826
25–6 HandandArmMassage/831
25–7 PolishingtheNails/835
25–8 ParaffinWaxTreatment/837
26–1 TheBasicPedicure/863
26–2 FootandLegMassage/867
27–1 NailTipApplication/879
27–2 NailTipRemoval/882
27–3 NailWrapApplication/884
27–4 Two-WeekFabricWrapMaintenance/887
27–5 Four-WeekFabricWrapMaintenance/889
27–6 FabricWrapRemoval/892
28–1 One-ColorMonomerLiquidandPolymerPowderNailEnhancementsoverNailTipsorNaturalNails/908
28–2 Two-ColorMonomerLiquidandPolymerPowderNailEnhancementsUsingForms/912
28–3 One-ColorMonomerLiquidandPolymerPowderMaintenance/916
28–4 CrackRepairforMonomerLiquidandPolymerPowderNailEnhancements/919
28–5 MonomerLiquidandPolymerPowderNailEnhancementRemoval/921
29–1 One-ColorMethodUVGelonTipsorNaturalNailswithUVGelPolish/935
29–2 Two-ColorMethodUVGelonTipsorNaturalNails/939
29–3 UVGeloverForms/942
29–4 UVGelMaintenance/945
29–5 UVGeloverMonomerLiquidandPolymerPowderNailEnhancementswithUVGelPolish/948
29–6 UVGelRemoval—HardGel/950
29–7 UVGelRemoval—SoftGel/951
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Preface MiladyStandardCosmetologyCongratulations! You are about to begin a journey that can take you in many directions and that holds the potential to make you a confident, successful professional in cosmetology. As a cosmetologist, you will become a trusted professional, the person your clients rely on to provide ongoing services that enable them to look and feel their best. You will become as personally involved in your clients’ lives as their physicians or dentists, and with study and practice, you will have the opportunity to showcase your artistic and creative ideas for the entire world to see!
You and your school have chosen the perfect course of study to accomplish all of this and more. Milady Standard Cosmetology was the creation of Nicholas F. Cimaglia, founder of Milady Publishing Company, in 1927. The very first edition of Milady Standard Cosmetology was published in 1938, and since that time, it has consistently been the most-used cosmetology textbook in the world. Many of the world’s most famous, sought-after, successful, and artistic professional cosmetologists have studied this very book!
Milady employs experts from all aspects of the beauty profession—hair care, skin care, nail care, massage, makeup, infection control, and business development—to write for and consult on every textbook published. Since the field of cosmetology is always changing, progressing, and discovering new technologies, services, and styles, Milady keeps a close eye on its texts and is committed to investing the time, energy, resources, and efforts to revising its educational offerings to provide the beauty industry with the most up-to-date and all-encompassing tools available.
So you see, by studying the Milady Standard Cosmetology, you have not simply opened the cover of a textbook, you’ve been adopted by a family of the most well-known and highly respected professional cosmetology educators in the world!
ForewordALittleAdvicefromSuccessfulProfessionalsYou have one decision to make today: Are you going to be your very best self or just get by? That’s it. After all, 90 percent of success is showing up, mentally—and physically. Are you committed to putting a laser focus on learning?
Education makes your life better, happier, richer. Specialized learning builds confidence, leads to a specific career, and opens dozens of unexpected doors. And if you listen to those who have already traversed the path before you, cosmetology training will provide you with the foundation for an exciting, artistic, limitless career that can fulfill what celebrity stylist Ted Gibson calls “Your Big, BIG dream.”
Mr.NicholasF.Cimaglia,FounderofMiladyPublishingCompany.
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The 2010 host of TLC’s What Not To Wear and owner of namesake salons in NYC and Washington, D.C., Gibson says that a solid, basic education is vital because what you learn in beauty school will carry you through your career:
“Your cosmetology education gives you the opportunity to do so many things, from working behind the chair to styling celebrities to doing platform work, TV, and movies,” says Gibson. “I love this business!”
The Road to SuccessBefore you compose your own song of success, take stock of what it will take: hard work, dedication, and plenty of practice. If you’ve been styling friends’ hair since you were ten, you may think you know a lot already, but that’s a trap.
Beth Minardi didn’t become the country’s most accomplished haircolor educator or premiere Manhattan salon owner by happenstance. When she recognized that haircolor was uniquely challenging, she did what all super-successful hairdressers do—she took a chance in order to learn all she could. Armed with a B.A. in Education and Theatre and a cosmetology license, she applied for a job with Clairol. Of her four weeks in training, the first was spent on semipermanent color, the second on the lift and deposit shades, the third on bleaching and toning, and the fourth on special effects.
“After each week, you were tested, and if you failed any test, you were fired,” recalls Minardi. “It made me realize that there is no fashion without foundation, no creativity without the basics.”
While Minardi credits her mentors for understanding that being a great colorist meant mastering theory and all color products, she stresses that success also requires commitment and a healthy body and mind: “When you go to work, it’s show time; there’s no room for gossip, personal problems or partying.”
As for creative ideas, the old adage is true: they originate from more perspiration than inspiration. Robert Cromeans, Global Artistic Director for Paul Mitchell and a Paul Mitchell The School owner, is known for cutting hair with a fork, using electric clippers to create a bob, and even using a staple gun. Here’s what he says about creative genius:
“The truth of the matter is that without the foundation of haircutting under my belt, I would never have been able to create these techniques. It is pivotal to know and understand the rules before you can break them.”
Where Milady Comes InAs you show up each day, ready to be at your mental and physical best, you will have the support of the hundreds of professionals who contributed to the creation of this revised edition of Milady Standard
“Allmytrainingwasthebest,becausenowIcansayIamabeautyschoolgraduateandveryproudofit.Ifeelfortunatetohavefoundwhatmakesmyheartsing.”—TedGibson
“Beingahairdresserislikebeinganathlete.Workhard,focus,andaskformoreresponsibility.Ifyoudo,you’llgetthehonorofbeingincludedwithsuccessfulpeople.”—Beth Minardi
“Developingagreathabitofgoingtoschooleverydaywillbenefityourcareerasasalonprofessional.Motivationdoesn’tchangethings;goodhabitsdo.”—RobertCromeans
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Cosmetology. Milady was part of Cromeans’ cosmetology curriculum, as well as Minardi’s and Gibson’s. Gibson says he still refers to Milady textbooks regularly. In other words, successful stylists never stop learning.
At the Eric Fisher Academy in Wichita, KS, salon and school owner Eric Fisher, who has won numerous artistic and business awards, chose this very textbook for his students because he considers it the most comprehensive one available.
Technical and Artistic FundamentalsLook through the Table of Contents, and you’ll see everything from cutting, coloring, perming, and relaxing to the body’s structures, infection control, makeup application, and braiding. Within each chapter, learning objectives are clearly established, terms are simply defined, and review questions help you recall all you’ve learned.
“Sometimes, you don’t even know that you have stumbled upon an aspect of the profession that you will love for the rest of your career,” comments Colleen Hennessey, a colorist, salon owner, and P&G School Manager Consultant. “That’s why it is important to learn all that you can. Without being exposed to all cosmetology has to offer, you can’t make sound choices about the direction you want to take.”
Even if you think you already know which area of cosmetology interests you most, developing skills in many disciplines is important because—combined—they provide the solid foundation that can take you anywhere.
“When I went to school, I learned roller placement, how to accommodate the hair’s movement, and how to work with bone structure,” recalls Fisher. “I’m grateful for those basics because they eventually allowed me to travel the world, own a successful business, do hair for video shoots, and more. It’s like basketball: you can run, pass, and alley-oop, but the game is won at the free throw line. Fundamentals—strong foundations—build houses that can survive any threat from inside or out.”
At Fisher’s Academy, the motto is student for life, and it works well. His students have gone on to work at top New York City salons, travel the world, and even win the student category at the North American Hairdressing Awards (something Fisher himself won in other categories).
“Every day in school, think about the kind of person you want to be,” advises Fisher. “You don’t have to be a superstar to achieve greatness—repetition and practice lead to success. Offer to help others just for the opportunity to learn. You have to do more than you get paid for, before you can get paid for more than you do.”
Strong Interpersonal Skills With focus, foundation, repetition, and practice, anyone can master the technical aspects of this wonderful profession. But hairdressing
“Don’tbeafraidtoadmityouhavetolearnmore.Remember,knowledgeispower.”—Colleen Hennessey
“Ifyoupracticeanythingforonehoureverydayfor365days,youcanbeanationalexpert.Youneedtheattitudethatgoeswithit,whichmeansembracingthepositive.Smileoften.Makeothersfeelwelcomeandimportant.”—EricFisher
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is also an emotional field, one that requires you to be a people person. What that really means is that you must have a positive attitude and be able to listen, read others, and speak their language.
That’s why this textbook includes details on conducting a great consultation, working with difficult clients and co-workers, and other life skills that you’ll begin to hone during the clinic phase of your training. Throughout the chapters, activities and real-life examples help you develop the good work habits and interpersonal skills that accomplished professionals say are a must.
“Success as a hairdresser is about more than cutting and coloring skills,” notes Nick Arrojo, who educates on platform for Wella, oversees his New York City-based Arrojo Studio and Arrojo Education, and preceded Gibson as the hair guru of TLC’s What Not To Wear. “You have to be a great communicator. You need to know the challenges of different hair types, the importance of cleanliness, both of yourself and your environment, and you must be able to retail.”
“The so-called non-artistic parts of the profession are actually arts in themselves, because you’re learning how to communicate with a person who has different tastes and desires than you do,” says Minardi. “Your body language, facial expression, and carriage are all part of being successful. After awhile, applying color is the easier part; it takes longer to do the rest well.”
Cromeans adds that developing great habits will help you through both the artistic and interpersonal aspects of hairdressing.
“Focus equally on your technical skills and on your dialogue, chair-side manner, and ability to celebrate each (client),” he says.
Business Basics and BeyondWhen it comes down to it, cosmetology comprises three tiers. First, it’s an artistically expressive field. Second, it relies on human dynamics and personal interaction, so that one individual can make another look and feel fabulous. Third, cosmetology is a business.
The final chapters of this book, which you will study near the end of your schooling, detail the employment search, the job interview, and business basics, from salon design to personnel management. You’ll want to refer to these chapters often as you enter the working world and progress toward achieving your big dream.
“Your passion for the art may drive your fire, but to succeed, you also need business discipline,” says Fisher. “Each stylist should know his or her average service and retail ticket, retention and prebooking rates, and future goals for next week and next month.”
“Ibelieveanyonewhoshowsprofessionalism,discipline,andcommitmentovermanyyearsofhardworkcandowhatIdo.”—NickArrojo
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“Being a strong business person is the best way to give your creativity the freedom to flourish,” stresses Arrojo. “You must have enough money to pay the bills. Keep learning, stay focused, and continue doing the right things every day. There’s no race to the finish line. Technique, creativity, confidence, and communication can all be taught, but only with time can you gain experience. With experience, opportunities follow.”
Opportunities for Life Many professionals say that as they grew into their careers, they found themselves wishing they had paid more attention in school. They also say that they are grateful for everything they learned, even things they hadn’t thought useful at the time. Hairdressers are no different.
Whether you want to be a Hollywood stylist, a corporate educator, the owner of a spa, or the world’s greatest braider, learning all you can now and finding a great mentor will help you achieve your goal.
“Don’t get ahead of yourself and think you’re a superstar,” cautions Hennessey. “Have a good work ethic. Be a team player. Continue your education. And be willing to put in long hours on your feet.”
Arrojo stresses that winners are always on time, respect their peers, and accept criticism as a positive learning experience. Cromeans advises forming good habits and being prepared every day to go for it: “You have to be present to win.”
“There are no shortcuts to fame,” says Minardi. “Your head, heart, and hands are what will make you a success.”
If you’re ready to apply all three, take a big step toward your future, and turn the page!
TheIndustryStandardThis edition of Milady Standard Cosmetology is jam-packed with new and compelling information and photography that will enable you to not only pass your licensing exams, but also to ensure your success once you are on the job.
Before beginning this revision, Milady surveyed hundreds of educators and professionals, held focus groups, and received in-depth comments from dozens of reviewers to learn what needed to be changed, added, or deleted from the previous edition. We then consulted with educational experts to learn the best way to present the material, so that all types of learners could understand and remember it. Next we went to several experts in various cosmetology-related fields to write or revise the chapters. Milady then held a seventeen-day photo shoot to update the technical art for chapter and procedural steps. Finally, we sent the finished manuscripts to yet more subject experts to ensure the accuracy and thoroughness of the material. What you hold in your hands is the result. Enjoy it, and best of luck as you start your career in the beauty industry.
DawnGerrainPresidentMilady
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New to this EditionIn response to the suggestions of the cosmetology educators and professionals who reviewed the Milady Standard Cosmetology and to those submitted by students who use this text, this edition includes many new features and learning tools.
AlignmentMilady has carefully aligned all of its core textbooks. This means that information appearing in more than one text—whether it be cosmetology, nail technology, or esthetics—now matches from one book to another.
DesignMilady has also dramatically changed the design of the textbook—it now has a very exciting fashion magazine feel—to reflect the innovative and unique energy and artistry found in the beauty business.
PhotographyandArtYou’ll also notice that there are more than 750 new, four-color photographs and illustrations throughout the book, appearing in both chapter content and step-by-step procedures. In addition, all of the new procedure photographs were taken using live models, instead of mannequins.
Pre-andPost-ServiceProceduresTo drive home the point that pre-service cleaning, disinfecting, and preparing for the client are important, you will find that a unique Pre-Service Procedure has been created to specifically address the individual needs of each Part—hair care, skin care, and nail care. Additionally, a Post-Service Procedure has been created to address cleaning, disinfecting, and organizing after servicing a client. Both the Pre-Service and Post-Service Procedures appear in every part of the text for you to quickly and easily refer to and follow.
WhyStudyThis?Milady knows, understands, and appreciates how excited students are to delve into the newest and most exciting haircutting, styling, and coloring trends, and we recognize that students can sometimes feel restless spending time learning the basics of the profession. To help you understand why you are learning each chapter’s material and to help you see the role it will play in your future career as a cosmetologist, Milady has added this new section to each chapter. The section includes three or four bullet points that tell you why the material is important and how you will use the material in your professional career.
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Left-HandedInstructionThis new edition includes left-handed procedures in the haircutting, hairstyling, and haircoloring chapters with full color photography. For the first time in a textbook students will see professionals using their left hand to hold and manipulate hair and tools.
AllAboutShearsOne of the most important and costly tools a cosmetologist will buy is a pair—or several pairs—of haircutting shears, so Milady has dedicated an entire section of the haircutting chapter to never-before-available information on how to purchase, use, and maintain your shears. The section is complete with photos of the kinds of shears available and the proper way to care for them.
NewOrganizationofChaptersThe information in this text, along with your teachers’ instruction, will enable you to develop the abilities you need to build a loyal and satisfied clientele. To help you locate information more easily, the chapters are grouped into six main parts.
Part1:OrientationOrientation consists of four chapters that cover the field of cosmetology and the personal skills you will need to become successful. Chapter 1, “History and Career Opportunities,” outlines how the profession of cosmetology came into being and where it can take you. In Chapter 2, “Life Skills,” the ability to set goals and maintain a good attitude is emphasized, along with the psychology of success. Chapter 3, “Your Professional Image,” stresses the importance of inward beauty and health as well as outward appearance, and Chapter 4, “Communicating for Success,” describes the important process of building client relationships based on trust and effective communication.
Part2:GeneralSciencesGeneral Sciences includes important information you need to know in order to keep yourself and your clients safe and healthy. Chapter 5, “Infection Control: Principles and Practices,” offers the most current, vital facts about hepatitis, HIV, and other infectious viruses and bacteria and tells how to prevent their spread in the salon. The remaining chapters in Part 2—“General Anatomy and Physiology,” “Skin Structure, Growth, and Nutrition,” “Skin Disorders and Diseases,” “Nail Structure and Growth,” “Nail Disorders and Diseases,” “Properties of the Hair and Scalp,” “Basics of Chemistry,” and “Basics of Electricity”—provide essential information that will affect how you interact with clients and how you use service products and tools.
Also, you’ll notice that the “Skin Disorders and Diseases” and “Nail Disorders and Diseases” chapters were moved from their previous
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locations to this section, where all of the other science chapters are located—by request of instructors and students.
Part3:HaircareHair Care offers information on every aspect of hair. “Principles of Hair Design” explores the ways hair can be sculpted to enhance a client’s facial shape. The foundation of every hair service is covered in “Scalp Care, Shampooing, and Conditioning,” followed by an updated “Haircutting” chapter, complete with step-by-step procedures for core cuts with fantastic new glamour shots to show the finished look. Step-by-step procedures are also found in “Hairstyling,” which includes information on new tools and techniques. Another revised chapter, “Braiding and Braid Extensions,” is followed by “Wigs and Hair Additions,” and both “Chemical Texture Services” and “Haircoloring” reflect the most recent advances in these areas.
Part4:SkincareSkin Care focuses on another area in which new advances have altered the way students must be trained. This part begins with a chapter on “Hair Removal,” which covers waxing, tweezing, and other popular methods of removing unwanted hair from the face and body. Next, the basics of skin care is covered in “Facials” and makeup application in “Facial Makeup.” These two chapters offer the critical information you’ll need for these increasingly requested services in the expanding field of esthetics. Procedures are included for many of the services offered in salons and day spas.
Part5:nailcareNail Care contains completely revised chapters that are also perfectly aligned with Milady Standard Nail Technology ,6e. These chapters include “Manicuring,” “Pedicuring,” “Nail Tips and Wraps,” “Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder Nail Enhancements,” and an expanded “UV Gels” chapter.
Part6:businessSkillsBusiness Skills opens with the updated chapter “Seeking Employment.” This chapter prepares students for licensure exams and job interviews, and it explains how to create a resume and a portfolio. What you will be expected to know and do as a newly licensed cosmetologist is described in “On the Job.” It offers tips on how to make the most of your first job—including the importance of learning all you can. The final chapter, “The Salon Business,” exposes students to the numerous types of salons and salon ownerships available to them.
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You probably know that the natural nail has a cuticle. Do you know whether the cuticle is living or dead skin? And do you know where the plate and the bed are located in the natural
nail? This chapter gives you the answers to these questions and more. So, read on, because you cannot perform professional nail services without understanding the structure and growth of the natural nail.
Why Study Nail Structure and Growth?Cosmetologists should study and have a thorough understanding of nail structure and growth because:
■ Understanding the structure and growth of natural nails allows you to expertly groom, strengthen, and beautify nails.
■ It is important to know the difference between the nail cuticle and the eponychium before performing nail services.
■ Understanding the structure and growth cycles of the natural nail will prepare you for more advanced nail services.
The Natural NailA natural nail, also known as onyx (AHN-iks), is the hard protective plate composed mainly of keratin, the same fibrous protein found in skin and hair. The keratin in natural nails is harder than the keratin in skin or hair. The natural nail is located at the end of the finger or toe. It is an appendage of the skin and is part of the integumentary system, which is made up of the skin and its various organs. Nail plates protect the tips of the fingers and toes, and their appearance can reflect the general health of the body.
A normal, healthy nail is firm but flexible. The surface is shiny, smooth, and unspotted with no wavy ridges, pits, or splits. A healthy nail also is
did you know?Nail plates are made of dead cells, so they do not require oxygen. In contrast, nail beds are live cells, so they do need oxygen, vitamins, and minerals.
Sometimes the names used for professional nail products can create confusion. To avoid this problem, pay close attention to what the product is actually designed to do.
For example, look at products marketed as nail cuticle moisturizers, softeners, or conditioners. The cuticle is dead skin on the nail plate, so why are these products designed to moisturize, soften, and condition the cuticle? That does not make any sense! Cuticle moisturizers, softeners, and conditioners are actually designed
to treat the eponychium, sidewalls, and hyponychium—not the cuticle!
Cuticle removers are properly named; they remove the dead cuticle. These professional products can quickly dissolve soft tissue, and when carefully applied to the nail plate, they speed removal of stubborn cuticle tissue.
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Good skin care can make a big difference in the way skin looks and in the way a client feels about his or her appearance. Besides being very relaxing, facial treatments can offer
many improvements to the appearance of the skin (Figure 23–1).
Proper skin care can make oily skin look cleaner and healthier, dry skin look and feel more moist and supple, and aging skin look smoother, firmer, and less wrinkled. A combination of good salon facial treatments and effective, individualized home care will show visible results.
WHY STUDY FACIALS?Cosmetologists should study and have a thorough understanding of facials because:
■ Providing skin care services to clients is extremely rewarding, helps busy clients to relax, improves their appearance, and helps clients feel better about themselves.
■ Knowing the basics of skin analysis and basic information about skin care products will enable you to offer your clients advice when they ask you for it.
■ Although you will not treat a skin disease, you must be able to recognize adverse skin conditions and refer clients to seek medical advice from a physician.
■ Learning the basic techniques of facials and facial massage will give you a good overview of, and an ability to perform, these foundational services.
■ You may enjoy this category of services and may consider specializing in skin care services. This study will create a perfect basis for making that decision.
Skin Analysis and Consultation
Skin analysis is a very important part of the facial treatment because it determines what type of skin the client has, the condition of the skin, and what type of treatment the client’s skin needs. Consultation allows you
the opportunity to ask the client questions about his or her health and skin care history, and it allows
you to advise the client about appropriate home-care products and treatments. LO1
Health Screening FormBefore beginning the analysis, you must have the client fill out a health screening
Figure 23–1A facial is a soothing, pleasurable experience for the client.
SHARPENING YOUR PERSONAL SKILLSThe importance of following hygiene and infection control guidelines when performing facials cannot be overemphasized. As often as possible, perform your cleaning and disinfection procedures in the presence of your clients. When they see you doing this, they will feel more confident in you as a professional.
23 710 Chapter 23 Facials Part 4: Skin Care
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ACTivity
6. Apply mascara with a disposable wand. 7. Add individual or band lashes if desired (Figure 24–20).
Special-Occasion Makeup for CheeksRefer to the Corrective Makeup section for techniques you can use to remedy less attractive aspects of the cheeks. You can also try one of the following steps:
• Use a darker blush color under the cheekbones to add definition. Apply with a blush brush or applicator and blend carefully. Add a brighter, lighter cheek color to the apples of the cheeks and blend.
• Use a cheek color with shimmer or glitter over the cheekbones for highlight. You may use cream or powder colors.
Special-Occasion Makeup for LipsMost clients prefer brighter or darker colors for special occasions. You may use shimmer colors or matte colors, if desired.
1. Apply liner color to the lips. Fill in the lip line with pencil and blot.
2. Add similar color in lipstick over the entire mouth with a lip brush or applicator.
3. Apply gloss to the center of the lips with a lip brush or applicator. LO4
Corrective MakeupAll faces are interesting in their own special ways, but few are perfect. When you analyze a client’s face, you might see that the nose, cheeks, lips, or jawline are not the same on both sides, or that one eye might be larger than the other, or that the eyebrows might not match. In fact, these tiny imperfections can make the face more interesting if treated artfully. In any case, facial makeup can create the illusion of better balance and proportion when so desired.
Facial features can be accented with proper highlighting, subdued with correct shadowing or shading, and balanced with the proper hairstyle. A basic rule for the application of makeup is that highlighting emphasizes a feature,
Here’s a TipIt is not recommended that you intensify every feature because this will tend to look overdone and garish. For example, you can intensify the eyes and lips, or the cheeks and lips, but not the eyes, cheeks, and lips.
Using a model (or yourself) and two different color applications, divide the face in half. Try different foundations, colors, and intensity on each side. This will give you a visual example of how makeup will work on a face. Actually applying makeup is the best way to learn how to use it.
Figure 24–20 Dramatic smoky eyes.
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Additional Features of This EditionAs part of this edition, many features are available to help you master key concepts and techniques.
Throughout the text, short paragraphs in the outer column draw attention to various skills and concepts that will help you reach your goal. The Focus On pieces target sharpening technical and personal skills, ticket upgrading, client consultation, and building your client base. These topics are key to your success as a student and as a professional.
This feature provides interesting information that will enhance your understanding of the material in the text and call attention to a special point.
FYI’s offer important, interesting information related to the content. Often FYI boxes direct you to a Web site or other resource for further information.
The Activity boxes describe hands-on classroom exercises that will help you understand the concepts explained in the text.
These helpful tips draw attention to situations that might arise and provide quick ways of doing things. Look for these tips throughout the text.©
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Small Business Ownership and Operation
• http://www.business.comAdvice on business topics from A to Z and business resources for accounting, sales, marketing, technology, and more.
• http://www.isquare.comThe Small Business Advisor.
• http://www.salonbuilder.comInformation on starting a salon.
• http://www.smallbusinessnotes.com
Various business-related articles.
• http://www.strategies.comThe source for salon business growth seminars, training, and coaching.
Salon Software
• http://www.harms-software.com• http://www.shortcuts.net • http://www.salonbiz.com• http://www.salon2k.com• http://www.salon-software.com
assignments. Don’t schedule six appointments for one professional and only two for another, unless it’s necessary because you are working with specialists.
However, if someone calls to ask for an appointment with a particular cosmetology professional on a particular day and time, make every effort to accommodate the client’s request. If the professional is not available when the client requests, there are several ways to handle the situation:
• Suggest other times that the professional is available.
• If the client cannot come in at any of those times, suggest another professional.
• If the client is unwilling to try another professional, offer to call the client if there is a cancellation at the desired time.
Handling Complaints by TelephoneHandling complaints, particularly over the phone, is a difficult task. The caller is probably upset and short tempered. Respond with self-control, tact, and courtesy, no matter how trying the circumstances. Only then will the caller feel that she has been treated fairly.
The tone of your voice must be sympathetic and reassuring. Your manner of speaking should convince the caller that you are really concerned about the complaint. Do not interrupt the caller. After hearing the complaint in full, try to resolve the situation quickly and effectively.
Building Your BusinessA new salon owner will want to get the business up and running as soon as possible to start earning some revenue and to begin paying off debts. One of the first items the new salon owner should consider is how to advertise the salon. It is important to understand the many aspects of advertising.
Advertising includes all activities that promote the salon favorably, from newspaper ads to radio spots to charity events that the salon participates in, such as fashion shows. In order to create a desire for a service or product, advertising must attract and hold the attention of readers, listeners, or viewers.
A satisfied client is the very best form of advertising because she will refer your salon to friends and family. So make your clients happy (Figure 32–14)! Then, develop a referral program in which both the referring client and the new client reap some sort of reward.
If you have some experience developing ads, you may decide to do your own advertising. On the other hand, if you need help, you can hire a small local agency or ask a local newspaper or radio station to help you produce the ad. As a general rule, an advertising budget should not
Figure 32–14Customer satisfaction is your best advertising.
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MicrodermabrasionMicrodermabrasion (MY-kroh-dur-muh-BRAY-zhun) is a type of mechanical exfoliation that involves shooting aluminum oxide or other crystals at the skin with a hand-held device that exfoliates dead cells. Microdermabrasion uses a closed vacuum to shoot crystals onto the skin, bumping off cell buildup that is then vacuumed up by suction. Microdermabrasion is a popular treatment because it produces fast, visible results. It is used primarily to treat surface wrinkles and aging skin. Performance of safe and effective microdermabrasion treatments requires extensive training. LO8
Facial TreatmentsA professional facial is one of the most enjoyable and relaxing services available to the salon client. Clients who have experienced this very restful, yet stimulating experience do not hesitate to return for more. When clients receive them on a regular basis, the client’s skin tone, texture, and appearance are noticeably improved.
Facial treatments fall into one of the following categories:
• Preservative. Maintains the health of the facial skin by cleansing correctly, increasing circulation, relaxing the nerves, and activating the skin glands and metabolism through massage.
• Corrective. Correct certain facial skin conditions, such as dryness, oiliness, comedones, aging lines,and minor conditions of acne.
As with other forms of massage, facial treatments help to increase circulation, activate glandular activity, relax the nerves, maintain muscle tone, and strengthen weak muscle tissues.
Guidelines for Facial TreatmentsYour facial treatments are bound to be successful and to inspire return visits if you follow the simple guidelines summarized below:
• Help the client to relax by speaking in a quiet and professional manner.
• Explain the benefits of the products and service, and answer any questions the client may have.
• Provide a quiet atmosphere, and work quietly and efficiently.
• Maintain neat, clean conditions in the facial work area, with an orderly arrangement of supplies.
• Follow systematic procedures.
• If your hands are cold, warm them before touching the client’s face.
CAUTIONThe client’s eyes always should be protected during any light ray treatment. Use cotton pads saturated with alcohol-free freshener or distilled water. The eye pads protect the eyes from the glare of the reflecting rays.
R E G U L A T O R YYA L E R T !
Always check with your state regulatory agency to determine which electrical machines are approved for use in your state.
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7 Part a small section of hair from the underside of the ponytail, wrap it around the ponytail to cover the elastic, and secure with a bobby pin underneath.
8 Smooth out the ponytail and hold it with one hand, and then begin backbrushing from underneath the ponytail with your other hand. Gently smooth out the ponytail after backbrushing, using the sides of the bristles.
Performing an updo on hair thathas been washed the previousday is often recommended. Freshly washed hair can be very slippery and difficult to work with. Many stylists also choose to set the hair in hot rollers prior to doing an updo. The curl allows the hair to be more easily manipulated into rolls or loops and creates a fuller shape.
9 Roll the hair under and toward the head to form the chignon. Secure on the left and right undersides of the roll with bobby pins.
10 Fan out both sides by spreading the chignon with your fingers. Secure with hairpins, pinning close to the head. Use bobby pins if more hold is needed.
11 Finish with a strong hair spray, and add flowers or ornaments if desired.
12 Finished look.
Post-Service
• Complete SEE PAGE 326
PROCEDURE PPPPPPooooosssssttttt-SSSSSeeeerrrrvvvvviiiiicccceeee ProccedureProcedure
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Service Tips draw attention to situations that might arise while performing a service and provide quick ways of doing things. Look for these tips in the procedures.
Some information is so critical for your safety and the safety of your clients that it deserves special attention. The text directs you to this information in the Caution boxes.
This feature alerts you to check the laws in your region for procedures and practices that are regulated differently from state to state. It is important, while you are studying, to contact state boards and provincial regulatory agencies to learn what is allowed and not allowed. Your instructor will provide you with contact information.
The Web Resources provide you with Web addresses where you can find more information on a topic and references to additional sites for more information.
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Educational Chapter FormattingEach chapter of Milady Standard Cosmetology includes specialized formatting and strategies for the presentation of material to enhance your experience while working with the chapter and to facilitate the learning process.
LearningObjectivesAt the beginning of each chapter is a list of learning objectives that tell you what important information you will be expected to know after studying the chapter. Throughout the chapter you will see a special icon that indicates you have finished reading the material that corresponds to one of these Learning Objectives. LO1
KeyTermsThe words you will need to know in a chapter are given at the beginning of the chapter, in a list of Key Terms. When the word is discussed for the first time within the chapter, it appears in boldface type. If the word is difficult to pronounce, a phonetic pronunciation appears after it in parentheses.
ProceduresAll step-by-step procedures offer clear, easy-to-understand directions and multiple photographs for learning the techniques. At the beginning of each procedure, you will find a list of the needed implements and materials, along with any preparation that must be completed before the procedure begins. At the end of each procedure, you will find photographs showing the finished result.
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Key TermsPage number indicates where in the chapter the term is used.
CHAP
TER
albinismpg. 183
allergic contact dermatitis (ACD)pg. 190
anaerobicpg. 186
anhidrosispg. 181
basal cell carcinomapg. 184
bromhidrosispg. 181
bulla pg. 178
chloasma (liver spots)pg. 183
closed comedo (whitehead)pg. 180
conjunctivitis (pinkeye)pg. 182
contact dermatitispg. 190
crustpg. 179
cystpg. 178
dermatitispg. 182
dyschromiaspg. 183
eczemapg. 182
excoriationpg. 180
extrinsic factorspg. 187
fissurepg. 180
free radicalspg. 188
herpes simplexpg. 182
hyperhidrosispg. 181
hyperpigmentationpg. 183
hypertrophypg. 184
hypopigmentationpg. 183
impetigopg. 182
intrinsic factorspg. 187
irritant contact dermatitis (ICD)pg. 191
keloidpg. 180
keratomapg. 184
lentigines pg. 183
Learning ObjectivesAfter completing this chapter, you will be able to:
LO1 Recognize common skin lesions.
LO2 Describe the disorders of the sebaceous glands.
LO3 Name and describe changes in skin pigmentation.
LO4 Identify the forms of skin cancer.
LO5 Understand the two major causes of acne and how to treat them.
LO6 List the factors that contribute to the aging of the skin.
LO7 Explain the effects of overexposure to the sun on the skin.
LO8 Understand what contact dermatitis is and know how it can be prevented.
Why Study Skin Disorders and Diseases?
Disorders and Diseases of the Skin
Disorders of the Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
Disorders of the Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands
Inflammations and Common Infections of the Skin
Pigment Disorders of the Skin
Hypertrophies of the Skin
Skin Cancer
Acne and Problem Skin
Aging Skin Issues
The Sun and Its Effects
Contact Dermatitis
Chapter Outlines
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Review Questions
Chapter Glossaryacquired immune deficiency syndrome
Abbreviated AIDS; a disease that breaks down the body’s immune system. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
acquired immunity Immunity that the body develops after overcoming a disease, through inoculation (such as flu vaccinations), or through exposure to natural allergens, such as pollen, cat dander, and ragweed.
allergy Reaction due to extreme sensitivity to certain foods, chemicals, or other normally harmless substances.
antiseptics Chemical germicides formulated for use on skin; registered and regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
asymptomatic Showing no symptoms or signs of infection.
bacilli Short rod-shaped bacteria. They are the most common bacteria and produce diseases such as tetanus (lockjaw), typhoid fever, tuberculosis, and diphtheria.
1. What is the primary purpose of regulatory agencies? 2. What is an MSDS? Where can you get it? 3. List the four types of organisms that cosmetologists must know about and remember. 4. What are bacteria? 5. Name and describe the two main classifications of bacteria. 6. What are some of the beneficial functions performed by nonpathogenic bacteria? 7. Name and describe the three forms of pathogenic bacteria. 8. What is a contagious disease? 9. Is HIV a risk in the salon? Why or why not? 10. What is the difference between cleaning, disinfecting, and sterilizing? 11. What is complete immersion? 12. List at least six precautions to follow when using disinfectants. 13. How do you know if an item can be disinfected? 14. Can porous items be disinfected? 15. How often should disinfectant solutions be changed? 16. What are Universal Precautions? 17. What is an exposure incident? 18. Describe the procedure for handling an exposure incident in the salon. 19. Explain how to clean and disinfect nonelectrical tools and implements, and electrical tools and equipment. 20. List the steps for cleaning and disinfecting whirlpool foot spas and air-jet basins after each client.
5Chapter 5 Infection Control: Principles and Practices 103Part 2: General Sciences
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4
5
9 10 11
6 7 8
16
12 13a 13b
1 Drape the client for a shampoo. If necessary, comb and detangle the hair.
2 Shampoo, rinse, apply conditioner, and rinse thoroughly.
3 Gently towel dry the hair, then blowdry it completely.
PROC
EDUR
EPR
OCED
URE
Implements and MaterialsYou will need all of the following implements, materials, and supplies:
• Blowdrying cream or lotion with oil or glycerin base
• Butterfly clips
• Conditioner (protein or moisturizing)
• Detangling solution in spray bottle
• Hair accessories or ornamentation (if desired)
• Neck strip
• Rubber bands, fabric-covered elastics, or other implements for securing the ends
• Shampoo
• Shampoo cape
• Styling and finishing products
• Tail comb with large rounded teeth
• Towels
Preparation
• Perform SEE PAGE 323
PROCEDURE PPPPrrreee-SSSSeeerrrvvviiiiccceeeProccedureeProceduree
Procedure
4 Take a triangular section of hair from the front. If client has bangs (fringe), begin behind the bangs.
5 Divide the section into two equal strands. Cross the right strand over the left strand.
6 Put both strands in right hand with index finger in between and palm facing upward.
7 Twist the left strand two times clockwise (toward the center).
8 Pick up a 1-inch section from the left side. Add this section to the left strand.
9 Put both strands in your left hand with the index finger in between and your palm up.
16 Finished look.
10 Pick up a 1-inch section from the right side and add it to the right strand.
11 Put both strands in your right hand with your index finger in between and your palm up.
12 With your hand in this position, twist toward the left (toward the center) until your palm is facing down.
13a Work toward the nape until the style is complete.
Post-Service
• Complete SEE PAGE 326
PROCEDURE PPPPPPooooossssstttttt-SSSSSSeeeeerrrrrvvvvviiiiiiccccceeeProocedureProcedure
13b Secure with a rubber band.
14 When you run out of sections to pick up, another option is to create a rope ponytail with the remaining hair. Twist the left strand clockwise (away from the center) two or three times. Place the strands in your right hand, index finger in between and palm up. Twist the palm down (toward the center), right hand over left.
15 Repeat these steps until you reach the end of the hair. Secure ends with a rubber band.
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18 522 Chapter 18 Braiding and Braid Extensions Part 3: Hair Care 18Chapter 18 Braiding and Braid Extensions 523Part 3: Hair Care
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In previous editions, the procedures interrupted the flow of the main content, often making it necessary for readers to flip through many pages before continuing their study. In order to avoid this interruption, all of the procedures have been moved to a special Procedures section at the end of each chapter.
For those students who may wish to review a procedure at the time it is mentioned in the main content, Milady has added Procedural Icons. These icons appear where each procedure is mentioned within the main content of the chapter, and they direct you to the page number where the entire procedure appears.
ReviewQuestionsEach chapter ends with questions designed to test your understanding of the chapter’s information. Your instructor may ask you to write the answers to these questions as an assignment or to answer them orally in class. If you have trouble answering a chapter review question, go back to the chapter to review the material and then try again. The answers to the Review Questions are in your instructor’s Course Management Guide.
ChapterGlossaryAll key terms and their definitions are included in the Chapter Glossary at the end of each chapter, as well as in the Glossary/Index at the end of the text.
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Extensive Learning and Teaching PackageWhile Milady Standard Cosmetology is the center of the curriculum, students and educators have a wide range of supplements from which to choose. All supplements have been revised and updated to complement the new edition of the textbook.
Student SupplementS
S U P P L E M E N TT I T L E
S U P P L E M E N T D E S C R I P T I O N
• Contains chapter-by-chapter questions in multiple-choice, true/false, and matching formats to help prepare for the written portion of licensure exams.
• Revised to meet the most stringent test-development guidelines.• Questions are for study purposes only and are not the exact questions that will
be seen on licensure exams.
• Full-color, spiral-bound guide• Showcases cuts and styles that build upon content in Milady Standard Cosmetology
for both women (15 cuts) and men (10 cuts) with step-by-step accuracy.
• Full-color, spiral-bound guide • Showcases additional advanced procedures for changing hair texture (10 examples)
and hair color (15 examples) with step-by-step accuracy.
Exam Review
Haircoloring and Chemical Texture
Services
Haircutting
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• Helps with mastering the techniques, procedures, and product usage needed for licensure as covered in the textbook.
• Provides fill-in-the-blank, matching, multiple-choice, and labeling exercises that reinforce practical applications.
Student SupplementS
S U P P L E M E N TT I T L E
S U P P L E M E N T D E S C R I P T I O N
The study guide is designed to emphasize active, conceptual learning, and to consolidate understanding of the material in Milady Standard Cosmetology. • Provides six easy-to-follow features for each chapter, presenting the key content in a
different manner to help with overall comprehension. • Chapter features: Essential Objectives, Essential Subjects, Essential Concepts, Essential
Review, Essential Discoveries, Accomplishments, Rubrics incorporated throughout provide self-assessments to assist in overall learning.
• Attractive full-color design provides an engaging experience in order to learn the important theory and practical aspects necessary for licensure and professional success.
• Tests the knowledge of how information that is learned can be applied in real-life situations.
• Stories and scenarios closely reflect situations that are likely to arise when working in a salon.
• Helps to demonstrate how to use the information learned by calling on the concepts discussed in the classroom and applying them to real-life situations.
• Designed to reinforce classroom and textbook learning.• Contains chapter-by-chapter exercises on theory subjects.• Includes fill-in-the-blank, multiple-choice, matching, and labeling exercises, all
coordinated with material from the main text.• Final Review Examinations at the end of the workbook assist with test preparation.
Practical Workbook
Situational Problems for the
Cosmetology Student
Study Guide: The Essential Companion
Theory Workbook
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• Interactive resource designed to reinforce classroom learning, stimulate the imagination, and aid in preparation for board exams.
• Includes: • Over 100 video clips that demonstrate procedures and theoretical concepts • Chapter quizzes that provide 10 questions at a time but draw from a quiz bank of
more than 1,200 questions • An ‘arcade’ with 4 different types of games • An audio glossary that pronounces each term and provides the definition• Content follows and enhances Milady Standard Cosmetology.
• Content-rich, web-based learning aid that presents information in a new and different way.
• 24x7 access • Provides tools and content that allow for more effective management of time, progress
checks, exam preparation, and organization of notes.• Designed for integration of additional technology into programs that accommodate the
ever-changing learning styles. • Student Features include: Chapter Learning Objectives, Study Sheets, Online Chapter
Quizzes, Flash Cards, Discussion Topics, Web Links, FAQs, Glossary, Video, Games
• Provides an alternative way to study for licensure exams, whether taken on a computer or on paper.
• Offers familiarity with a computerized test environment during licensure exam preparation.
• Features include: •24x7 availability and students have the flexibility to study from any computer •Chapter tests, quizzes and comprehensive exams that draw from more than 1,200
multiple-choice questions •All questions are available in both English and Spanish •I mmediate results with rationales to assist with knowledge acquisition • Robust reports that help students determine areas of study they need to focus onwww.miladyonline.cengage.com
Student SupplementS
S U P P L E M E N TT I T L E
S U P P L E M E N T D E S C R I P T I O N
CD-Rom
Online
Online
Student CD-Rom
eHomework Solutions
Milady U Online Licensing Prep
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Student SupplementS
Designed to be used in conjunction with Milady Standard Cosmetology textbook and the practical portion of a cosmetology program. • Focuses on delivering the theory portions of the cosmetology curriculum in an
online format.• Extremely interactive which will engage all types of learners• Features include: • Interactive lectures with audio • Video • Interactive learning reinforcement activities including situational problems • Games • Automatically graded quizzes and tests • Audio Flashcards with glossary terms and definitions
• Electronic version of Milady Standard Cosmetology for instant online access
• Requires an internet connection.• Enables highlighting, note-taking, and bookmarking.• Has search capabilities.• Contains an audio glossary.• Ability to print pages one at a time while connected to the internet
• An ‘on-the-go’ tool designed to help prepare for the written portion of licensure exams.• Available for iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad devices.• Features include: • “Question of the Day” • Randomized multiple choice questions for each chapter • Immediate feedback with rationales • Progress reporting for all chapter tests
S U P P L E M E N TT I T L E
S U P P L E M E N T D E S C R I P T I O N
Online
Online
MobileApp
Milady Online Course
eBook
Exam Review Mobile App
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Educator Supplements Milady proudly offers a full range of innovative resources created especially for cosmetology educators to make classroom preparation and presentation simple, effective and enjoyable.
Thank you for choosing Milady as your Total Learning Solutions Provider. For additional information on the above resources or to place an order please contact your Milady Sales Representative or visit us online at www.milady.cengage.com
S U P P L E M E N T T I T L E
Milady Standard Cosmetology Course Management Guide Print Binder
Milady Standard Cosmetology Course Management Guide CD
Milady Standard Cosmetology DVD Series
Milady Standard Cosmetology Instructor Support Slides CD
Milady Standard Cosmetology Student CD School/Network Version
Milady Standard Cosmetology Interactive Games CD
Milady Standard Cosmetology Haircutting DVD Series
Milady Standard Cosmetology Haircutting Instructor Resource CD
Milady Standard Cosmetology Haircoloring and Chemical Texture Services DVD Series
Milady Standard Cosmetology Haircoloring and Chemical Texture Services Instructor Resource CD
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CatherineFrangieCatherine M. Frangie began her career in 1982 as a licensed cosmetologist, salon owner, and beauty school instructor. Since then, Catherine has held prominent positions in the
professional beauty industry, including Marketing, Communications, and Education Vice President; Communications Director; Trade Magazine Editor/Publisher; and Textbook Editor and Author.
Catherine has been a guest lecturer at conferences and trade shows, including the International Beauty Show in NYC. She has authored more than 125 feature-length magazine articles and several books on beauty trends, fashion, and the business of the professional salon. Catherine holds degrees in communications, and marketing.
In 2001, Catherine founded Frangie Consulting, LLC, a marketing, communications, and publishing firm which offers strategies for managing business objectives, creating high-performing teams, and successfully achieving goals. Her experiences and successes have given her a well-deserved reputation as an industry expert in marketing and branding, communications and education. Frangie Consulting earned seven ABBIE Awards—including two Gold ABBIEs—for marketing campaigns, new product launches, and outstanding professional educational programs.
Catherine has been involved with Milady for more than twenty years, and since 2004 has acted as the revision author/editor for its three core textbooks—Milady Standard Cosmetology, Milady Standard Nail Technology, and Milady Standard Esthetics Fundamentals.
ColleenHennesseyRecognized nationally as a Master Haircolorist, Platform Artist, and Technical Educator, Colleen Hennessey brings many years of hands-on coloring experience to the
industry. She spent eight years at the renowned Adam Broderick Salon and Spa as a Master Colorist and Director of Salon Education.
Colleen’s rare skills as an educator make her a sought-after resource throughout the profession. For eight years she served as Senior Technical Editor of Haircolor and Design Magazine, where she wrote an editorial article entitled “The Haircolor Department.”
Beauty schools’ students also benefit from Colleen’s expert knowledge and teaching ability. Colleen is the subject matter expert chosen to write the Haircolor chapter for Milady Standard Cosmetology. In addition to her writing projects, she works as a School Manager representing the Procter & Gamble School Partnership Program to help schools keep abreast of all new product introductions and education.
An artist of many talents, Colleen is an established platform artist, performing throughout the United States and attracting crowds at mega trade shows, including Hair Color USA in Long Beach, International Beauty Show in New York City, Haircolor USA, Matrix Logics Tour, and the Midwest Show. Her easy color techniques are popular with stylists, as are her classes in effective client-communication skills, both of which have enabled her and the stylists she works with to build salon haircolor sales.
Contributing Authors
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Formally Clairol Professional’s exclusive color designer and Senior Manager of Clairol Professional’s Education Department, Colleen has brought techniques and color-correction advice direct to salon mailboxes through Clairol Professional’s Creative Connection, an educational membership program free to all licensed cosmetologists. Her color work has also been featured in Color & Style, Matrix News, Modern Salon, and Passion magazines, as well as Milady educational publications.
Wherever Colleen teaches—on platform, in salons, in textbooks, or in magazines—she communicates her love of haircolor by teaching others the precise, technical, artistic, and communication skills that have earned her the prestigious title of Master Colorist.
Dr.MarkLeesDr. Mark Lees is one of the country’s most noted skin care specialists and an award-winning speaker and product developer. He has been actively practicing clinical skin care for over twenty years at his
multi-award winning CIDESCO accredited Florida salon, which has been awarded many honors by the readers of the Pensacola News-Journal, including Best Facial, Best Massage, and Best Pampering Place.
His professional awards are numerous and include Esthetician of the Year from American Salon Magazine, the Les Nouvelles Esthétiques Crystal Award, the Dermascope Legends Award, the Rocco Bellino Award for outstanding education from the Chicago Cosmetology Association, and Best Educational Skin Care Classroom from the Long Beach International Beauty Expo. Dr. Lees has also been inducted into the National Cosmetology Association’s Hall of Renown.
Dr. Lees has been interviewed and quoted by NBC News, The Associated Press, The Discovery Channel, Glamour, Self, Teen, Shape, and many other publications.
Dr. Lees is cofounder of both the Skin Care Study Center in Los Angeles and the Institute of Advanced
Clinical Esthetics in Seattle, special science-based advanced training programs for clinical estheticians.
Dr. Lees is former Chairman of EstheticsAmerica, the esthetics education division of the National Cosmetology Association (NCA), and has served as a CIDESCO International Examiner. He has also served on the national Board of Directors of the NCA.
Dr. Lees is former Chairman of the Board of the Esthetics Manufacturers and Distributors Alliance, is a member of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists, and is author of the popular book Skin Care: Beyond the Basics, now in its third edition, and the recently released The Skin Care Answer Book.
Dr. Lees holds a Ph.D. in Health Sciences, a Master of Science in Health, and a CIDESCO International Diploma. He is licensed to practice in both Florida and Washington State. His line of products for problem, sensitive, and sun-damaged skin is available at finer salons and clinics throughout the United States.
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FrankShipmanFrank Shipman has been making hair look great for more than two decades. As the owner of the nationally recognized Technicolor/TC Salon Spas, Frank is proud to have the privilege of working behind the chair.
He also continues to be a beauty educator, writer, and speaker, bringing his own unique perspective to the industry.
In 2005, Frank received the prestigious Diamond Award from the magazine Day Spa to add to his many professional awards and honors.
Frank has a graduate degree in art from Boston University and has had his art exhibited nationally and internationally. Today he no longer creates precious objects but instead creates experiences. Frank is happy to be in a profession that allows him to state, “What I do is make people feel good.”
AlishaRimandoBoteroAlisha is recognized as one of the nail industry’s leading experts in training and education. In her first two years as an educator, Alisha taught classes in over 100 beauty schools and vo-techs
across the US. As she expanded internationally, her focus turned to Asia, where she dedicated eight years to implementing artistic training programs and marketing strategies that resulted in the opening of over 100 nail salons and seven schools in Japan, growing that market to become the industry leader in nail art techniques.
In her fourteen years of experience, her work has been described as “groundbreaking.” She has been a platform artist and motivational speaker for more than 1,500 promotional and educational events and has competed in over 100 nail competitions around
the globe, winning a World Championship in 2005. She has been featured in multiple training videos and more than 150 beauty and trade publications and blog spots worldwide, such as Teen Vogue, Bridal Guide, Self, Fitness, and Seventeen Magazine, as well as numerous industry trade magazines like Nails, Nailpro, Scratch (UK), and Stylish Nail (Japan).
Through the years, Alisha has garnered the attention of large industry manufacturers, small business entrepreneurs, salon franchises, and nail and beauty associations. She has worked with Research and Development chemists to develop artificial nail enhancement products, nanotechnology skin care and cuticle treatments, polish collections, and natural nail treatments. One of her innovative product lines was awarded an industry ABBIE for best packaging, and several others have been recognized with readers’ choice awards for best products. Recently, Alisha has added reflexology to her growing list of competencies, ever striving to advance a more holistic approach to natural nail products and services.
Alisha’s love and passion for her industry and family have led her to New York State, where she currently resides with her husband and son.
BonnieSanfordBonnie Sanford is a beauty industry consultant, editor, and writer who specializes in marketing, communications, and public relations. She has worked in the professional beauty industry for over fourteen years, beginning as the Managing Editor of a national trade publication. Bonnie moved from the publishing field to the professional products industry, first as the Director of Communications and Creative Services for a leading international hair care company, then as a consultant to various hair care and skin care companies.
Bonnie was a contributing writer for the sixth edition of Milady Standard Nail Technology Student CD-ROM. She is honored to continue her work with Milady as a contributing author for Milady Standard Cosmetology.
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VictoriaWurdingerVictoria Wurdinger is an award-winning writer and researcher who specializes in beauty, business, and wellness. Her “State of the Professional Haircare Market,” originally appearing in DCI and later in Modern Salon magazine, became the essential annual report on the salon industry for both venture capitalists and industry insiders. As a columnist, she has written about new technology, and her articles on the health-care concerns of small businesses brought notice from as far away as Germany.
Victoria’s work has appeared in dozens of publications, among them Art Business News, Beauty Digest, Beauty Store Business, British Hairdressers Journal, Celebrity Hairstyles, Color and Style, Drug Store News, Day Spa, DCI, Longevity, Modern Salon, Germany’s Top Hair, Launchpad, and Salon Today. Her travels to salons have taken her from Miami to Moscow and New York to Paris.
Additionally, Victoria has developed educational programs and promotional materials for several major beauty care manufacturers, including ARTec, Clairol, Mizani, Redken, Rusk, and Tocco Magico. As a commercial writer, she was selected to write the packaging and promotional copy for Joan Rivers’ infomercial-sold skin care line, Fundamentals.
Victoria has authored several books, including Competition Hairdesign, The Photo Session Handbook, 101 Quick Fixes for Bad Hair Days, The Eric Fisher Salon Training Notebook, and Multicultural Markets. For the latter, she conducted extensive historical research, sometimes working with Spanish translators to explore early methods of hairstyling in the Latino community. Multicultural Markets contains the never-before-published history of ethnic beauty culture in the United States.
She has won several American Society of Business Press Editors awards, as well as an international award for her coverage of the British Hair Fashion industry. Most recently, she has provided content for various Web sites. Her own is http://www.victoriawurdinger.com.
ContributingAuthorsforPreviousEditionsofMilady Standard CosmetologyArlene Alpert Mary Beth Janssen
Margrit Altenburg Nancy King
Diane Carol Bailey Dr. Mark Lees
Letha Barnes Toni Love
Lisha Barnes Vivienne Mackinder
Deborah Beatty Carey Nash
Mary Brunetti Ruth Roche
Jane Crawford Teresa Sammarco
Robert Cromeans Sue Sansom
Alyssa Evirs Douglas Schoon
Catherine M. Frangie Sue Ellen Schultes
John Halal Frank Shipman
Colleen Hennessey Jeryl Spear
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RandyFermanRandy Ferman, CEO and Founder of the Shark Fin Shear Co., has a history of introducing new products that revolutionize the way stylists do business. His mission has been to improve stylists’ quality of life
through innovation and product advancement. Randy Ferman’s genuine concern and instinctive ability has resulted in innovative and technologically advanced products for the professional beauty industry.
After teaching at cosmetology schools in the Northeast, Randy Ferman learned that students and instructors were quick to cite the need for a more advanced shear. With traditional shears, the handle openings were too large, causing users’ fingers to slide through. This resulted in loss of control and a misalignment of the fingers. Randy Ferman dedicated more than five years to creating a more ergonomically correct shear that enhances both comfort and precision. This unique patented design can help to prevent and may even eliminate conditions such as carpal tunnel syndrome, nerve damage, tendonitis, wrist and arm pain, and shoulder and neck pain.
In 2001, Randy Ferman created a remarkable product for the shear segment of the beauty industry, now called the Shark Fin® Shear. This line of revolutionary shears for stylists has a patented handle design that comes with the SHEAR-FIT® scissor fitting system for a more ergonomically correct fit for the hand. This patented scissor fitting system offers interchangeable ring guards that provide a customized fit for the user’s exact ring finger and thumb diameter, providing more control and comfort. Shark Fin® shears are patented throughout the United States, Canada, and Europe, and other patents are pending worldwide. Randy Ferman continues to introduce innovative and exciting products for the hair care industry and holds many patents worldwide.
JohnHalalJohn Halal began his career in the beauty industry as a hairstylist over forty years ago. Halal is a former salon owner, a licensed cosmetology instructor, and since 1992, founder and president of Honors Beauty College, Inc.
Halal is an affiliate member of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists (SCC). He is a past President of both the American Association of Cosmetology Schools (AACS) and the Indiana Cosmetology Educators Association (ICEA).
Halal is the author of Hair Structure and Chemistry Simplified and Milady Hair Care and Product Ingredient Dictionary. He is also a contributing author of the Milady Standard Cosmetology and several other Milady publications.
Halal obtained his Associate’s Degree, with highest distinction, from Indiana University and is a member of The Golden Key National Honor Society and Alpha Sigma Lambda.
He has authored numerous articles on a wide variety of topics and has been published in several professional trade magazines. He often travels as a guest speaker, addressing both professional and consumer groups.
“I love the beauty industry more than ever,” he states proudly. The secret, according to Halal is to “never stop learning.”
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Editorial Contributors for the 2012 Edition
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JimMcConnellJim McConnell received his B.S. in Chemistry from the University of Oregon in 1986. He has been a chemist in the field of polymers since 1988. After graduating from the University of Oregon,
Jim worked as a catalytic chemist in the petroleum industry and as a urethane and epoxy chemist in the wood products, concrete coating, and steel coating industries for twelve years. During this time, he was on the board for various committees for the Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC) and National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE).
He and his wife, Lezlie, began McConnell Labs, Inc., in 1998 to make Light Elegance Nail Products for their salon in Eugene, Oregon. After making Light Elegance for use in their own salon, they began selling the UV gel products internationally. Jim contributed to numerous nail technology magazines around the world to answer questions, provide chemistry information, and explain UV light technology prior to starting McConnell Labs with his wife.
JanetMcCormickJanet McCormick is a licensed and experienced esthetician and manicurist, a sought-after trainer, a former spa director, and salon owner. She has been writing for over twenty
years, producing hundreds of highly respected articles in beauty industry trade magazines, three books, and chapters covering two specialties for the industry’s leading textbooks.
Ms. McCormick is co-owner of the Just For Toenails Nail System, a gel system sold only to podiatrists. She is also co-owner of the Medinail Learning Center, which educates nail professionals and prepares them to work in medical facilities. The Center offers two certification programs: the Advanced Nail Technician certification program for salon-based nail technicians and the Medical Nail Technician certification for technicians who work in podiatry offices. She is also owner of Spa Techniques, a consulting and training firm, and she writes under that banner.
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VickiPetersAs a nail technician, Vicki Peters has wowed the industry with her championship nails. As a cover artist and author, her work has been published worldwide, more than any other tech in the history
of the nail business. As an educator, she has trained techs from Russia, Germany, Japan, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Canada, Mexico, Africa, Australia, and the United States. As an industry leader, she has mentored thousands of nail professionals. As a world-master nail technician, Peters, with her own line of products, promises to lead the industry to new heights.
Vicki Peters is a twenty-eight-year veteran nail technician, former competition champion, competition judge and director, technical educator, and featured business speaker. She is also author of the Nails Q&A Book, Drilltalk, The Competitive Edge, and Novartis’ Nail Healthy Guide. Her nail artistry has been on the covers of TV Guide, Day Spa, Nails, Nailpro, Nailpro Europe, and numerous fashion magazines. Her expertise in the nail business ranges from salon work and hands-on technical experience to Research and Development, education, and lecturing worldwide.
DouglasSchoonDoug Schoon is the Chief Scientific Advisor for Creative Nail Design (CND). With over thirty years of experience as a research scientist, international lecturer, author, and educator,
he has become a recognized authority in the professional beauty industry. Schoon led CND’s Research and Development program for nineteen years. Now, as president of his own consulting firm, Schoon Scientific, he continues focusing on assisting CND with scientific, technical, and regulatory issues that help shape the industry. He works as a strong advocate for salon safety and represents the professional nail industry on scientific and technical issues in the U.S., Europe, Canada, Australia, and Japan.
Schoon is the author of several books, video and audio training programs, and dozens of magazine articles about salon chemicals, chemical safety, and disinfection. As a writer and speaker, Schoon is applauded for his ability to make complex chemical theories and concepts seem simple and easy to understand. Schoon’s latest book, Nail Structure & Product Chemistry, Second Edition, Milady, a part of Cengage Learning, is also considered an excellent resource for nail professionals. Currently, Schoon is a co-chair of the Nail Manufacturers Council (NMC) of the Professional Beauty Association (PBA).
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Milady recognizes, with gratitude and respect, the many professionals who have offered their time to contribute to this edition of Milady Standard Cosmetology and wishes to extend enormous thanks to the following people who have played an invalueable role in the creation of this edition:
• Milady would like to offer our special thanks to the Continental School of Beauty Culture of Rochester, Batavia, Buffalo, West Seneca, Olean, and Syracuse, NY, who, along with their school owners, directors, instructors, and students, welcomed the Milady team to their schools in order to conduct this edition’s massive photo shoot and who were whole-heartedly kind, accommodating, and hospitable to all of our crew!
• Maria Moffre-Lynch, cosmetologist, cosmetology instructor, and consultant, for her invaluable assistance throughout the revision process and for sharing her hairdressing skills and keen eye during the Milady Standard Cosmetology photo shoot.
• Yanik Chauvin, professional photographer, whose artistic vision and photographic expertise helped bring many of these pages to life.
• Krissy Ferro, professional makeup artist and founder of Ferro Cosmetics, for her artfully inspired makeup applications and for generously providing much of the makeup product, tools, and supplies used and pictured throughout this edition.
• Colleen Hennessey, for her on-camera haircoloring work, her writing and authoring abilities, and her passion about haircolor education.
• Frank Shipman, for his on-camera haircutting and styling work, his innovative approach, and his love for the beauty industry.
• Tom Carson, professional photographer, for his wonderful finished haircut and styling photos, which truly enhance these pages and are sure to inspire readers.
• Dino Petrocelli, professional photographer, for his photographic expertise for many of the photos in the nail technology chapters.
• Latoyia Anderson, owner of The Hair Extension Room, Rochester, NY, for her enthusiastic and creative braiding styles that are featured in this edition.
• Debbie Harris, professional stylist, Rochester, NY, for her beautiful finger-wave styling.
• Jesse Hajduk, cosmetologist, Averill Park, NY, for her off-camera assistance and on-camera modeling.
• Shear Ego International School of Hair Design, Rochester, NY, for allowing Milady to hold casting calls at their school.
Product Suppliers
• The Andis Company for generously providing clippers and trimmers used and pictured throughout this edition.
• The Burmax Company for providing many of the tools, implements, and supplies used and pictured throughout this edition.
• Hairlines Inc. Distributors for generously providing wet products, flat irons, curling irons, scissors, carving combs, and brushes used and pictured throughout this edition.
• The Procter & Gamble Co., parent company of Clairol Professional, for generously providing the haircolor products, swatch books, and other educational materials used and pictured throughout this edition.
• The Shark Fin Shear Company and Randy Ferman for generously providing the shears and cutting implements used and pictured throughout this edition.
• Zotos International, Inc., for generously providing hair care, texture products, and educational material used and pictured throughout this edition.
Acknowledgments
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Interior Photo Shoot ModelsLatoyia Anderson, Nicole Bleier, John Bradley, Charla Buckner, Monique Campbell, Cheryl Carapezza, Sandy Charette, Melissa Christensen, Jennifer East, Latrice Ellis, Emma Eskander, Tracy Eskander, Cassidy Ewing, Krissy Ferro, Maureen Fink, Roberta Alessandra Finn, Yesenia Fonseca, Victoria Gerstner, Jessie Hajduk, Laura Hand, Debbie Harris, Michael Harvey, Maria K. Hebert, Colleen Hennessey, Shadia Jaber, Shantelle Luety, Tracy Lupinetti, Philip Mandl, Orlando Martinez, Kari Maytum, Katie Meynis, Alexandra Mitchell, Bonnie M. Mitchell, Kristin Mitchell, Maria Moffre-Lynch, Jamie Mookel, Renee Moonan, Carrie Morris, Thanh-Van Nguyen, Jaionna Overton, Trina Palmo, Kristie Peraza, Alanna Perna, Courtney Perrotta, Samantha Perry, Matthew Poissant, Joseph Rojo, Dezmarie Ruiz, Yvette Seils, Frank Shipman, Caitlin Siebert, Amanda Spenziero, Crystal Stephan, Ashley Stewart, Lynn A. Strzelecki, Rosemary Suong, Natalie Tchurekow, Nina Vieira, Betty Vieira, Tiffany Vogt, Tiffany Wade, Lisa Wallace
ReviewersofMiladyStandardCosmetology2012EditionFrancis Archer, The Nail Clinic School of Manicuring, SCBrenda Baker, Euphoria/Lincoln College of Technology, FLRaNae Barker, Southern Oklahoma Technology Center, OKJane Barrett, Chisholm Institute, Victoria, AustraliaYota Batsaras, Sephora USA, CALaurie Biagi, Skyline Community College, CAMelinda Borrego, Mindyfingers, CTGina Boyce, Gegi Designs, MOPeggy Braswell, Swainsboro Technical College, GAToni Campbell, Sullivan South High School, TNPhyllis Causey, Hair By Phyllis, TX
Robin Cochran, Gadsden State Community College, ALKimberly Cutter, Savannah Technical College, GACorrinne Edwards, CTN Systems, MDAmi Enzweiler, Salon 4 U, OHCortney Forster, The Beauty Bar, MILaureen Gillis, Kent Career Technical Center, MIShari Golightly, Entanglements Inc. Training Center, COKeri Gray, State College of Beauty Culture, WIKristy Henderson, East Central Technical College, GAMary Jean Hernandez, Southeastern Trade Schools, Inc., GAJean Hoffer, Capital Region Career and Technical School, NYFlorence Hogan, Bella Vita Spa, MI MaryAnn Hough, State of Connecticut Unified Vocational School District #1, CTPatricia Jones, Southern Union State Community College, ALDr. Carolyn Kraskey, Central Beauty School, MNSusan Kolar, David Pressley Professional School of Cosmetology and Transitions-Mott Community College, MIFredrick Laurino, House of Heavilin of Kansas Inc., KSDanielle Lawson, Kenneth Shuler School of Cosmetology, SCHelen LeDonne, Santa Monica College, CADawn Mango, John Paulos Extreme Beauty School, NY Laura Manicho, OPI National School Division, OHMaria Moffre, Orlo School of Hair Design and Cosmetology, NYKirby Morris, Wyoming Board of Cosmetology, WYAlan Murphy, King Research, WI
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Ernestine Peete, Tennessee Technology Center at Memphis, TNSandra Peoples, Pickens Technical College, COBeth Phillips, Heritage College, MORobert Powers, Pinellas Technical Education Center, FLDebbie Eckstine-Weidner, DeRielle Cosmetology Academy, PA LuAnne Rickey, The Lab – A Paul Mitchell Partner School, NJConrad Sanchez, Central New Mexico Community College, NMDenise Sauls, Lurleen B. Wallace Community College, ALPenny Sawyer, Rapid Response Monitoring, NYJennifer Schrodt, University of Nebraska, NEKimberly Schroeder, Avalon School of Cosmetology, MNVickie Servais, New Horizons Regional Education Center, VADonna Simmons, Tulsa Tech, OKFoy Smith, Beech High School and Looks By Foy, TNLisa Sparhawk, Self-Employed Private Educator, NYKay Stannard, Four County Career Center, OHMadeline Udod, Brookhaven Technical Center (Eastern Suffolk BOCES), NY Rebecca Udwary, San Francisco Institute of Esthetics and Cosmetology, CAMichael Vanacore, Learning Institute for Beauty Sciences, NYTherese Vogel, Tiffin Academy of Hair Design, OHKenneth Young, Hotheads Hair Design, OKTamara Yusupoff, Bellus Academy, The Academy of Beauty and Spa, CAIda Scarpelli-Zanon, Northern Gateway Division Onoway High School, AB, Canada
Special Thanks to Milady’s Infection Control Advisory Panel for Reviewing & Contributing to Chapter 5, Infection Control: Principles and Practices• Barbara Acello, M.S., R.N., Denton, TX
• Gerri Cevetillo-Tuccillo, General Manager, Dentronix Inc./Ultronics Inc., OH
• Mike Kennamer, Ed.D., Director of Workforce Development & Skills Training, Northeast Alabama Community College
• Janet McCormick, M.S., Cidesco, FL
• Leslie Roste, R.N., National Director of Education & Market Development, King Research/Barbicide, WI
• Robert T. Spalding, Jr., DPM, TN
• David Vidra, CLPN, WCC, MA, President Health Educators, Inc., OH
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history and career opportunities life skills your professional image communicating for
success
history and career opportunities life skills your professional image communicating for successLIFE SKILLS
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Chap
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Why Study Cosmetology History and Career Opportunities?
Brief History of Cosmetology
Career Paths for Cosmetologists
1Chapter Outline
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Learning ObjectivesAfter completing this chapter, you will be able to:
LO1 Explain the origins of appearance enhancement.
LO2 Name the advancements made in cosmetology during the nineteenth, twentieth, and early twenty-first centuries.
LO3List several career opportunities available to a licensed beauty practitioner.
Cosmetology pg. 4
History and Career Opportunities
Key termsPage number indicates where in the chapter the term is used.
1
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Cosmetology (kahz-muh-TAHL-uh-jee) is a term used to encompass a broad range of specialty areas, including hairstyling, nail technology, and esthetics. Cosmetology is defined as the art and science of beautifying and improving the skin, nails, and hair and includes the study of cosmetics and their application. The term comes from the Greek word kosmetikos, meaning skilled in the use of cosmetics. Archaeological studies reveal that haircutting and hairstyling were practiced in some form as early as the Ice Age.
The simple but effective cosmetic implements used at the dawn of history were shaped from sharpened flints, oyster shells, or bone.
Animal sinew or strips of hide were used to tie the hair back or as adornment. Ancient people around the world used coloring matter on their hair, skin, and nails, and they practiced
tattooing. Pigments were made from berries, tree bark, minerals, insects, nuts, herbs, leaves, and other materials. Many of these colorants are still used today.
Why Study Cosmetology History and Career Opportunities?Cosmetologists should study and have a thorough understanding of the history of cosmetology and the career opportunities available because:
■■ Many very old methods have evolved into techniques still used today. Studying the origin of these techniques can be useful in fully understanding how to use them today.
■■ Knowing the history of your profession can help you predict and understand upcoming trends.
■■ By learning about many possible career paths, you’ll see the wide range of opportunities open to cosmotologists.
Brief History of CosmetologyThe EgyptiansThe Egyptians were the first to cultivate beauty in an extravagant fashion. They used cosmetics as part of their personal beautification habits, religious ceremonies, and preparation of the deceased for burial.
As early as 3000 BC, Egyptians used minerals, insects, and berries to create makeup for their eyes, lips, and skin. Henna was used to stain their hair and nails a rich, warm red. They were also the first civilization to infuse essential oils from the leaves, bark, and blossoms of plants for use as perfumes and for purification purposes. Queen Nefertiti (circa 1400 BC) stained her nails red by dipping her fingertips in henna, wore lavish makeup designs, and used custom-blended essential oils as signature scents. Queen Cleopatra (circa 50 BC) took this dedication to beauty to an entirely new level by erecting a personal cosmetics factory next to the Dead Sea.
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Ancient Egyptians are also credited with creating kohl makeup—originally made from a mixture of ground galena (a black mineral), sulfur, and animal fat—to heavily line the eyes, alleviate eye inflammation, and protect the eyes from the glare of the sun.
In both ancient Egypt and Rome, military commanders stained their nails and lips in matching colors before important battles (Figure 1–1).
The ChineseHistory also shows that during the Shang Dynasty (circa 1600 BC), Chinese aristocrats rubbed a tinted mixture of gum arabic, gelatin, beeswax, and egg whites onto their nails to color them crimson or ebony. Throughout the Chou Dynasty (circa 1100 BC), gold and silver were the royal colors. During this early period in Chinese history, nail tinting was so closely tied to social status that commoners caught wearing a royal nail color faced a punishment of death.
The GreeksDuring the golden age of Greece (circa 500 BC), hairstyling became a highly developed art. The ancient Greeks made lavish use of perfumes and cosmetics in their religious rites, in grooming, and for medicinal purposes. They built elaborate baths and developed excellent methods of dressing the hair and caring for the skin and nails. Greek women applied preparations of white lead onto their faces, kohl around their eyes, and vermillion upon their cheeks and lips. Vermillion is a brilliant red pigment, made by grinding cinnabar (a mineral that is the chief source of mercury) to a fine powder. It was mixed with ointment or dusted on the skin in the same way cosmetics are applied today (Figure 1–2).
The RomansRoman women lavishly used fragrances and cosmetics. Facials made of milk and bread or fine wine were popular. Other facials were made of corn with flour and milk, or from flour and fresh butter. A mixture of chalk and white lead was used as a facial cosmetic. Women used hair color to indicate their class in society. Noblewomen tinted their hair red, middle-class women colored their hair blond, and poor women dyed their hair black (Figure 1–3).
The Middle AgesThe Middle Ages is the period of European history between classical antiquity and the Renaissance, beginning with the downfall of Rome, circa AD 476, and lasting until about 1450. Beauty culture is evidenced by tapestries, sculptures, and other artifacts from this period. All of these show towering headdresses, intricate hairstyles, and the use of cosmetics on skin and hair. Women wore colored makeup on their cheeks and lips, but not on their eyes. Around AD 1000, a Persian physician and
▲■Figure 1–1the Egyptians wore elaborate hairstyles and cosmetics.
▲■Figure 1–2the Greeks advanced grooming and skin care.
▲■Figure 1–3the romans applied various preparations to the skin.
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alchemist named Avicenna refined the process of steam distillation. This ushered in the modern era of steam-distilled essential oils that we use today.
The RenaissanceThis is the period in history during which Western civilization made the transition from medieval to modern history. Paintings and written records tell us a great deal about the grooming practices of the time. One of the most unusual practices was the shaving of the eyebrows and the hairline to show a greater expanse of forehead. A brow-less forehead was thought to give women a look of greater intelligence. During this period, both men and women took great pride in their physical appearance and wore elaborate, elegant clothing. Fragrances and cosmetics were used, although highly colored preparations of the lips, cheeks, and eyes were discouraged (Figure 1–4).
The Victorian AgeThe reign of Queen Victoria of England, between 1837 and 1901, was known as the Victorian Age. Fashions in dress and personal grooming were drastically influenced by the social mores of this austere and restrictive period in history. To preserve the health and beauty of the skin, women used beauty masks and packs made from honey, eggs, milk, oatmeal, fruits, vegetables, and other natural ingredients. Victorian women are said to have pinched their cheeks and bitten their lips to induce natural color rather than use cosmetics, such as rouge or lip color (Figure 1–5). LO1
The Twentieth CenturyIn the early twentieth century, the invention of motion pictures coincided with an abrupt shift in American attitudes. As viewers saw pictures of celebrities with flawless complexions, beautiful hairstyles, and manicured nails, standards of feminine beauty began to change. This era also signaled the spread of industrialization, which brought a new prosperity to the United States. Beauty applications began to follow the trends set by celebrities and society figures (Figure 1–6).
1901-1910In 1904, Max Faktor emigrated from Lodz, Poland, to the United States. By 1908, he had Americanized his name to Max Factor and moved to Los Angeles, where he began making and selling makeup. His makeup was popular with movie stars because it wouldn’t cake or crack, even under hot studio lights.
On October 8, 1906, Charles Nessler invented a heavily wired machine that supplied electrical current to metal rods around which hair strands were wrapped. These heavy units were heated during the waving process. They were kept away from the scalp by a complex system of counterbalancing weights that were suspended from an overhead chandelier mounted on a stand. Two methods were used to wind hair
▲■Figure 1–4During the renaissance, shaving or tweezing of the eyebrows and hairline to show a greater expanse of the forehead was thought to make women appear more intelligent.
▲■Figure 1–5During the Victorian period, makeup and showy clothing were discouraged except in the theater.
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strands around the metal units. Long hair was wound from the scalp to the ends in a technique called spiral wrapping. After World War I, when women cut their hair into the short bobbed style, the croquignole (KROH-ken-yohl) wrapping technique was introduced. In this method, shorter hair was wound from the ends toward the scalp. The hair was then styled into deep waves with loose end-curls.
One of the most notable success stories of the cosmetology industry is that of Sarah Breedlove. She was the daughter of former slaves and was orphaned at age seven when she went to work in the cotton fields of the Mississippi delta. In 1906, Sarah married her third husband, C. J. Walker, and became known as Madame C. J. Walker. Sarah suffered from a scalp condition and began to lose her hair, which caused her to experiment with store-bought products and homemade remedies. She began to sell her scalp conditioning and healing treatment called “Madam Walker’s Wonderful Hair Grower.” She devised sophisticated sales and marketing strategies and traveled extensively to give product demonstrations. In 1910, she moved her company to Indianapolis where she built a factory, hair salon, and training school. As she developed new products, her empire grew. She devoted much time and money to a variety of causes in Indianapolis, including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA). In 1917, she organized a convention for her Madam C. J. Walker Hair Culturists Union of America. This was one of the first national meetings for businesswomen ever held. By the time of her death, she had established herself as a pioneer in the modern African-American hair care and cosmetics industry.
In 1872, Marcel Grateau (AKA Francois Marcel) invented the first curling iron—tongs heated by a gas burner. Later, around 1923, he created an electric version. Because he introduced several electric versions, the actual date of the invention remains in dispute. Grateau went on to develop a permanent wave machine, barbers clippers, a safety razor, and other devices.
1920sThe cosmetics industry grew rapidly during the 1920s. Advertising expenditures in radio alone went from $390,000 in 1927 to $3.2 million in 1930. At first, many women’s magazines deemed cosmetics improper and refused to print cosmetic advertisements, but by the end of the 1920s, cosmetics provided one of their largest sources of advertising revenue.
1930sIn 1931, the preheat-perm method was introduced. First, hair was wrapped using the croquignole method. Then, clamps that had been preheated by a separate electrical unit were placed over the wound curls. An alternative to the machine perm was introduced in 1932
▼■Figure 1–6Dramatic changes in beauty and fashion occured through the decades of the twentieth century.
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when chemists Ralph L. Evans and Everett G. McDonough pioneered a method that used heat generated by chemical reaction: small flexible pads containing a chemical mixture were wound around hair strands. When the pads were moistened with water, a chemical heat was released that created long-lasting curls. Thus the first machineless permanent wave was born. Salon clients were no longer subjected to the dangers and discomforts of the Nessler machine.
In 1932, nearly 4,000 years after the first recorded nail-color craze, Charles Revson of Revlon fame marketed the first nail polish—as opposed to a nail stain—using formulas that were borrowed from the automobile paint industry. This milestone marked a dramatic shift in nail cosmetics as women finally had an array of nail lacquers available to them. The early screen sirens Jean Harlow and Gloria Swanson glamorized this hip new nail fashion in silent pictures and early talkies by appearing in films wearing matching polish on their fingers and toes.
Also in 1932, Lawrence Gelb, a New York Chemist, introduced the first permanent haircolor product and founded a company called Clairol. In 1935, Max Factor created pancake makeup to make actors’ skin look natural on color film. In 1938, Arnold F. Willatt invented the cold wave that used no machines or heat. The cold wave is considered to be the precursor to the modern perm.
1940sIn 1941, scientists developed another method of permanent waving that used waving lotion. Because this perm did not use heat, it was also called a cold wave. Cold waves replaced virtually all predecessors and competitors. In fact, the terms cold waving and permanent waving became practically synonymous. Modern versions of cold waves, usually referred to as alkaline perms, are very popular today. The term texture services is used today to refer to the variety of permanent waving and straightening services available for various hair types and conditions.
1951–2000The second half of the twentieth century saw the introduction of tube mascara, improved hair care and nail products, and the boom and then death of the weekly salon appointment. In the late 1960s, Vidal Sassoon turned the hairstyling world on its ear with his revolutionary geometric cuts. The 1970s saw a new era in highlighting when French hairdressers introduced the art of hair weaving using aluminum foil. In the 1980s, makeup went full circle, from barely there to heavily made-up “cat-eyes” and the heavy use of eye shadows and blush. In the 1990s, haircolor became gentler, allowing all ethnicities to enjoy being blonds, brunettes, or redheads. In 1998, Creative Nail Design introduced the first spa pedicure system to the professional beauty industry.
■Figure 1–7a traditional barber pole.
Up until the nineteenth century, many barbers also performed minor surgeries and practiced dentistry. In fact, the barber pole, a symbol of the barber–surgeon, has its roots in a medical procedure called bloodletting that was once thought to strengthen the immune system. The pole is believed to represent the staff that patients held tightly to make the veins in their arms stand out during the procedure. The bottom cap represents the basin used to catch the blood. The red and white stripes represent the bandages that stopped the bleeding and were then hung on the pole to dry. As the wind blew, these bandages would become twisted around the pole, forming a red-and-white pattern.
The modern barber pole, then, was originally the symbol of the barber–surgeon, and is believed to represent the bandages (white), blood (red), and veins (blue) involved in bloodletting (Figure 1–7).
Up until the end of the nineteenth century, even in the United States, both men and women wore wigs. Today wigs are making a resurgence as a fashion item, riding the popularity wave of hair extensions.
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The Twenty-First CenturyToday, hairstylists have far gentler, no-fade haircolor. Estheticians can noticeably rejuvenate the skin, as well as keep disorders such as sunspots and mild acne at bay. The beauty industry has also entered the age of specialization. Now cosmetologists frequently specialize either in haircolor or in haircutting; estheticians specialize in esthetic or medical-aesthetic services; and nail technicians either offer a full array of services or specialize in artificial nail enhancements, natural nail care, or even pedicures.
Since the late 1980s, the salon industry has evolved to include day spas, a name that was first coined by beauty legend Noel DeCaprio. Day spas now represent an excellent employment opportunity for beauty practitioners (Figure 1–8).
Men-only specialty spas and barber spas have also grown in popularity. These spas provide exciting new opportunities for men’s hair, nail, and skin-care specialists. Figure 1–9 on page 10 is a timeline of significant events in the cosmetology industry. LO2
Career Paths for CosmetologistsOnce you have completed your schooling and are licensed, you will be amazed at how many career opportunities will open up to you. The possibilities can be endless for a hard-working professional cosmetologist who approaches her or his career with a strong sense of personal integrity. Within the industry there are numerous specialties, such as the following:
• Haircolor specialist. Once you have received additional training and experience in haircolor, you may be responsible for training others in your salon to perform color services or work for a product manufacturer, where you will be expected to train other professionals how best to perform color services according to the company’s guidelines and product instructions (Figure 1–10).
• Texture specialist. Once you have received additional training and experience in texture services you may be responsible for training others to perform texture services in the salon, or work for a manufacturer where you will be expected to train others on how best to perform texture services according to your company’s guidelines and product instructions. A subspecialty, curly hair specialist, focuses on maintaining natural curl.
• Cutting specialist. This position requires a dedicated interest in learning various cutting styles and techniques. After perfecting your own skills and developing your own method of cutting (everyone develops his or her own cutting technique), you may want to study with other reputable haircutters to learn and adopt their systems and techniques. This training will allow you to perform top-quality haircutting in your own salon, as well as to coach those around you, helping them to hone their skills (Figure 1–11).
▲■Figure 1–8Day spas are increasing in number and popularity.
▲■Figure 1–10Haircolor specialists are in great demand.
▲■Figure 1–11Cutting hair in a salon is one of the many choices open to you.©
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Figure 1–9
3000 BC Egyptians used minerals, insects, and berries to create makeup for their eyes, lips, and skin. Henna was used to stain their hair and nails a rich, warm red. They also infused essential oils from the leaves, bark, and blossoms of plants for use as perfumes and purification purposes.
1872 Marcel Grateau (AKA Francois Marcel) invented the first curling iron—gas burner-heated tongs. About 1923, he created an electric version.
1910 Sarah Breedlove became known as Madame C. J. Walker and sold Madam Walker’s Wonderful Hair Grower. She moved her company to Indianapolis where she built a factory, hair salon, and training school. As she developed new products, her empire grew.
1600 BC Chinese aristocrats rubbed a tinted mixture of gum
arabic, gelatin, beeswax, and egg whites onto their nails to color
them crimson or ebony.
1900s Motion picture viewers saw pictures of celebrities with flawless complexions, beautiful hairstyles, and manicured nails, and standards of feminine beauty began to change.
1400 BC Queen Nefertiti stained her nails red by dipping her fingertips in
henna, wore lavish makeup designs, and used custom-
blended essential oils as signature scents.
1906 Charles Nessler invented a heavily wired machine that supplied electrical current to metal rods around which hair strands were wrapped. These heavy units were heated during the waving process. They were kept away from the scalp by a complex system of counterbalancing weights that were suspended from an overhead chandelier mounted on a stand.
1100 BC Throughout the Chinese Chou Dynasty, gold and silver were the royal colors. Nail tinting was so closely tied to social status that commoners caught wearing a royal nail color faced a punishment of death.
1908 Max Factor began making and selling makeup to movie stars that wouldn’t cake or crack, even under hot studio lights.
1941 Scientists developed another method of permanent waving that used waving lotion. Because this perm did not use heat, it was also called a cold wave. Cold waves replaced virtually all predecessors and competitors, and the terms cold waving and permanent waving became practically synonymous.
2003 Sebastian International introduces the first consumer-oriented DVD to the professional salon industry, in order to speak directly to the consumer.
1960s Vidal Sassoon turned the hairstyling world on
its ear with his revolutionary
geometric cuts.
2005 Most salons have their own websites and use e-mail to communicate. Point-of-sale software and computerized appointment scheduling are in widespread use.
1935 Max Factor created pancake makeup to make actors’ skin look natural on color film.
1938 Arnold F. Willatt invented the cold wave that used no machines or heat. The cold wave is considered to be the precursor to the modern perm.
2000 According to a Vance Research Services’ study of 1,500 salon owners, 30 percent of salons used a computer for business while at work and 44 percent used it for business at home. Sixty-five percent of respondents had home Internet access, while just 17 percent had it in their salons.
A Timeline of Milestones in the Professional Beauty Industry.
3000 BC 2500 2000 1500 1100 BC 500 BC 50 AD 1000 1500 1850
1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
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500 BC During the golden age of Greece, hairstyling became a highly developed art. The ancient Greeks made lavish use of perfumes and cosmetics in their religious rites and personal grooming. Greek women applied preparations of white lead onto their faces, kohl around their eyes, and vermillion upon their cheeks and lips.
50 BC Queen Cleopatra took dedication to beauty to an entirely new level by erecting a personal cosmetics factory next to the Dead Sea.
1917 Madame Walker organized a convention for her Madam C. J. Walker Hair Culturists Union of America. This was one of the first national meetings for businesswomen ever held.
AD 1000 Persian physician and alchemist, Avicenna, refined the process of steam distillation. This ushered in the modern era of steam-distilled essential oils that we use today.
1920s The cosmetics industry grew rapidly. Advertising expenditures in radio alone went from $390,000 in 1927 to $3.2 million in 1930.
1837–1901 To preserve the health and beauty of the skin, women used beauty masks and packs made from honey, eggs, milk, oatmeal, fruits, vegetables, and other natural ingredients.
1931 The preheat perm method was introduced. Hair was wrapped using the croquignole method. Clamps, preheated by a separate electrical unit, were
then placed over the wound curls.
1932 Chemists Ralph L. Evans and Everett G. McDonough pioneered a method that used heat generated by chemical reaction: small flexible pads containing a chemical mixture were wound around hair strands. When the pads were moistened with water, a chemical heat was released that created long-lasting curls. Thus the first machineless permanent wave was born. Salon clients were no longer subjected to the dangers and discomforts of the Nessler machine.
Also that year, Charles Revson of Revlon fame marketed the first nail polish—as opposed to a nail stain—using formulas that were borrowed from the automobile paint industry. Lawrence Gelb, a New York Chemist, introduced the first permanent haircolor product and founded a company called Clairol.
1990s Haircolor became gentler, allowing all ethnicities to enjoy being blonds, brunettes, or redheads.
2008 There is an explosion in salons using social networking sites to do business. Twitter, which was introduced in March, 2006, becomes the next big thing in social networking with clients.
1998 Creative Nail Design introduced the first spa pedicure
system to the professional beauty industry.
2009 Many beauty manufacturers have Mobile versions of their Websites. Access to instant online technical education and color formulas becomes common.
1970s French hairdressers introduced the art of hair weaving using aluminum foil.
1999 Spas hit their stride as big business. According to the International Spa Association (ISPA), consumers spent $14.2 billion in about 15,000 destination and day spas.
2006 Brazilian straightening treatments are introduced in the U.S.
1980s Makeup went full circle, from barely there to heavily made-up “cat-eyes” and the heavy use of eye shadows and blush. Also, the salon industry evolved to include day spas, a name that was first coined by beauty legend Noel DeCaprio.
2007 Haircolor becomes the largest hair care category in terms of in-salon, back bar, and take-home color refresher product sales. The green movement takes off in salons, with many positioning themselves as eco salons and spas striving for sustainability. In April, the first American television reality-competition show for salons, Shear Genius, debuts.
3000 BC 2500 2000 1500 1100 BC 500 BC 50 AD 1000 1500 1850
1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
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• Salon trainer. Many companies, such as manufacturers and salon chains, hire experienced salon professionals and train them to train others. This kind of training can take many forms, from technical training to management and interpersonal relationship training. A salon trainer can work with small salons, as well as large organizations and trade associations, to help develop the beauty industry’s most valuable resource—salon staff and personnel.
• Distributor sales consultant. The salon industry depends heavily on its relationships with product distributors in order to stay abreast of what is occurring in the marketplace. Distributor sales consultants (DSCs) provide information about new products, new trends, and new techniques. This specialty provides an excellent opportunity for highly skilled and trained cosmetology professionals. The DSC is the salon and its staff ’s link with the rest of the industry, and this relationship represents the most efficient method that outside companies use to reach the salon stylist.
• Manufacturer educator. Most manufacturers hire their own educators to train stylists and salon staff to understand and use the company’s hair care, haircolor, and chemical-service products. Mastery of the company’s product lines is a must for manufacturer educators. An accomplished educator who is a good public speaker can advance to field educator, regional educator, or even platform educator, appearing on stage at shows in the U.S. and around the world.
• Cosmetology instructor. Have you ever wondered how your instructor decided to start teaching? Many instructors had
fantastic careers in salons before dedicating themselves to teaching new professionals the tricks of the trade. If this
career path interests you, spend some time with your school’s instructors and ask them why they went
into education. Educating new cosmetologists can be very trying, but it can also be very rewarding.
• Film or theatrical hairstylist and editorial stylist. Working behind the scenes at magazine and Internet photo shoots or backstage on movies and TV sets all starts with volunteering to assist. Even someone right out of school can volunteer by calling agencies, networking with photographers, or asking other hairdressers who work behind the scenes for advice. The days are long—up to eighteen hours on soap opera sets—but once you clock the specific number of hours required by your state of residence, you can join the local union, which opens many doors. All you need are persistence, networking skills, reliability, team spirit, and attention to detail.
Although cosmetologists who work in salons and spas do not have to join a union to be considered for work or to be entitled to certain benefits of employment, to work on films, television shows, and theater you may need to join a union.
The unions have different names, one of the largest is the Makeup and Hairstylists Union, also known as the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees, Moving Picture Technicians, Artist and Allied Crafts of the United States and Canada, AFL-CIO, CLC (IA).
You may also need to join the Makeup and Hairstylists Guild, or the Actor’s union.
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ACTivityYou may think you already know which area of cosmetology interests you most. But as you learn more, that can change. To help you determine the best area of speciality, interview a salon owner or a specialist in your area. Ask the following questions:
• Why did you choose the specialty you did? • What special skills are required? • What type of training was required to become a specialist?• How long did it take you to get really proficient? • What’s the most exciting thing about your specialization?
To find someone to interview, ask your instructors for ideas, visit local salons, go to trade shows, or search the Internet for specialists in your area—or anywhere! Many salon owners, colorists, texture specialists, business experts, and educators can be found through social networks like Facebook, Myspace, LinkedIn, and many others.
This field requires constant continuing education, particularly in working with wigs, hairpieces, and makeup. LO3
These are but a few of the many career paths awaiting you on the road to a lifelong career in cosmetology. The wonderful thing about the professional beauty industry is that there are truly no limits to what you can do if you have a sincere interest in learning and giving back to your industry. Keep developing your skills in the specialities that interest you, and you’ll soon be building and enjoying an extremely creative and unique career.
Salon ManagementIf business is your calling, you will find that management opportunities in the salon and spa industry are quite diverse. They include being an inventory manager, department head, educator, special events manager (promotions), assistant manager, and general manager. With experience, you can also add salon owner to this list of career possibilities. To ensure your success, it is wise to enroll in business classes to learn more about managing products, departments, and—above all—people.
Salon manager is a potential career path for a cosmetologist, but it requires a very different skill set. As a result, some managers of large operations are not cosmetologists. Salon managers must have an aptitude for math and accounting and be able to read documents such as profit and loss statements. They should understand marketing, including the roles of advertising, public relations and promotions, and what makes these programs successful. Much of management involves the business side of the salon—making it profitable—while keeping clients and employees
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The field of cosmetology has broadened to encompass areas of specialization, including esthetics and nail technology. As the cosmetology industry continues to grow, opportunities for professionals increase.
According to a study by the National Accrediting Commission of Cosmetology Arts and Sciences (NACCAS), salons employed around 1,683,000 professionals in 2007, and 53 percent of salons had job openings. Nearly three-quarters of salon owners with positions to fill could not find qualified applicants, even though about 38 percent of the jobs were for inexperienced professionals with less than a year on the job.
While many factors, including the national economy, affect the industry, the salon business usually withstands recessions much better than other industries. To make each day in school positively impact your future, focus on your studies, read trade publications cover-to-cover, become a member of relevant trade associations, and attend workshops outside of school. Remember, your license will unlock countless doors, but it is your personal dedication and passion that ultimately determines how successful you become.
■Figure 1–12a day spa may offer nail, hair, body, and skin services.
happy. Titles and the accompanying responsibilities vary widely from salon to salon, and it is always possible to learn on the job. However, supplementing your experience with formal business education is the quickest path to success.
Beyond choosing a specialty, you must decide on the type of facility where you will work. Many options are available:
• Specialty salons
• Full-service salons (offering hair, skin, and nail services)
• Photo, video, or film sets (preparing models and actors for camera appearances)
• Day spas (offering services that emphasize both beauty and wellness) (Figure 1–12)
To learn more about the various types of salon business models, see Chapter 32, The Salon Business. There you will find a wealth of choices, including national and regional chains and low- and high-end salon opportunities.
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review Questions
Chapter Glossary
1. What are the origins of appearance enhancement? 2. What are some of the advancements made in cosmetology during the nineteenth, twentieth,
and early twenty-first centuries? 3. What are some of the career opportunities available to licensed beauty practitioners?
cosmetology The art and science of beautifying and improving the skin, nails, and hair and includes the study of cosmetics and their application.
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1
Long-Layered (180-Degree) Haircut
Implements and Materialsyou will need all of the following implements, materials, and supplies:
• Cutting cape
• Cutting or styling comb
• Haircutting shears
• Neck strip
• Sectioning clips
• Shampoo and conditioner
• Shampoo cape
• Spray bottle with water
• Towels
• Wide-tooth comb
Preparation
• perform See page 32315-1prOCedure Pre-Service
Procedure
Procedure1 drape your client for
a shampoo.
2 Shampoo and condition the hair as necessary.
3 escort the client back to the styling chair. Secure a neck strip around the client’s neck. place a cape over the neck strip and fasten in the back. Fold the neck strip down over the cape so that no part of the cape touches the client’s skin.
4 detangle the hair with the wide-tooth comb.
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Long-Layered (180-Degree) Haircut
6 Begin at the top of the crown by taking a ½-inch (1.25 centimeters) subsection across the head. Comb straight up from the head form and cut straight across.
5 part the hair into five sections, as in step 5 of procedure 16-3.
8 Continue, using the previously cut subsection as your guideline to cut a new ½-inch subsection throughout the top section.
7 Work to the front of the top section by taking a second ½-inch subsection. direct the first subs ection (guideline) to the second one and cut to the same length.
9 On the right front section, using ½-inch horizontal subsections, comb the hair straight up and match to the previously cut hair (guideline) in the top section. Continue working down the side, using ½-inch subsections until the hair no longer reaches the guide.
10 repeat on the left side.
12 Continue cutting using ½-inch horizontal subsections and working from top to bottom until the hair no longer reaches the guideline.
11 Complete the back sections.
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