Text section whereyou can find moreinformation

ENERGY FOR LIFE

begins as

Electromagnetic energy inSUNLIGHT

10.2

drives

begins with

10.1

10.2

PHOTOSYNTHESIS(in chloroplasts)

• Light excites electrons in pigment molecules

Antenna complex

enters

H2O

• “Splits” water to yield electrons• Electron transport chain pumps H+

Photosystem II

10.3

10.3

• Electron transport chain ends with ferrodoxin

Photosystem I

donatesenergyfrom excitedelectrons to

donatesenergyfrom excitedelectrons to

donateshigh-energyelectrons to

• H+ gradient drives ATP synthase

Chemiosmosis

releases yields

O2 ATP 9.1 NADPH

used in

CO2 • Series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

Calvin cycle

10.4fixed byrubiscoto start

yields substratefor synthesis of

stored as

broken downto yield

Glycogen, starch 5.2 5.1GLUCOSE

processed by

9.3

• 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions

Glycolysis (in cytosol)

CELLULAR RESPIRATION(in mitochondria)

allows continued

when electron acceptoravailable, yields pyruvate for

9.2• Regenerates NAD+

• Substrates and waste products vary among species

Fermentation

9.7

when no electronacceptor available, donates electrons to

begins with

CO2

H2OO2

NADH

ATP

• Catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase

Pyruvate processing

9.4

yields acetyl CoA for

9.5

• 8 enzyme-catalyzed reactions• Completes oxidation of glucose

Citric acid cycle

yields yields

CO2

FADH2

donateshigh energyelectrons to

used in

• Raises potential energy

Phosphorylation of enzymesand substrates

9.1

drives

• Uses energy released during redox reactions to transport H+

• Ends with final electron acceptor (usually O2)

Electron transport chain

9.6

• H+ gradient drives ATP synthase

Chemiosmosis

yields someyields lots of

9.1

• Reactions that were endergonic with unphosphorylated enzymes/substrates become exergonic with phosphorylated enzymes/subtrates

Energetic coupling

enables

Cells use energy to do work• pump ions• synthesize molecules• move cargo• send and receive signals

Text section whereyou can find moreinformation

ENERGY FOR LIFE

begins as

Electromagnetic energy inSUNLIGHT

10.2

drives

begins with

10.1

10.2

PHOTOSYNTHESIS(in chloroplasts)

• Light excites electrons in pigment molecules

Antenna complex

enters

H2O

• “Splits” water to yield electrons• Electron transport chain pumps H+

Photosystem II

10.310.3

• Electron transport chain ends with ferrodoxin

Photosystem I

donatesenergyfrom excitedelectrons to

donatesenergyfrom excitedelectrons to

donateshigh-energyelectrons to

• H+ gradient drives ATP synthaseChemiosmosis

releases yields

O2 ATP 9.1 NADPH

used in

CO2 • Series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

Calvin cycle

10.4fixed byrubiscoto start

yields substratefor synthesis of

stored as

broken downto yield

Glycogen, starch 5.2 5.1GLUCOSE

processed by

9.3

• 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactionsGlycolysis (in cytosol)

CELLULAR RESPIRATION(in mitochondria)

allows continued

when electron acceptoravailable, yields pyruvate for

9.2• Regenerates NAD+

• Substrates and waste products vary among species

Fermentation

9.7

when no electronacceptor available, donates electrons to

begins with

CO2

H2OO2

NADH

ATP

• Catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase

Pyruvate processing

9.4

yields acetyl CoA for

9.5

• 8 enzyme-catalyzed reactions• Completes oxidation of glucose

Citric acid cycle

yields yields

CO2

FADH2

donateshigh energyelectrons to

• Uses energy released during redox reactions to transport H+

• Ends with final electron acceptor (usually O2)

Electron transport chain

9.6

• H+ gradient drives ATP synthaseChemiosmosis

yields someyields lots of

used in

• Raises potential energy

Phosphorylation of enzymesand substrates

9.1

drives

9.1

• Reactions that were endergonic with unphosphorylated enzymes/substrates become exergonic with phosphorylated enzymes/subtrates

Energetic coupling

enables

Cells use energy to do work• pump ions• synthesize molecules• move cargo• send and receive signals

ATP 9.1

consists offunctional units called

is archived inbase sequences of

DNA 4.2

GENETIC INFORMATION

Genes

EXPRESSED

15.1

15.217.1–418.1–4

Text sectionwhere youcan find moreinformation

13.2Genotype

is packaged withproteins to form

have differentversions called

make up

can be

may regulatewhether genes

if firstTRANSCRIBED by

RNA polymerase

16.1

4.3

to form

RNA

may beprocessed by may function

directly incell as

16.2

• Splicing• Addition of 5 cap• Addition of poly(A) tail

to form

16.4

16.5

• tRNA (transfer RNA)• rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

mRNA(messenger of RNA)

16.2is then

TRANSLATED byaffect

Ribosomes 16.5

to form

Proteins

3.216.5

changed by

produce13.1Phenotype • Folding

• Glycosylation• Phosphorylation• Degradation

3.45.39.1

18.4

Chromatin 18.2

COPIED 14.3

13.2Alleles

are

by

DNA polymerase

14.3occasionallymake errors,

causing

MUTATION 15.4

Chromosomes11.118.2

andcan be

can be

may change due to

causing

• Breakage• Duplication or deletion due to errors in meiosis• Damage by radiation or other agents

14.515.4

12.4

15.4Mutationcan be

to somaticcells by to germ cells by

12.1, 13.1–4

TRANSMITTED 11.1

11.1MITOSIS 12.1MEIOSISincludes

12.2 13.3–4

• Independent assortment• Recombination

starts with starts withParent cell

2n 2n

Parent cell

ends with ends with

2n 2n

Two daughter cellswith the same geneticinformation as theparent cell (unlessmutation has occurred).

Four daughter cellswith half the geneticinformation as theparent cell.

n

n

n

n

occursduring

occursduring

GROWTH and ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

11.0 12.3

result in results in

Low genetic diversity High genetic diversity

is archived inbase sequences of

DNA

GENETIC INFORMATION

Genes

EXPRESSED

Text sectionwhere youcan find moreinformation consists of

functional units called

13.2Genotypemake up

can be

may regulatewhether genes

if firstTRANSCRIBED by

RNA polymerase

16.1

4.3

to form

RNA

4.2

15.1

15.217.1–418.1–4

4.3

RNA

may beprocessed by

may functiondirectly incell as

16.2

• Splicing• Addition of 5 cap• Addition of poly(A) tail

to form

16.4

16.5

• tRNA (transfer RNA)• rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

mRNA(messeger of RNA)

16.2is then

TRANSLATED byaffect

Ribosomes 16.5

to form

Proteins

3.216.5

changed by

produce13.1Phenotype • Folding

• Glycosylation• Phosphorylation• Degradation

3.45.39.1

18.4

Chromatin 18.2

COPIED 14.3

13.2Alleles

are

by

DNA polymerase

14.3occasionallymake errors,

causing

MUTATION 15.4

Chromosomes 11.118.2

andcan be

can be

may change due to

causing

• Breakage• Duplication or deletion due to errors in meiosis• Damage by radiation or other agents

14.515.4

12.4

15.4Mutationcan be

to somaticcells by to germ cells by

12.1, 13.1–4

TRANSMITTED 11.1

11.1MITOSIS 12.1MEIOSISincludes

12.2 13.3–4

• Independent assortment• Recombination

11.1MITOSIS 12.1MEIOSISincludes

12.2 13.3–4

• Independent assortment• Recombination

starts with starts with

Parent cell

2n 2n

Parent cell

ends with ends with

2n 2n

Two daughter cellswith the same geneticinformation as theparent cell (unlessmutation has occurred).

Four daughter cellswith half the geneticinformation as theparent cell.

n

n

n

n

occursduring

occursduring

GROWTH and ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

11.0 12.3

result in results in

Low genetic diversity High genetic diversity

25.1

EVOLUTION

isChange through time

is

isdue to due to

does not produce

Changes in allele frequencies

Descent with modification

due to

Inbreeding• Mating among relatives• Changes genotype frequencies, but not allele frequencies

Sexual selection

25.6 25.6

• Occurs when traits used in attracting mates vary, and individuals with certain traits attract the most mates

includes

includes includes

NATURAL SELECTION• Occurs when traits vary, and individuals with certain traits produce the most offspring

24.124.3–525.2

exposesdeleterious

alleles to

Non-random mating 25.6

Text section whereyou can find moreinformation

is the onlyevolutionarymechanism thatcan produce

Adaptation• Involves heritable traits only

24.3, 24.5

Fitness• Measured by number of offspring produced

24.3,24.5

25.1–6

usuallyreduces

due to

25.3

GENETIC DRIFT• Changes in allele frequencies due entirely to chance• Especially important in small populations

due to due to

MUTATION• Random changes in DNA• Creates new alleles• Occurs in every individual in every generation, at low frequency

15.4, 25.5

GENE FLOW• Occurs when individuals move between populations• Homogenizes allele frequencies between populations

Geneflow 25.4

due to lack ofproduces divergence required for

producesdivergencerequired for

produces divergence required for

26.2–4

SPECIATIONResults from:1. Genetic isolation, followed by2. Genetic divergence

creates new branches on

form smallest possible tips on

The TREE OF LIFE• Describes the evolutionary relationships among species

1.3, 27.1

“prune”

MASS EXTINCTIONS• 60% of species are lost in less than 1 million years• 5 events in the past 542 million years• Is analogous to genetic drift

27.4

may occur after

forms new

26.1

SpeciesEvolutionarily independent unitsin nature, identified by:1. Reproductive isolation, and/or2. Phylogenetic analysis, and/or3. Morphological differences

with

Synamorphies• Traits that are unique to a single lineage (found in some species but not others)• Arise in a common ancestor

26.127.1

thatmaybe

Key innovations• Traits that allow species to exploit resources in a new way or use new habitats

27.4

mayresultin

ADAPTIVE RADIATIONS• Rapid and extensive speciation in a single lineage• Dramatic divergence in morphology or behavior (species use a wide array of resources/habitats)

27.3

25.1

EVOLUTION

isChange through time

is

isdue to due to

does not produce

Changes in allele frequencies

Descent with modification

due to

Inbreeding

• Mating among relatives• Changes genotype frequencies, but not allele frequencies

Sexual selection

25.6 25.6

• Occurs when traits used in attracting mates vary, and individuals with certain traits attract the most mates

includes

includes includes

NATURAL SELECTION• Occurs when traits vary, and individuals with certain traits produce the most offspring

24.124.3–525.2

exposesdeleterious

alleles to

Non-random mating 25.6

Text section whereyou can find moreinformation

is the onlyevolutionarymechanism thatcan produce

Adaptation

• Involves heritable traits only

24.3, 24.5

Fitness• Measured by number of offspring produced

24.3,24.5

25.1–6

usuallyreduces

due to

25.3

GENETIC DRIFT• Changes in allele frequencies due entirely to chance• Especially important in small populations

due to due to

MUTATION

• Random changes in DNA• Creates new alleles• Occurs in every individual in every generation, at low frequency

15.4, 25.5

GENE FLOW• Occurs when individuals move between populations• Homogenizes allele frequencies between populations

Geneflow 25.4

25.3

GENETIC DRIFT

• Changes in allele frequencies due entirely to chance• Especially important in small populations

MUTATION

• Random changes in DNA• Creates new alleles• Occurs in every individual in every generation, at low frequency

15.4, 25.5

GENE FLOW

• Occurs when individuals move between populations• Homogenizes allele frequencies between populations

Geneflow 25.4

due to lack ofproduces divergence required for

producesdivergencerequired for

produces divergence required for

26.2–4

SPECIATION

Results from:1. Genetic isolation, followed by2. Genetic divergence

creates new branches on

form smallest possible tips on

The TREE OF LIFE

• Describes the evolutionary relationships among species

1.3, 27.1

“prune”

MASS EXTINCTIONS

• 60% of species are lost in less than 1 million years• 5 events in the past 542 million years• Is analogous to genetic drift

27.4

may occur after

forms new

26.1

SpeciesEvolutionarily independent unitsin nature, identified by:1. Reproductive isolation, and/or2. Phylogenetic analysis, and/or3. Morphological differences

with

Synamorphies

• Traits that are unique to a single lineage (found in some species but not others)• Arise in a common ancestor

26.127.1

thatmaybe

Key innovations• Traits that allow species to exploit resources in a new way or use new habitats

27.4

mayresultin

ADAPTIVE RADIATIONS

• Rapid and extensive speciation in a single lineage• Dramatic divergence in morphology or behavior (species use a wide array of resources/habitats)

27.3

NATURAL SELECTION• Occurs when traits vary, and individuals with certain traits produce the most offspring

24.124.3–525.2

is the studyof how

Organisms

• Leads to possible exclusion of weaker competitors• Natural selection favors traits that reduce competition

53.1

ECOLOGY

51

Text chapter or sectionwhere you can findmore information

associate withothers of the samespecies to form

Populations 52

Species 53.1 53Communitiesinteract in

interact via form via

Competition Succession

53.2

• Pattern depends on species traits, species interactions, and history of site

and

is triggeredby

Disturbance

53.3

• E.g., fire, drought; effect depends on extent and frequency

affects

53.4Species richness

is ameasure of

Biodiversity

Consumption(predation,

parisitism, herbivory)• Can reduce prey/host population size• Natural selection favors traits that maximize defenses

53.1

and

Mutualism• Leads to co- occurrence of species• Natural selection favors traits that maximize benefits and minimize costs

53.1 55

interact withAbiotic environment

• Chemical energy• Solar energy

54.1

Energy

50.54

includes includes includes

and

Nutrients• Carbon (C)• Nitrogen (N)• Phosphorous (P)• Others

54.2

• Water temperature• Water flow rate• Water depth• Nutrient availability

50.2, 54.3

• Soil• Atmosphere

50.3–4

and

Climate• Temperature (especially average and degree of yearly variation)• Precipitation (especially average and degree of yearly variation)

50.3–4

includesCO2

dictates speciesthat can befound in certaininfluence

influenceTerrestrial ecosystems

50.3, 54.3

includeinclude

50.2, 54.3

Aquatic ecosystemsinclude

Ecosystems 54

flow through

interactwith abioticfactorsto form

54.1

• Primary producers (synthesize their own food)

• Consumers (consume live organisms)

• Decomposers (consume dead organisms)

formaffects

flowsthrough

54.1 54.1

Primary productivity Food webs

/

/

/

is the studyof how

Organisms

• Leads to possible exclusion of weaker competitors• Natural selection favors traits that reduce competition

53.1

ECOLOGY

Text chapter or sectionwhere you can findmore information

associate withothers of the samespecies to form

Populations 52

Species 53.1 53Communitiesinteract in

interact via form via

Competition Succession

53.2

• Pattern depends on species traits, species interactions, and history of site

and

is triggeredby

Disturbance

53.3

• E.g., fire, drought; effect depends on extent and frequency

affects

53.4

Species richness

is ameasure of

Biodiversity

Consumption(predation,

Parisitism, herbivory)

• Can reduce prey/host population size• Natural selection favors traits that maximize defenses

53.1

and

Mutualism• Leads to co- occurrence of species• Natural selection favors traits that maximize benefits and minimize costs

53.1 55

interactwith abioticfactorsto form

Ecosystems 54

51interact with

50, 54

Abiotic environment

/

/

/

Abiotic environment

• Chemical energy• Solar energy

54.1

Energy

50.54

includes includes includes

and

Nutrients

• Carbon (C)• Nitrogen (N)• Phosphorous (P)• Others

54.2

• Water temperature• Water flow rate• Water depth• Nutrient availability

50.2, 54.3

• Soil• Atmosphere

50.3–4

and

Climate• Temperature (especially average and degree of yearly variation)• Precipitation (especially average and degree of yearly variation)

50.3–4

includesCO2

dictates speciesthat can befound in certaininfluence

influenceTerrestrial ecosystems

50.3, 54.3

includeinclude

50.2, 54.3

Aquatic ecosystemsinclude

Ecosystems 54

flow through

54.1

• Primary producers (synthesize their own food)• Consumers (consume live organisms)• Decomposers (consume dead organisms)

formaffects

flowsthrough

54.1 54.1

Primary productivity Food webs

Species richness

53.4