texpower math example · Catastrophe Theory studies and classi es phenomena characterized by sudden...
Transcript of texpower math example · Catastrophe Theory studies and classi es phenomena characterized by sudden...
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Catastrophe Theory
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Catastrophe Theory
Vladimir I. Rene Christopher
ARNOLD THOM ZEEMANN
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Originated by Vladimir I. Arnold, Rene Thom, and
Christopher Zeemann in the 1960-70s,
Catastrophe Theory studies and classifies
phenomena characterized by sudden shifts in
behavior arising from small changes in
circumstances.
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Originated by Vladimir I. Arnold, Rene Thom, and
Christopher Zeemann in the 1960-70s,
Catastrophe Theory studies and classifies
phenomena characterized by sudden shifts in
behavior arising from small changes in
circumstances.
Small changes in certain parameters of a nonlinear
system can cause equilibria to appear or disappear, or
to change from attracting to repelling and vice versa,
leading to large and sudden changes of the behaviour
of the system. Catastrophe theory has been applied to
a number of different physical, chemical, biological,
and even social phenomena.
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First Examples
� � � � � � �� � � � � � �� � � � � � �� � � � � � �� � � � � � �� � � � � � �� � � � � � �� � � � � � �� � � � � � �� � � � � � �� � � � � � �� � � � � � �� � � � � � �� � � � � � �
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� �� �� �� �� �� �
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AT
AST
RO
PHE
POIN
T
88 92 96 100 104 108
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� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �
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Zeemann machine
This device, invented by the mathematician
Christopher Zeeman consists of a wheel which is
tethered by an elastic to a fixed point B in its plane.
The control input to the system is another elastic
attached to the same point A as the first and roughly
of the same length. The other end C of the elastic
can be moved about an area diametrically opposite to
the fixed point.��
�� �� ��
�� ��O
A
B
C
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The experiment shows that:
• To each position of C there correspond 1 or 3
equilibrium points of the system.
• If we slowly move C then usually the wheel rotates
slowly (this means that the equilibrium point
slowly changes), however sometimes the wheel
(the equilibrium point) suddenly jumps!
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• The positions of C where the equilibrium point
jumps lie on a cusp.
Wheel jumps when C crosses the red curve
��� ���
��� ���
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O
A
B
C
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• The cusp is the common boundary of two regions:
I) the set of C such that the system has one
equilibrium point; II) the set of C such that the
system has three equilibrium points;
• Hysteresis behavior. If the equilibrium point
jumps while C crosses the boundary, then while C
is moving in the opposite direction the equilibrium
point does not jump!
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wheel jumps!
wheel does not jump!
Threeequilibriumpoints
One equlibriumpoint
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Let us consider another machine: “parabolic rock”.
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Consider the mathematical model:
(X,Y)
x
y
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
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Consider the mathematical model:
(X,Y)
x
y
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Consider the mathematical model:
(X,Y)
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y = x2 ⇒
x = t, y = t2 ⇒
MN : (x−t)+2t(y−t2) = 0
Then, setting X = − 12x, Y = 1
2(1 − 2y), we get
the equation t3 + Y t + X = 0
![Page 15: texpower math example · Catastrophe Theory studies and classi es phenomena characterized by sudden shifts in behavior arising from small changes in ... Gilmore, R. Catastrophe Theory](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f708bc902d167587e18f0cf/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The set of normals to parabola.
![Page 16: texpower math example · Catastrophe Theory studies and classi es phenomena characterized by sudden shifts in behavior arising from small changes in ... Gilmore, R. Catastrophe Theory](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f708bc902d167587e18f0cf/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Let us construct the graph of the surface
Σ : t3 + Y t + X = 0 in the three-dimensional space with
coordinates (X, Y, t).
Consider the graph of Σ as the family of graphs of the
function X = −t3 − Y t while Y varies.
Y<0 Y>0Y=0
t
X X X
t t
![Page 17: texpower math example · Catastrophe Theory studies and classi es phenomena characterized by sudden shifts in behavior arising from small changes in ... Gilmore, R. Catastrophe Theory](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f708bc902d167587e18f0cf/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The graph of Σ : t3 + Y t + X = 0.
Y
X
t
![Page 18: texpower math example · Catastrophe Theory studies and classi es phenomena characterized by sudden shifts in behavior arising from small changes in ... Gilmore, R. Catastrophe Theory](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f708bc902d167587e18f0cf/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Explanation of experimental phenomena.
1. The number of equilibrium points depends of the
position of C.
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4�4 5�56�6 7�7
8�89�9:�: ;�;
<�< =�=C
C1
3
![Page 19: texpower math example · Catastrophe Theory studies and classi es phenomena characterized by sudden shifts in behavior arising from small changes in ... Gilmore, R. Catastrophe Theory](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f708bc902d167587e18f0cf/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
2. The equilibrium point jumps when C crosses the
cusp.
C
C1
jump downjump up
![Page 20: texpower math example · Catastrophe Theory studies and classi es phenomena characterized by sudden shifts in behavior arising from small changes in ... Gilmore, R. Catastrophe Theory](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f708bc902d167587e18f0cf/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
3. One can avoid the jump (the catastrophe)
![Page 21: texpower math example · Catastrophe Theory studies and classi es phenomena characterized by sudden shifts in behavior arising from small changes in ... Gilmore, R. Catastrophe Theory](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f708bc902d167587e18f0cf/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The mathematical formulation.
We are given a system with one degree of freedom
(one-dimensional configuration space) and
m-dimensional control space.
t is a coordinate in the configuration space (a
parameter of the system);
u1, u2, . . . , um are coordinates in the control space
(control parameters);
U(t, u1, . . . , um) is the “potential energy” of the system;
The main problem: How does an equilibrium
point of the system behave when we vary control
parameters?
![Page 22: texpower math example · Catastrophe Theory studies and classi es phenomena characterized by sudden shifts in behavior arising from small changes in ... Gilmore, R. Catastrophe Theory](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f708bc902d167587e18f0cf/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The surface of “equilibrium points”:
F (t, u1, . . . , um) =∂
∂tU(t, u1, . . . , um) = 0
t
u2
u1
Equilibrium points surface: F(t,u)=0
Control space
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@A�A�
A
Equilibrium point
Control point
![Page 23: texpower math example · Catastrophe Theory studies and classi es phenomena characterized by sudden shifts in behavior arising from small changes in ... Gilmore, R. Catastrophe Theory](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f708bc902d167587e18f0cf/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Given F (t, u1, . . . , un) we define the bifurcation set:
BF = {u | ∃t0 :∂
∂tF (t0, u) = 0}
BCB DCD
ECE FCF
GCG HCH
ICI JCJ
Equilibrium surface
Tangent planeis vertical
Tangent plane isnot vertical
Bifurcation set
1−1 correspondence
![Page 24: texpower math example · Catastrophe Theory studies and classi es phenomena characterized by sudden shifts in behavior arising from small changes in ... Gilmore, R. Catastrophe Theory](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f708bc902d167587e18f0cf/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Theorem. Assume that ∂j
∂tjU(t, u1, . . . , um) = 0, for all
j = 1, k, and ∂k+1
∂tk+1 U(t, u1, . . . , um) 6= 0.
Then, “in the general situation”, one can change
coordinates:
t = t(s, v) u = u(v)
in such a way that
U(t(s, v), u(v)) = sk+1 + vk−1sk−1 + · · · + v1s
Note that k < m!
This means that, in order to solve our problem, we
can study concrete surfaces!
![Page 25: texpower math example · Catastrophe Theory studies and classi es phenomena characterized by sudden shifts in behavior arising from small changes in ... Gilmore, R. Catastrophe Theory](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f708bc902d167587e18f0cf/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Case k = 2;
Potential energy: U(s, v1) = s3 + v1s
Equilibrium surface: U(s, v1) = 3s2 + v1
Bifurcation set: v1 = 0
K KK KK KL LL LL L
M MM MM MN NN NN N
s
v1
v1
![Page 26: texpower math example · Catastrophe Theory studies and classi es phenomena characterized by sudden shifts in behavior arising from small changes in ... Gilmore, R. Catastrophe Theory](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f708bc902d167587e18f0cf/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Case k = 3;
Potential energy: U(s, v1) = s4 + v2s2 + v1s
Equilibrium surface: F (s, v1) = 4s3 + 2v2s + v1
Bifurcation set:v21
8+
v32
27= 0
![Page 27: texpower math example · Catastrophe Theory studies and classi es phenomena characterized by sudden shifts in behavior arising from small changes in ... Gilmore, R. Catastrophe Theory](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f708bc902d167587e18f0cf/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
v
v
s
2
1
v
v1
2
Bifurcation set
Equilibrium surface
![Page 28: texpower math example · Catastrophe Theory studies and classi es phenomena characterized by sudden shifts in behavior arising from small changes in ... Gilmore, R. Catastrophe Theory](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f708bc902d167587e18f0cf/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Case k = 4;
Potential energy: U(s, v1) = s5 + v3s3 + v2s
2 + v1s
Equilibrium surface: F (s, v1) = 5s4 + 3v3s2 + 2v2s + v1
Bifurcation set:
![Page 29: texpower math example · Catastrophe Theory studies and classi es phenomena characterized by sudden shifts in behavior arising from small changes in ... Gilmore, R. Catastrophe Theory](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f708bc902d167587e18f0cf/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Optics
O�O P�P
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q QR R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S ST T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U UV V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V
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Z Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
t
M(X,Y)
Let L(X, Y, t) be the length of the path joining ∞ and
M(X; Y ).
L(X, Y, t) ≈ −1
4(1 + 5X)t4 +
1
2Y t3 + Xt2 − 2Y t
Fermat’s principle ⇒ ∂L∂t
(X, Y, t) = 0.
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Then L(X, Y, t) is equivalent to t4 + v2t2 + v1t.
caustics
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
maximal time sheet
minimal time sheet
maximal time sheet
]�] ^�^
C1
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Chemistry
Van der Waals Equation of State
(P +α
V 2)(V − β) = RT
Here P is the gas pressure, V is the gas volume, and T
is the gas temperature, and α, β are parameters
depending on the gas molecule properties.
Set X = 1V, then after a linear change of coordinates
we appear at the equation
X3 + aX + b = 0,
where a, b are linearly expressed in terms of P , T .
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dens
ity
gas
fluid
phase transition
X
P ,T plane
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Psychology
Results
Abilities
Efforts
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Finances
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Ecology
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Real surface
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REFERENCES:
Arnold, V. I. Catastrophe Theory, 3rd ed. Berlin:
Springer-Verlag, 1992.
Poston, Tim; Stewart, Ian Catastrophe theory and
its applications. (English) Surveys and Reference
Works in Mathematics. 2. London - San Francisco -
Melbourne: Pitman. XVIII, 491 p.
Brocker, Th. Differentiable germs and
catastrophes. Translated by L. Lander. (English)
London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series. 17.
London etc.: Cambridge University Press. VI, 179 p.
Dujardin, L. ”Catastrophe Teacher: An
Introduction for Experimentalists.”
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http://perso.wanadoo.fr/l.d.v.dujardin/ct/eng index.html.
Gilmore, R. Catastrophe Theory for Scientists and
Engineers. New York: Dover, 1993.
Thom, R. Structural Stability and Morphogenesis:
An Outline of a General Theory of Models.
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1993.
Thompson, J. M. T. Instabilities and Catastrophes
in Science and Engineering. New York: Wiley, 1982.
Woodcock, A. E. R. and Davis, M. Catastrophe
Theory. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1978.
Zahler, R. and Sussman, H. J. ”Claims and
Accomplishments of Applied Catastrophe
Theory.” Nature 269, 759-763, 1977.
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Zeeman, E. C. Catastrophe Theory–Selected
Papers 1972-1977. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley,
1977.