Testing Wireless Devices and Systems Session 1: Introduction
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Transcript of Testing Wireless Devices and Systems Session 1: Introduction
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Testing Wireless Devices and Systems
Session 1: Introduction
9-July-2012
Fanny MlinarskyoctoScope, Inc.
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Contents
Evolution of wireless technologyTest challengesTest applications
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Wire
less
cap
acity
/ th
roug
hput
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
First cell phones
GSMCDMA
802.11a/b/g802.16e
LTE
Increasing throughput and capacityWCDMA/HSxPA2G2G
3G3G
4G4G
IEEE 802IEEE 802
Brief History of Wireless
TACS AMPS NMT
IS-54IS-136
GPRS
AnalogAnalog
G = generation
LTE-A802.11n/ac
5G5G
Key wireless technologies
2015
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OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
• OFDM is the most robust signaling scheme for a hostile wireless channel– Works well in the presence of multipath thanks to multi-tone signaling and
cyclic prefix (aka guard interval)• OFDM is used in all new wireless standards, including
– 802.11a, g and draft 802.11ac, ad– 802.16d,e; 802.22– DVB-T, DVB-H, DAB
• LTE is the first 3GPP standard to adopt OFDM
Multiple orthogonal carriers
Frequency
Vol
tage
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DVB = digital video broadcastingDVB-T = DVB terrestrialDVB-H = DVB handheldDAB = digital audio broadcastingLTE = long term evolution
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FDMA vs. OFDMA• OFDMA is more frequency efficient
than traditional FDMA– Orthogonal subcarriers require no guard bands
FDMAFDMA OFDMAOFDMA
ChannelGuard band
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OFDMATi
me
Frequency allocation per user is constant vs. time
Frequency per user is dynamically allocated vs. time slots
User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4 User 5
Tim
e
OFDM = orthogonal frequency division multiplexingOFDMA = orthogonal frequency division multiple access
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LTE
Resource Block (RB)
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LTE Resource Block
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1 slot, 0.5 ms
1 subcarrier (15 kHz)Resource Element1 subcarrierQPSK: 2 bits16 QAM: 4 bits64 QAM: 6 bits
Resource block 12 subcarriers
Time
Subc
arrie
r (fr
eque
ncy)
…
…
……v
A resource block (RB) is a basic unit of access allocation. RB bandwidth per slot (0.5 ms) is 12 subcarriers times 15 kHz/subcarrier equal to 180 kHz.
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Multiple Antenna Techniques• SISO (Single Input Single Output)
Traditional radio
• MISO (Multiple Input Single Output)Transmit diversity (STBC, SFBC, CDD)
• SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output)Receive diversity, MRC
• MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)SM to transmit multiple streams simultaneously; can be used in conjunction with CDD; works best in high SNR environments and channels de-correlated by multipathTX and RX diversity, used independently or together; used to enhance throughput in the presence of adverse channel conditions
• Beamforming SM = spatial multiplexingSFBC = space frequency block codingSTBC = space time block codingCDD = cyclic delay diversityMRC = maximal ratio combiningSM = Spatial MultiplexingSNR = signal to noise ratio
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MIMO vs. SISO Throughput
Draft 802.11n vs. Legacy - Office
020406080
100120140160180
6 ft 40 110 150 180 200
feet
Mb
ps
Draft-802.11n Legacy 802.11g
Draft 802.11n vs. Legacy - Home
02040
6080
100120
140160180
25 35 45 50feet
Mb
ps
Draft-802.11n Legacy 802.11g
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Vendor 1Vendor 1 Vendor 2Vendor 2
MIMO = multiple input multiple outputSISO = single input single output
Measured by octoScope
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IEEE 802.11a,b,g,n Data Rates
SGI = short guard interval
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802.11ac – Next Generation Wi-Fi
• Up to 6.9 Gbps of PHY data rate • Higher order MIMO (> 4x4)• 8 spatial streams• Multi-user (MU) MIMO
– Up to 4 users; up to 4 streams per user• Higher bandwidth channels (20, 40, 80,
80+80 and 160 MHz)
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MU-MIMOMultiple beamformed
streams in the same channel
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Wireless Topologies• 2G/3G/LTE and most Wi-Fi
networks are infrastructure based
• Mesh networks (e.g. 802.11s) are sometimes used to interconnect APs or base stations to the central carrier or corporate network or to the internet
• With the spread of LTE, the trend is towards smaller base stations and smaller cells interconnected via microwave (sometimes Wi-Fi) mesh networks
• Wireless backhaul is starting to displace traditional expensive fiber or copper cabling
Mesh networkInfrastructure network
Small 2G/3G/LTE base stations are interconnected via microwave links.
AP = access pointLTE = long term evolution
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Wireless Protocols and Applications
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LTE, Wi-Fi, ...LTE, Wi-Fi, ...
EPCEPC
IMSIMS InternetInternet
IMS = IP multimedia subsystemEPC = evolved packet coreLTE = long term evolution
Voice, video, ...Voice, video, ...
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Contents
Evolution of wireless technologyTest challengesTest applications
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Many Things To Test
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Lots of Knobs
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Wireless Test Standards of Note2G/3G/LTE Wi-Fi Data transport Applications Smart Grid
3GPP RAN5 →ETSI →PTCRB/GCF (conformance, interoperability)
CTIA (TIS/TRPMIMO-OTASAR)
Wi-Fi Alliance (WMM, WPA, etc.)
IEEE 802.11.2 (range, throughput, latency)
IETF RFC 2285, 2544, 2889 (packet loss, latency, jitter)
ITU-T Voice Quality P.800 (MOS); P.862 (PESQ); G.107 (R-Factor)
IETF video quality RFC 4445 (MDI MLR, DF)
NIST SEP 2 interoperability
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3GPP = 3rd generation partnership projectRAN = radio access networkIETF = internet engineering task forceRFC = request for commentsGCF = global certification forumITU = international telecommunication unionETSI = European Telecommunications Standards InstituteCTIA = cellular telecommunications internet association
TIS = total isotropic sensitivityTRP = total radiated powerMIMO = multiple input multiple outputOTA = over the airSAR = specific absorption ratioWMM = wireless multimediaWPA = wireless protected access
NIST = national institute of standard and technologySEP = smart energy profileMOS = mean opinion scorePESQ = perceptual speech quality measureR-Factor = rating factorMDI = Media Delivery Index MLR = media loss rateDF = delay factor
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MIMO/OTA Test Standards• 3GPP (International)
– MIMO/OTA specification development – RAN WG4 in collaboration with CTIA & COST
• CTIA (US)– SISO OTA certification standard – MIMO/OTA Sub-Working Group (MOSG) is driving effort
to update current standard SISO TIS/TRP standard
• COST (Europe)– ICT COST IC1004 Action: “Cooperative Radio
Communications for Green Smart Environments”; Formerly COST 2100 Action: “Pervasive Mobile & Ambient Wireless Communications”
– Contributions driven by SWG2.2: “Compact Antenna Systems for Terminals”
MIMO = multiple input multiple outputOTA = over the air3GPP = 3rd generation partnership projectCTIA = cellular telecommunications industry associationCOST = European Cooperation in Science and Technology
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3GPP Groups
• RAN1-4 develop the functionality standards
• RAN4 feeds RAN5 RF group with test requirements
• RAN1 feeds RAN5 RF group through RAN4• RAN2 feeds RAN5 Signaling group with
test requirements• ETSI develops TTCN code per RAN5
standards and makes code available as open source
• Test equipment manufacturers are active contributors to the TTCN effort
• TTCN makes signaling certification uniform; RF certification is different among test equipment vendors
RAN1TX/RX DSP
RAN4RF and channel
RAN2Signaling
RAN5Signaling Cert
RAN5RF Cert
ETSI(TTCN)
GCFPTCRB Te
st E
quip
men
teN
B em
ulat
ors
Now working on LTE-A
3GPP = 3rd generation partnership projectRAN = radio access networkGCF = global certification forumETSI = European Telecommunications Standards InstituteTTCN = Testing and Test Control Notation
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SEP 2 Architecture
• SEP 2 was selected in 2009 by the NIST as a standard profile for smart energy • Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGIP) sets guidelines for smart grid testing and
certification programs.
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SEP = smart energy profileNIST = national institute of standards and technology
IP layer
Smart Grid application 1 Smart Grid application 1 …
… Radio technologies
Applications
The interoperability test spec is targeted to be completed in Q4-2012
www.homeplug.org www.wi-fi.org www.zigbee.org
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Contents
Evolution of wireless technologyTest challengesTest applications
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Test ApplicationsR&D QA Production Deployment
RX sensitivityTX spectrumThroughput vs. rangeAdaptive modulationMIMO modesRoaming, handoverMesh algorithmsThroughputDelayPacket error rate
Test automationRegression testingConformanceInteroperabilityRegulatory complianceReproducing field failures
Parametric testing- Speed- Coverage- Yields
Pre-deployment lab testField surveyDeployment testMonitoring
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Next Session
Part II: R&D Test
When: July 10th at 2 p.m.
Thank you!Please see more info and white papers at
www.octoscope.com
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