Testing untestable CodeStephan Hochdörfer, bitExpert AG

"Quality is a function of thought and reflection -

precise thought and reflection. That’s the magic."

Michael Feathers

About me

Founder of bitExpert AG, Mannheim

Field of duty Department Manager of Research Labs Head of Development for bitFramework

Focusing on PHP Generative Programming

Contact me @shochdoerfer S.Hochdoerfer@bitExpert.de

Agenda

1. Theory

2. How to test untestable PHP Code

3. Generate testable code

4. Conclusion

Theory

"There is no secret to writing tests, there

are only secrets to write testable code!"Miško Hevery

Theory

What is „untestable code“?

Theory

What is „untestable code“?

Global variables Singleton Registry Globale state

static method calls Control flow in a constructor Tight coupling

Dependencies to concrete implementations to many dependencies to other classes Dependencies without control

Theory

"...our test strategy requires us to have more control or

visibility of the internal behavior of the system under test."Gerard Meszaros, xUnit Test Patterns: Refactoring Test Code

Theory

Class toTest

Unittest

Requiredclass

Requiredclass

Theory

Class totest

Unittest

Requiredclass

Requiredclass

Database

Externalresource

Requiredclass

Requiredclass

Webservice

Theory

Class totest

Unittest

Requiredclass

Requiredclass

Database

Externalresource

Requiredclass

Requiredclass

Webservice

Theory

How to achieve „testable“ code?

Theory

How to achieve „testable“ code?

Refactoring

Theory

"Before you start refactoring, check that you

have a solid suite of tests."Martin Fowler, Refactoring

Agenda

1. Theory

2. Testing untestable PHP Code

3. Generate testable code

4. Conclusion

Agenda

1. Theory

2. Testing untestable PHP Code– Hardcoded Dependencies– Procedural code– Overwrite internal PHP functions

3. Generate testable code

4. Conclusion

Testing „untestable“ PHP Code

Assumption

Do not change existing code!

Testing „untestable“ PHP Code | __autoload

<?phpclass Car {

private $Engine;

public function __construct($sEngine) {$this->Engine = Engine::getByType($sEngine);

}

}

Testing „untestable“ PHP Code | __autoload

How to inject a dependency? Use __autoload

<?phpclass Car {

private $Engine;

public function __construct($sEngine) {$this->Engine = Engine::getByType($sEngine);

}

}

Testing „untestable“ PHP Code | __autoload

<?phpfunction run_autoload($psClass) {

$sFileToInclude = strtolower($psClass).'.php';if(strtolower($psClass) == 'engine') {

$sFileToInclude = '/custom/mocks/'.$sFileToInclude;}include($sFileToInclude);

}

// Testcasespl_autoload_register('run_autoload');$oCar = new Car('Diesel');echo $oCar->run();

Testing „untestable“ PHP Code | include_path

<?phpinclude('Engine.php');

class Car {private $Engine;

public function __construct($sEngine) {$this->Engine = Engine::getByType($sEngine);

}}

Testing „untestable“ PHP Code | include_path

<?phpinclude('Engine.php');

class Car {private $Engine;

public function __construct($sEngine) {$this->Engine = Engine::getByType($sEngine);

}}

How to inject a dependency? Manipulate include_path setting

Testing „untestable“ PHP Code | include_path

<?phpini_set('include_path',

'/custom/mocks/'.PATH_SEPARATOR.ini_get('include_path'));

// Testcaseinclude('car.php');

$oCar = new Car('Diesel');echo $oCar->run();

Testing „untestable“ PHP Code | include_path alternative

<?phpclass CustomFileStreamWrapper { private $_handler;

function stream_open($path, $mode, $options, &$opened_path) { stream_wrapper_restore('file');

// @TODO: modify $path before fopen $this->_handler = fopen($path, $mode); stream_wrapper_unregister('file'); stream_wrapper_register('file', 'CustomFileStreamWrapper'); return true; }

function stream_read($count) {}

function stream_write($data) {}

function stream_tell() {}

function stream_eof() {}

function stream_seek($offset, $whence) {}}

stream_wrapper_unregister('file');stream_wrapper_register('file', 'CustomFileStreamWrapper');

Source: Alex Netkachov, http://www.alexatnet.com/node/203

Testing „untestable“ PHP Code | Namespaces

<?phpclass Car {

private $Engine;

public function __construct($sEngine) {$this->Engine = Car\Engine::getByType($sEngine);

}}

Testing „untestable“ PHP Code | Namespaces

<?phpclass Car {

private $Engine;

public function __construct($sEngine) {$this->Engine = Car\Engine::getByType($sEngine);

}}

How to inject a dependency? Use __autoload or manipulate the include_path

Testing „untestable“ PHP Code | vfsStream

<?phpclass Car {

private $Engine;

public function __construct($sEngine, $CacheDir) {$this->Engine = Car\Engine::getByType($sEngine);mkdir($CacheDir.'/cache/', 0700, true);

}}

Testing „untestable“ PHP Code | vfsStream

How mock a filesystem? Use vfsStream - http://code.google.com/p/bovigo/

<?phpclass Car {

private $Engine;

public function __construct($sEngine, $CacheDir) {$this->Engine = Car\Engine::getByType($sEngine);mkdir($CacheDir.'/cache/', 0700, true);

}}

Testing „untestable“ PHP Code | vfsStream

<?php

// setup vfsStreamvfsStreamWrapper::register();vfsStreamWrapper::setRoot(new vfsStreamDirectory('app'));

$oCar = new Car('Diesel', vfsStream::url('app'));

echo vfsStreamWrapper::getRoot()->hasChild('cache');

Agenda

1. Theory

2. Testing untestable PHP Code– Hardcoded Dependencies– Procedural code– Overwrite internal PHP functions

3. Generate testable code

4. Conclusion

Testing „untestable“ PHP Code

„I have no idea how to unit-test procedural code. Unit-testing assumes that I can instantiate a piece of my application in

isolation.“ Miško Hevery

Testing „untestable“ PHP Code | Test functions

<?phpfunction startsWith($sString, $psPre) {

return $psPre == substr($sString, 0, strlen($psPre));}

function contains($sString, $sSearch) {return false !== strpos($sString, $sSearch);

}

Testing „untestable“ PHP Code | Test functions

How to test PHPUnit can call methods PHPUnit can save/restore globale state

<?phpfunction startsWith($sString, $psPre) {

return $psPre == substr($sString, 0, strlen($psPre));}

function contains($sString, $sSearch) {return false !== strpos($sString, $sSearch);

}

Agenda

1. Theory

2. Testing untestable PHP Code– Hardcoded Dependencies– Procedural code– Overwrite internal PHP functions

3. Generate testable code

4. Conclusion

Testing „untestable“ PHP Code | overwrite internal functions

<?phpfunction buyCar(Car $oCar) {

global $oDB;

mysql_query("INSERT INTO...", $oDB);

mail('order@domain.org', 'New sale', '....');}

Testing „untestable“ PHP Code | overwrite internal functions

<?phpfunction buyCar(Car $oCar) {

global $oDB;

mysql_query("INSERT INTO...", $oDB);

mail('order@domain.org', 'New sale', '....');}

How to test Do not load mysql extension. Provide own implementation Unfortunatly mail() is part of the PHP core

Testing „untestable“ PHP Code | overwrite internal functions

<?phpfunction buyCar(Car $oCar) {

global $oDB;

mysql_query("INSERT INTO...", $oDB);

mail('order@domain.org', 'New sale', '....');}

How to test Use classkit extension to mock internal functions

Testing „untestable“ PHP Code | overwrite internal functions

<?php

ini_set('runkit.internal_override', '1');

runkit_function_redefine('mail','','return true;');

?>

Agenda

1. Theory

2. Testing untestable PHP Code

3. Generate testable code

4. Conclusion

Generative Programming

Generate testable code

Configuration

Implementationcomponents

Generatorapplication

ProductGenerator

1 ... n

Generative Programming

Generate testable code

Configuration

Implementationcomponents

Generatorapplication

Application

Generator

Testcases

Course of action

Extraction „Mask“ parts of the code

Customizing Change content of global vars Pre/Postfixes for own functions, methods, classes

Recombine Re-order parts of the code

Generate testable code

Generate testable code

FileFrm FILEIndex_php5 { private String Prefix = "test_"; private String MailSlot = "mail('order@domain.org', 'New sale', '....');";

public FILEIndex_php5() {setFilename("index.php5");setRelativePath("/");

}

private void assign() {BEGINCONTENT()<?phpfunction buyCar(Car $oCar) {global $oDB;

<!{Prefix}!>mysql_query(„INSERT INTO...“, $oDB);<!{MailSlot}!>}

?>ENDCONTENT() }}

Generate testable code

<?phpfunction buyCar(Car $oCar) { global $oDB;

test_mysql_query("INSERT INTO...", $oDB);}

1. Example

Prefix: test_

Generate testable code

<?phpfunction buyCar(Car $oCar) { global $oDB;

test_mysql_query("INSERT INTO...", $oDB);}

<?phpfunction buyCar(Car $oCar) { global $oDB;

mysql_query("INSERT INTO...", $oDB); mail('order@domain.org', 'New sale', '....');}

?>

1. Example

Prefix: test_

2. Example

MailSlot: mail('order@domain.org', 'New sale', '....');

Conclustion

Conclusion

Change mindset to write testable code Dependency Injection

Look for other options to raise the bar Work around limitations of PHP PHP is flexible, use it that way