Solutions for Academia

Intelligent Testing

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Testing Systems

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Since 1992, these companies haveformed the Zwick Roell group, and inJuly 2001, the company group wasconverted into a stock corpo-ration:the Zwick Roell AG. Part of thisstock corporation are the companiesZwick, Toni Technik, Indentec Ltd.,and since may 2002 Acmel Labo.These companies supply an extensiveprogram for materials, component,and functional tests – from the man-ually operated hardness tester up toa complex robotic test systems forthe twenty-four-seven productioncontrol.

By acquisition of the German com-pany GTM (2006) and the Austriancompany Messphysik (2007) theknow-how of the Zwick Roell AG inthe field of force and elongationmeasurement has been safed andenriched.

Zwick has many years of experi-ence, combined with a multitude ofsupplied systems, and this experi-ence is continuously supplementedby constant communication withcustomers. On this solid base thecompany supplies a wide range ofhigh-performance products – fromthe economical standard qualitycontrol machine up to customisedsolutions designs for specific testrequirements. Modern mechanics,high-performance electronics andthe application-oriented software arethe prerequisite for the versatility andthe high “intelligence” of these mo-dern testing machines and systems.

The services of the Zwick Roell AGgo far beyond the supply of prod-ucts. In 1994 the company receivedits certification ISO 9001 accreditedhelping to guarantee a consistentlyhigh product and service quality.With its accredited calibration lab-oratories, the companies of theZwick Roell AG are able to verify andcalibrate test systems and to issueinternationally recognized certificates.

The Zwick Roell AG –more than a centuryof experience inmaterials testing

Mechanical-technological testing isone of the oldest disciplines ofmaterials testing. As early as in the15th and 16th century, Leonardo daVinci and Galileo Galilei were alreadyconsidering the flexural stressing andelastic behaviour of materials.In the course of time further know-ledge was obtained. In the middle ofthe 18th century the first testing ma-chines finally appeared in France.

Since 1920 the company Roell &Korthaus was involved in the materialstesting business. In 1937 Zwick builtits first testing machines and sys-tems for mechanical testing of mate-rials, and many years prior to that in1876, a Professor Seger had foundeda chemical laboratory as part of ascientific technological consultingcompany for non-metallic materials.During the 20th century the presentcompany, Toni Technik, has evolvedfrom these origins and is now con-sidered a leading expert in testsystems for building materials. MFL(Mohr & Federhaff) – a company thatwas founded in 1870 – became partof the Zwick Roell group and interest-ingly, Carl Benz (of Mercedes Benzfame) was one of their employees.

Fig 1: The headquarter of the Zwick Roell AG and the Zwick GmbH & Co. KG at Ulm, Germany

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2 Research and TrainingSolutions for HigherEducation

Zwick has a long-standing globalcommitment to close involvementwith both research and training.

Throughout the ages the developmentand application of new materials hasplayed a vital role in our lives. Moreeffective materials and the productsmade from them have repeatedlygiven sustained technological andeconomic momentum to our modernindustrialized societies.

Around the world great effort is beingput into the research and develop-ment of new material technologiessuch as lightweight constructionmaterials, intelligent materials, bio-materials and composites, to namebut a few.

This development is also reflected ineducation, with ever greater demandsplaced on materials specialists,whether in higher education orindustry.

A highly flexible, modular approachallows Zwick standard componentsto be used for the simplest machineor in complex research applications.

Zwick’s effectiveness in providingsolutions specifically for highereducation is based on:

• Optimized hardware solutions,powerful and flexible software plusvirtual teaching software speciallydeveloped for training – all ideallysuited to your requirements

• A team dedicated to this sectorand always ready to assist withplanning your laboratory, selectingsuitable equipment or finding apartner from our worldwidenetwork

This special support underlines theoutstanding importance attached byZwick to higher education, in thelight of the challenges which newmaterials present to research andmaterials testing.

One of the primary aims in thedevelopment of new materials is thereduction of energy consumptionand a corresponding decrease inCO2 emissions. To achieve this calls,among other things, for lightermaterials which can withstand hightemperatures. Reliable, flexibletesting systems are also essential forthe development of new, modernmaterials.

Countless successful projects in bothresearch and training confirm Zwick’scredentials as the ideal partner foryour requirements. We are constantlyworking with universities and testinginstitutes to develop special testingapplications; the continuing successof products born out of this collabo-ration contributes in no small mea-sure to Zwick’s outstanding positiontoday.

Become a part of this successfuland internationally active networkand reap the benefits of our state-of-the-art equipment and wide-rangingexpertise.

Fig 1: testXpert® Education Module Fig 2: Zwick is your partner for individuallaboratory equipment

Fig 3: Special testing machine for R&D

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Varied Applications forHigher Education

Zwick is active in more than 20 diffe-rent sectors, with testing systems tosuit all of them.

With its own applications laboratoryand trained specialists in all relevantfields, Zwick can provide sophisticatedsolutions for any application.

Many of the testing applications usedin these sectors were developed incollaboration with universities. Thisclose co-operation ensures thatZwick is actively involved in currentdevelopments.

In this way Zwick contributes to theexchange between industry andhigher education.

Zwick’s many patents testify to ourinnovative drive.

In addition to this commitment touniversities, Zwick is represented onnumerous international standardscommittees, where our state-of-the-art expertise is applied to standard-ized industrial applications.

This wide-ranging experience from abroad spectrum of applications canbe used to advantage in your labora-tory.

Industry Overview

Testing of Metals

Plastics Metals Automotive Medical Textiles

Paper Food/Packaging Mechatronics Building Materials Aerospace

Tensile test Sheet metal testing High-temperature testing Hardness testing

Pendulum impact test Biaxial testing High-speed testing Fracture mechanics

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Testing of Plastics

Tensile test 3-point flexure test Compression test Hardness testing

Impact testing Puncture test Extrusion test Fatigue testing

Testing of Other Materials

4-point flexure test ofcardboard

Indentation test on toast Viscosity test Fatigue testing of a rotorblade

Fatigue testing of asphalt Shear test of wood Tensile test of textiles Compression test ofsprings

Testing of syringes Horizontal testing ofcatheters

Testing of soldered pins Testing of actuators

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3 Zwick Modular System for Individual Testing Requirements

Material testingmachines

Sheet metaltesting machines

Torsion testingmachines

Static Testing Machines

Servo-hydraulictesting machines

Vibrophores

Pedulum impacttesters

Drop weighttesters

Dynamic and Fatigue TestingMachines

Hardness testers Vicat testers

Extrusionplastometers

Testing Instruments

Load Cells, Specimen Grips and Extensometers

Load cells Non-contactmeasuring systems

Specimen grips Contact measuringsystems

Temperaturechambers

AutomationHigh-temperaturefurnaces

Specimenpreparation

Individual Testing Solutions

testXpert® testControl

Testing Software / Measurement and Control Systems

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Zwick testControlMeasurement and ControlElectronics

Measurement and control electronicsare an essential component of anytesting machine. Their design andfeatures determine which drive canbe operated, which measuringsystem connected and which func-tions controlled.

Zwick’s powerful testControl mea-surement and control electronicshave up to 10 digital or analog high-resolution inputs available for time-synchronous data acquisition.Any commonly used analog or digitalsignal can be connected to thesestandard interfaces. All signals areprocessed in real time and trans-mitted to the PC in high resolution at500 Hz.

Many research applications requireadditional measurement signals aswell as the usual channels such asforce and elongation.

testControl offers the flexibility de-manded of measuring systems insuch applications, whether for apply-ing additional strain gauges to aspecimen or simultaneously mea-suring electrical resistance.

In addition to these direct interfacesto testControl, external measure-ment systems such as the HBMMGCplus can be linked.

This gives the further option of quarter,half or full-bridge measurement ofresistances, pressures, tempera-tures, accelerations, and singlestrain gauges etc.

Fig 1: Full integration of a HB MGCplus in testXpert® IISmall picture: Digital I/O box, additional with two output channels

Fig 2: Analog and digital signals could be connected to testXpert® and testcontrol

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Zwick Extensometers

Measuring elongation and/or strainplaces extremely high demands on amodern testing system. For manyyears Zwick has been leading thefield in developing digital extensom-eters for a wide range of applica-tions.

Today Zwick has the most compre-hensive range of analog and digitalextensometers, both contact andnon-contact. In 1998 Zwick haddeveloped and introduced the worldsfirst digital clip-on extensometer.

2007 saw the unveiling of laserXtens,offering high-resolution (down to0.15 µm), contact-free elongationmeasurement without the need toattach gage marks to the specimen.

This system makes completely newapplications possible, such as thetesting of small specimens with gagelengths down to 1.5 mm.

This technology and heritage allowsZwick to provide the optimum exten-someter for every application.

Fig 1: videoXtens

Fig 2: multiXtens

Fig 4: Selection process of extensometers

Fig 3: laserXtens with round specimen

Extensometer Portfolio

Measuring Priciple,Properties

Functionality(auto / manual)

Environmentalconditions

Purchase,Running Costs,

Ease of Use

Specific Test Application

Comparsion and selection processcriteria (“must have“ / “should have“)

Material(component)

Test Method,Standard

EnvironmentalInfluences

Budget

MaterialProperties

Specimen, TestSequence, Test Result

Temperature, Light,Noise

Purchasing,Running Costs

ExtenosmeterProperties

ExtensometersRequirements

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Zwick Specimen Grips

Zwick’s comprehensive range ofspecimen grips of various designsand for differing test load ranges andtest temperatures covers a wide fieldof application. The specific applicationrange of a specimen grip is largelydetermined by its operating principleand maximum permitted test load;for tests in a temperature or climaticchamber the temperature range inwhich it can be used is also ofsignificance.

Load Transfer betweenSpecimen and Grips

With most specimens the test loadcan only be transmitted indirectly i.e.by friction. This means that thefrictional force between the speci-men ends and the jaws of thespecimen grips must always begreater than the test load. Thegripping forces (perpendicular to thetest load) required for this are gen-erated externally (e.g. by pneumaticpressure) or derived mechanicallyfrom the test load (self-tighteningspecimen grips).

Gripping Force

Specimen grips with externallygenerated gripping force apply theset force level throughout the test.Especially with thick or soft speci-mens, however, specimen materialcan flow out of the grips under theinfluence of the test load, reducingthe specimen thickness. Withhydraulic and pneumatic specimengrips the gripping force remainsconstant, because the pressuregenerator supplies more pressurisedoil or compressed air. The grippingforce of screw grips decreases tosome extent depending on thestiffness and resilience of the grips.

Gripping Surfaces

The frictional force depends on boththe magnitude of the gripping forceand the coefficient of friction of thecontact surfaces. For this reasoninterchangeable jaws or jaw insertswith different gripping surfaces(shape, surface structure, materialetc.) are provided for many speci-men grips.

Grip Travel and Opening Width

Specimen grips with externalgripping force generation have longgrip travel and thus a large openingwidth, leaving a large free area forconvenient specimen insertion, evenfor thick specimens, and eliminatingthe need for interchangeable jawsfor different specimen thicknesses.

Fig 1: Dependence of the clamping forceon the test load for different types ofspecimen grips

Clamping force

Tensile force

Hydr. and pneum. grips

Screw grips

Wedge-screw grips

Wedge grips

Pincer grips

Fig 3: Pneumatic grips

Fig 2: Hydraulic grips

Fig 4: High-temperature grips

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testXpert® II – Intelligentand Reliable

With testXpert®, Zwick has set thestandard for intelligent andsophisticated materials testingsoftware used for the most in-depthresearch applications. By usingtestXpert® II you will reap thebenefits of more than 80 years’experience of materials testing andover 15,000 successful testXpert®

installations worldwide.

The special All-In Suite Educationpackage gives you access to allavailable testXpert® II programs,features and options.

Below are some of the functionswhich have proved particularlyvaluable in both research andtraining.

Prepared Standard TestPrograms

For almost every international testingstandard, testXpert® II contains aready-made standard test program.Students can be sure of testing incompliance with standards duringtheir training and will gain a betterunderstanding of the standard inquestion by working with thisstandard test program.

Synchronized Video Recording

A test can be recorded with anordinary video camera and the videoimages synchronized with the testdata from the testing machine.

When the video is played back insidetestXpert® II, a crosswire highlightsthe associated point on the x-ycurve.

Result Evaluation

In addition to calculating standardresults the results editor provideseasy access to all typical algorithms.Easy-to-follow software-wizards areguiding you to define new referencevalues, maxima, slopes or peakvalues.

Fig 2: testXpert® II with synchronized video

Fig 1: Result assistant in testXpert® II

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ZIMT Integrated MacroLanguage

ZIMT (Zwick Interpreter for MaterialsTesting) is a flexible programminglanguage which is integrated intotestXpert® II and which gives you ac-cess to all test data and many otherfunctions, making it easy to produceyour own calculations, displays andmacro functions.

The ZIMT editor offers syntax high-lighting and context-sensitive help.

Free Sequence Programming

Research in particular often calls fora freely programmable testing ma-chine. testXpert® II’s graphic sequenceeditor is an extremely powerful tool,allowing you to program desired testsequences using a graphic userinterface using simple function blocksbased on a flowchart principle.

Statistical Evaluations

All common statistical values areavailable for evaluation, with anintegrated option for displaying themas a histogram.

Comprehensive ExportInterfaces

All data from testXpert® can beexported very simply via standardizedsoftware interfaces to all commonwindows applications. The testingmachine can also be linked toNI LabVIEW and its comprehensiveoptions via testXpert® II – an idealcombination.

Below is a selection of programmeswith which testXpert® II data can besynchronized:

• LabView• MS Excel, Access, Word• SAP• Oracle• ASCII

Fig 2: testXpert® II ZIMT-Editor

Fig 1: testXpert® II histogram

Bild 3: testXpert® II graphical sequence editor program

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4 Research andDevelopment Solutions

The following selected applicationsare based on the standard compo-nents described above.

Fatigue Test

The S-N-curve is still an importantsource for many calculations of thefatigue strength of componentsintended to be loaded between theirtensile strength and fatigue limit. Theaim here is to design components ofminimum weight which can bedepended on to fulfill their intendedfunction for the planned period ofservice.

Fracture Mechanics

Stress intensity K1C is an importantcharacteristic value for metallicmaterials in safety-relevant applica-tions such as aircraft manufacture,power station building and automobi-le construction. This two-stage testcan be performed very efficientlyusing Zwick vibrophores (HFP). Thefirst process, called pre-cracking,produces a defined crack in thecompact tension (CT) specimen.This can be performed quickly andwith high reproducibility via theresonance drive system. The tensiletest can then be carried out usingthe vibrophore’s electromechanicaldrive.

Fig 4: CT specimen in vibrophore (HFP)Fig 1: Fatigue testing machine Amsler HB 250

Fig 3: K1C demonstration in testXpert®

Fig 2: S-N-curve

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Applications for Servo-Hydraulic Testing Machines

Servo-hydraulic testing machinescan be used for all materials andcomponent testing under pulsatingor alternating loads with periodic orrandom signals. Quasi-static andcontinuous loads also present noproblem.

Servo-hydraulic testing actuators areextremely flexible in use. A test ar-rangement with the test frame fittedto a T-slot platform is ideally suited tocomponent testing in particular.

High-Speed Test

Most tensile, compression and sheartests are carried out under quasi-static loading at deformation speedsof approx. 0.01s-1, although in prac-tice materials and components aresubjected to significantly higherloading rates in everyday use. Manymechanical characteristics are,however, dependent on the loadingrate.

Fig 1: Servo-hydraulic testing machine forcombined tensile/compression-torsion tests

Fig 2: Servo-hydraulic test bench with hydraulicaly clamped and moveable crossboard. Theactuator can be moved horizontally. (Fmax 100 kN)

Fig 3: Materials characteristics dependingon the loading rate

Fig 4: High-speed testing machine HTM

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High Temperature Test

The optimization of materials at hightemperatures serves among otherthings to raise the efficiency of heatengines. It is known from thermody-namics that the maximum efficiencyof these machines is represented by(1-Tmin/Tmax). In a contemporary gasturbine, temperatures up to 1500 °Coccur at the first vane. To developsuch high-temperature materials, anexact knowledge of their mechanicalcharacteristics at thesetemperatures is required.

Multi-Axis Test

In addition to purely single-axis load-ings, multi-axial loadings are ofinterest as they allow testing undermore realistic operating conditions.Static tensile loadings in two or moredirections, together with tensile andtorsion loadings can be superim-posed.

Ductility Tests

The development of ever lighter andmore resilient materials, especially inthe automobile industry, also demandssophisticated methods in the area ofductility.

Instrumented IndentationTest

The classical hardness testingmethods such as Vickers, Rockwellor Brinell were joined a few yearsago by a further standardizedmethod (ISO 14577, instrumentedindentation, Martens hardness).

The instrumented indentationmethod uses the measured valuesof test load and indentation depthduring loading and load removal,which – in contrast to the classicalmethods – are continuously re-corded and evaluated. In addition tohardness values, indentation energyand indentation modulus can also bederived. The method can be usedfor almost all materials and pos-sesses a uniform hardness scale onwhich the various materials can beshown.

Fig 2: Sheet metal testing machine Fmax1000 kN with camera to determine the FLC(forming limit curve)

Fig 3: Schematic demonstration ofdetermining the FLC

Fig 4: Hardness testing machine ZwickZHU2.5/Z2.5

Fig 1: Fatigue strength testing under hightemperature

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5 Solutions for Education

Education Module

The testXpert® II Education Module isthe ideal complement to classicalteaching methods such as lectures,seminars and practical laboratory work.

In the first stage the principal typesof test for various materials are pre-sented in video sequences syn-chronised with test data from thematerials testing machine.

In this way students receive a visualimpression of a test reinforced bywritten explanations.

A short quiz after each videosequence reviews what has beenlearned.

Many different materials and sensorscan be simulated with the VTM,which can be enhanced using yourown materials, making thetestXpert® II Education Module anideal fit for your individual curriculum.

On-screen captions provideinformation regarding what is takingplace in the video at key moments.

The next step involves working withtestXpert® II – with all data availablefor detailed analysis.It is at this stage that teachers canintegrate the testXpert® II EducationModule into their individual curricu-lum – with access to all testXpert® IIfunctions.

After completion of these stepsstudents will be able to carry outtests independently using Zwick’sunique Virtual Testing Machine(VTM).

The Virtual Testing Machine opensup completely new opportunities forvirtual training.

You can use it to create your ownvirtual specimens and make theseavailable to your students. If for ex-ample you wish to explain to yourstudents the link between the carboncontent of steel and its mechanicalproperties, simply prepare the rele-vant specimens for the VTM and letyour students find the connection.

The Education Module is the idealcomplement to your curriculum.

Fig 1: The video picture and the data curvesare exactly synchronized

Fig 2: Speech bubbles explicate the videopictures

Fig 4: Analyse of the test data in testXpert® II

Fig 3: Multiple-choice quiz questions Fig 5: testXpert® II with faded in virtualtesting machine

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6 Solutions for ExistingMachines

The modernization of a testingsystem can be an economical alter-native to buying new, particularlywhere high capacity, special loadframes or complex peripherals areinvolved. Many of the existingcomponents such as extensometersand specimen grips can be adaptedto the new technology.

Zwick has modernised many diffe-rent brands of testing machine andis well experienced at handlingcustomized solutions. Regardless ofthe original manufacturer of yourtesting machine, Zwick will find theright solution.

Zwick supplies modular moderniza-tion packages which can be tailoredto a wide range of requirements.

Modernization packages formaterials testing machineswith electromechanicaldrive

The testControl modernizationpackage brings quasi-staticmaterials testing machines (withelectromechanical or hydraulic drive)up to state of the art.

Modernization comprises thefollowing basic elements:

• testControl digital measurementand control electronics

• testXpert® testing software• Maintenance-free, precision-

control AC drive• Adaptation of existing sensors.

Additionally for hydraulic testingmachines:• Proportional or servo valves• New hydraulic power pack or

adaptation of existing hydrauliccomponents.

Modernization packages forservo-hydraulic testingsystems

Zwick’s HydroWin 96 and ControlCube modernization packages pro-vide numerous options for modern-izing servo-hydraulic testing systemsfrom a wide range of manufacturersand designs.

The retrofit kits consist of thefollowing components:

• HydroWin 96 and Control Cube di-gital measurement and controlelectronics

• testXpert®/ Workshop 96 testingsoftware

• New hydraulic power pack oradaptation of existing components.

In addition Zwick supplies specialmodernization options for vibrophores,high-speed testing units, creeptesting machines and pendulumimpact testers.

New from old

We only use components from thecurrent production ranges, providingyour newly modernized machinewith the same technology as abrand new machine.

testXpert® is our standard software,so both new and modernizedmachines are equipped with thesame operating platform.

Modernization means renewed long-term reliability, guaranteed spare-part availability and access to theentire Zwick accessory range.

Fig 1: Servo-hydraulic testing machineZwick REL2041 after the modernizationwith Hydrowin 96XX

Fig 2: Materials testing machine Zwick 1455after the modernization with testControl

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Service and Support

SupportDesk

For additional application-relatedadvice or software support, theZwick Support Desk is in manycases a better option than an on-site visit.

Drawing on their extensive know-ledge, our experienced servicespecialists deal with your enquiriesquickly and effectively.

Worldwide Service

Customer satisfaction has thehighest priority at Zwick Roell A.G.Local service organizations in over50 countries ensure optimum utili-zation and maximum availability ofyour testing systems.

Servicing / Preventivemaintenance

Zwick Service helps operators andusers to reduce downtime signifi-cantly through regular servicing ofthe testing machine.

During the service the condition ofthe machine is recorded. Necessarymaintenance and exchange of wearparts are attended to immediately ifpossible. At the same time theservice engineer will recommendpreventive measures and precau-tionary steps.

Repair

If, despite careful servicing andmaintenance a fault develops in atesting machine, an engineer fromthe large Zwick Service Networkteam will be with you in the shortestpossible time. Many spare parts canbe despatched within 24 hours.

Calibration

Zwick’s calibration service is accred-ited by DKD1), UKAS2), COFRAC3)

and A2LA4) to DIN EN ISO/IEC17025 for on-site calibration of ma-terials testing machines. The refer-ence measuring equipment used isregularly recalibrated. Depending onthe customer’s requirements, eithera works calibration (Zwick calibrationcertificate), ISO calibration (Zwickcertificate with documentationshowing measuring equipmentsupervision to ISO9001) or DKDcalibration (DKD certificate) isperformed.

If necessary, the testing machinesand their associated equipment willbe adjusted during calibration.

1) DKD: Deutscher Kalibrier-Dienst2) UKAS: United Kingdom

Accreditation Service3) COFRAC: Comité Français

d´Accréditation4) A2LA: American Association for

Laboratory Accredition

Software Upgrade/Update

An update gives you access to theongoing development of testXpert®

software and opens the door toan expanded range of functions.Changes to testing standards arealso incorporated into the latestversions.

Upgrading from an old DOS operatingsystem to the latest Windows equi-valent provides a secure, reliableroute to the new technology.Upgrade from testXpert® totestXpert® II and enjoy access to allthe latest testXpert® evelopments,with their many benefits for everydayuse.

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7 Individual Offers forUniversities

A comprehensive range of testingmachines with favourable prices isnow available to the higher educa-tion sector.

Make sure your university requeststhe special Zwick offers. If your testing machine is primarilyused for student training, you will beentitled to special conditions whenordering. The testXpert® II EducationModule and the testXpert® II All-In-Suite Education are free for all yourstudents when used with themachine.

All users of the testXpert® IIEducation Module who register viaour webpage are automatically ente-red into the draw for a testXpert® IIlaptop.

Zwick can provide you with thenecessary specimen material forpractical exercises on a real testingmachine

References from Educationand Training

Over 300 installations annually inR&D and training/education makethis one of the most significant fieldswithin the Zwick Roell Group. Futureusers can profit from the experiencegained by Zwick in the past. Zwickfrequently works in close collabo-ration with universities to find jointsolutions to current issues.

Fig 1: Zwick provide you with the necessaryspecimen sets

Fig 2: Laboratory with Zwick machines atthe NTU Singapore, school for mechanicsand aerospace

Fig 3: Laboratory with Zwick equipment at the technical university of Nanjing

Fig 4: Zwick supports with the planning and conception of educations labs. For exampleGUC German University Cairo

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References from Research

Strong Floor with Double TestFrame, Fmax 2000 kN

Clamping frames allow flexible, cost-effective erection of various testingarrangements.

This makes full-scale specimentesting a realistic option; typical civilengineering applications includetesting walls, beams and columns,while from the automotive fieldcomplete automobile and aircraft as-semblies can be tested.

Suitable test rigs, test frames, cornerbrackets, joints, actuators, load cellsetc. are available from ourcomprehensive modular range.

Fatigue Testing onConstruction Components

Hardness Test underHigh Temperature

Biaxial Tests on Metals

Fig 1: Strong floor with double test frame at the Fachhochschule Brandenburg, Germany

Fig 2: Fatigue testing machine at the RWTHAachen, Germany (Fmax 5000 kN, static,Fmax 4000 kN dynamic)

Fig 3: Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe,Germany: Hartness testing in hot cell

Fig 4: Fraunhofer Institut IWU Chemnitz,Germany: Biaxial tensile tests of metals

Zwick Asia Pte Ltd.25 International Business Park#04-17 German CentreSingapore 609916 · SingaporePhone ++65 6 899 5010Fax ++65 6 899 5014www.zwick.com.sginfo@zwick.com.sg

Zwick USA1620 Cobb International BoulevardSuite #1Kennesaw, GA 30152 · USAPhone ++1 770 420 6555Fax ++1 770 420 6333www.zwickusa.cominfo@zwickusa.com

Zwick Testing Machines Ltd.Southern AvenueLeominster, Herefordshire HR6 OQH Great BritainPhone ++44 1568-61 52 01Fax ++44 1568-61 26 26www.zwick.co.uksales.info@zwick.co.uk

Zwick France S.a.r.l.B.P. 45045F-95912 Roissy CDG Cedex FrancePhone ++33 1-48 63 21 40Fax ++33 1-48 63 84 31www.zwick.frinfo@zwick.fr

Zwick Ibérica Equipos de Ensayos S.L.Marcus Porcius, 1Pol. Les Guixeres, s/n Edificio BCIN08915 Badalona (Barcelona) - SpainPhone ++34 934 648 002 Fax ++34 934 648 048www.zwick.escomercial@zwick.es