TEST METHODS FOR EVALUATING EXISTING · PDF file · 2014-11-14TEST METHODS FOR...
Transcript of TEST METHODS FOR EVALUATING EXISTING · PDF file · 2014-11-14TEST METHODS FOR...
FPA-SC-02 Presentation Aug 11, 2010
TEST METHODS FOR EVALUATING EXISTING FOUNDATIONS
Document no: FPA-SC-02
Developed by: FPA Structural Committeep y
Committee chairs: Main Committee - Ron Kelm, P.E.Subcommittee - Al Bustamante, P.E.
Subcommittee: Gerard Duhon, Denis Hanys, Ron Kelm, Gerard Lowe, Bob Newman, Michael Skoller, George Wozny, Nicole Wylie
Presented by: Al Bustamante, P.E., Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.
Presented to: Foundation Performance Association
Al Bustamante, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.
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Presented to: Foundation Performance Association
Presented on: August 11, 2010
OUTLINE• Introduction
• Test Methods
• Foundation Characteristics and Defects
Summary Table• Summary Table
• Case Study - Slab-on-Ground Cracking
• Key resources
• Conclusions
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Conclusions
Al Bustamante, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.
IntroductionIntroduction
• ScopeScope
• Document type - general guideline
• Audience - Engineers
• Type of foundation - lightly loaded foundations and pavement
• Material - concrete
• Geographic boundary – Houston
• Safety issues not addressed3
• Safety issues – not addressed
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IntroductionIntroduction• General Considerations
• Cost
Rental Rental
Equipment
Professional services
• Calibration
Test results
Proprietary equipment
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p y q p
• Test methods - not all-inclusive Al Bustamante, Wiss, Janney, Elstner
Associates, Inc.
IntroductionIntroduction
• Format• Format
• General description
• General applications
• Some considerations
• Relative cost
• Additional resources
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Test Methods – Carpenter LevelTest Methods Carpenter Level• Confirm elevation survey
• Levelness
• Plumb• Plumb
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Test Methods – Chain DraggingTest Methods Chain Dragging• Estimate location and extent of delamination
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Test Methods – Chloride ContentTest Methods Chloride Content• Analyze for chlorides at the level of steel
reinforcement
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Test Methods – Concrete CoresTest Methods Concrete Cores• Testing - Compressive strength
• Confirm dimensions
• Petrographic analysis• Petrographic analysis
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Test Methods – Concrete Screwdriver TestTest Methods Concrete Screwdriver Test
• Relative hardness and durability
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Test Methods – GeotechnicalTest Methods Geotechnical
• Causes and extent of foundation movement
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Test Methods – GeotechnicalTest Methods Geotechnical• Classify soil types
• Measure soil strength• Measure soil strength
• Report Atterburg limits
• Moisture contentMoisture content
• Ground water level
• CompactionCompaction
• Shear strength
• Active zone depthp
• Swell potential
• Potential vertical movement (PVM)
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Test Methods – Ground Penetrating RadarTest Methods Ground Penetrating Radar• Location, depth, spacing of steel reinforcement
• Presence of utility lines
• Voids underneath a slab
• Delamination
• Slab thickness
• Soil strata
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Test Methods – Ground ProbingTest Methods Ground Probing• Depth of perimeter grade beams
• Soil type and color
• Soil moisture condition
• Relative soil shear strength
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Test Methods – Half Cell PotentialTest Methods Half Cell Potential• Probability of steel reinforcement corrosion
11 00
9.00
10.00
11.00
7.00
8.00
-0 18-0.16-0.14-0.12-0.10-0.08-0.06-0.04
5.00
6.00
-0.36-0.34-0.32-0.30-0.28-0.26-0.24-0.22-0.200.18
2 00
3.00
4.00 -0.40-0.38
162.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
2.00
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Test Methods – Hammer SoundingTest Methods Hammer Sounding
• Presence of delamination and voids
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Test Methods – Impact EchoTest Methods Impact Echo• Delamination
• Internal voids
• Honeycombsy
• Voids underneath a slab
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Test Methods – Inspection Openings and Excavations
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Test pit excavation
Inspection openingAl Bustamante, Wiss, Janney, Elstner
Associates, Inc.
Test Methods – Inspection Openings and Excavations
• Inspection openingp p g
Size and placement of steel reinforcement
P f t d b l l b Presence of vapor retarder below a slab
Slab thickness
• Excavations
Grade beam and bell pier dimensionsGrade beam and bell pier dimensions
Presence of plumbing lines
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Free water elevation and condition of fillAl Bustamante, Wiss, Janney, Elstner
Associates, Inc.
Test Methods Laser LevelTest Methods – Laser Level
• Floor elevations
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Test Methods ManometerTest Methods – Manometer
• Floor elevations
Closed Liquid/GasClosed Liquid/Gas
22WaterAl Bustamante, Wiss, Janney, Elstner
Associates, Inc.
Test Methods Metal DetectorTest Methods – Metal Detector
• Presence and general location of steel greinforcement
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Test Methods Optical LevelTest Methods – Optical Level
• Floor elevation
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Test Methods Petrographic ExaminationsTest Methods – Petrographic Examinations• Coarse aggregate segregation
• Air voidsAir voids
• Poor curing
• Relative water cementitious ratioRelative water cementitious ratio
• Relative age of cracks
• Type of cracks• Type of cracks
• Detrimental chemical reactions – ASR, DEF
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Test Methods Plumbing Leak DetectionTest Methods – Plumbing Leak Detection• Foundation movement due to below slab water
leaksleaks
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Test Methods Post tension Lift OffTest Methods – Post-tension Lift-Off
• Measure effective tendon force in unbonded post-tensioned tendons
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Test Methods – Post-tension Screwdriver Penetration
• Evaluate presence of tension in post-tensioned tendons
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Test Methods Rebound HammerTest Methods – Rebound Hammer
• Relative hardness of concreteRelative hardness of concrete
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Test Methods Reinforcement LocatorTest Methods – Reinforcement Locator
• Spacing size and depth of steel reinforcementSpacing, size, and depth of steel reinforcement
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Test Methods ResistivityTest Methods – Resistivity
• Evaluate effects ofEvaluate effects of
• Location of pre-existing ponds, foundation, lakes, etc
• Accumulation of ground waterAccumulation of ground water
• Plumbing leaks
• Poor drainage• Poor drainage
• Location of pipes
Soil strata ariations• Soil strata variations
• Tree root zones
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Test Methods Ultrasonic Pulse VelocityTest Methods – Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
• Internal crackingInternal cracking
• Voids
• Honeycomb
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Test Methods Vapor TransmissionTest Methods – Vapor Transmission
• Adequacy of slab-on-ground to receive floorAdequacy of slab on ground to receive floor finishes
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Test Methods VisualTest Methods – Visual
• Apparent damages• Apparent damages
• Drainage
• Movement of flatwork
• Moisture conditions
• Soil condition
T• Trees
• Topography
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• Condition of exposed portion of foundationsAl Bustamante, Wiss, Janney, Elstner
Associates, Inc.
Foundation CharacteristicsFoundation Characteristicsand Defects
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Foundation CharacteristicsFoundation Characteristics• Concrete dimensional properties
• Concrete distress
• CrackingCracking
• Delamination
• Detrimental chemical reactions
• Honeycombing
• Joint deficiencies
• Slab curling and warping
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• Slab curling and warping
• Spalling Al Bustamante, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.
Foundation CharacteristicsFoundation Characteristics• Concrete material properties
• Air entrainment
• Chloride contentChloride content
• Compressive strength
• Durability
• Hardness
• Unit weight
• Water cementitious ratio
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• Water cementitious ratio
Al Bustamante, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.
Foundation CharacteristicsFoundation Characteristics• Post-tensioned reinforcement characteristics
• Anchorages
• GreaseGrease
• Sheathing
• Strand
• Tendon
• Tendon profile
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Foundation CharacteristicsFoundation Characteristics• Soil characteristics
• Moisture content
• Plasticity indexPlasticity index
• Soil shear strength
• Soil strata location
• Soil type and color
• Tree root
• Water table presence/location
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• Water table presence/location
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C St d Sl b G d C kiCase Study – Slab-on-Ground Cracking
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C St dCase Study • Warehouse located in Houston, TX
• Reinforced concrete slab-on-ground
• 6” thick6 thick
• Vapor retarder below slab-on-ground
• No. 4 bars at 18” o.c. each way
• Control joint spacing at ~ 21’ o.c.
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Case Study Slab CrackingCase Study – Slab Cracking
Vi f t i l i l i th t t di tiView of a typical aisle in the east-west direction.
46Crack previously repaired with epoxy injection
Al Bustamante, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.
Case Study Slab CrackingCase Study – Slab Cracking
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Random crack patternTypical cracks located roughly in the middle of an aisle
Al Bustamante, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.
Case Study Slab CrackingCase Study – Slab Cracking
View of a crack pattern thought to be from a crane load stabilization point
48Surface crazing cracking
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Case Study SpallingCase Study – Spalling
Surface spall next to a pallet
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Spall at edge of new concrete placed at equipment at overhead door (see arrow)
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Case Study Joint DistressCase Study – Joint Distress
Missing control joint material (arrow)S
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Missing control joint material (arrow)Spall and cracks at control joint
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C St d C k M iCase Study – Crack Mapping
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Grid layout for detailed crack mapping area
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Case Study Crack MappingCase Study – Crack Mapping
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Case Study Concrete Core ExtractionCase Study – Concrete Core Extraction
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Case Study Soil BoringCase Study – Soil Boring
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Case Study Inspection OpeningCase Study – Inspection Opening
R b l t d t th b tt f th l b N tRebar located at the bottom of the slab. Note no cracking propagating from bottom of the control joint. (arrow).
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Case Study GPR TestingCase Study – GPR Testing
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Case Study GPR TestingCase Study – GPR Testing
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Case Study GPR TestingCase Study – GPR Testing
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Case Study GPR TestingCase Study – GPR Testing
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Case Study – Design and Construction Deficiencies
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Case Study – Design and Construction Deficiencies
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Case Study – Design and Construction Deficiencies
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Key ResourcesKey Resources
FPA SC 04 R d d P ti f• FPA SC-04 Recommended Practice for Geotechnical Explorations and Reports
ACI 228 2R N d t ti T t M th d f• ACI 228.2R Nondestructive Test Methods for Evaluation of Concrete in Structures
ICRI G id li N 03736 G id f th• ICRI Guideline No. 03736 Guide for the Evaluation of Unbonded Post-tensioned Concrete StructuresConcrete Structures
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Conclusion
Why do we test?
“Ask the Structure”…J k JJack Janney
…but ask the right questions
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Questions?
65Contact: Al Bustamante - [email protected]
Al Bustamante, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.