ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SENSES ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 2013-2014.
TEST BANK FOR FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY … ·...
41
Link download :https://testbankservice.com/download/test-bank-for- fundamentals-of-anatomy-and-physiology-9th-edition-by-martini TEST BANK FOR FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 9TH EDITION BY MARTINI Chapter 13 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The spinal cord is part of the A) peripheral nervous system. B) somatic nervous system. C) central nervous system. D) autonomic nervous system. E) afferent nervous system. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 13-1 2) The ________ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament. A) conus medullaris B) filum terminale C) cauda equina
Transcript of TEST BANK FOR FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY … ·...
Link download :https://testbankservice.com/download/test-bank-for-fundamentals-of-anatomy-and-physiology-9th-edition-by-martini
TEST BANK FOR FUNDAMENTALS OF
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 9TH
EDITION BY MARTINI
Chapter 13 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes
Multiple-Choice Questions
1) The spinal cord is part of the
A) peripheral nervous system.
B) somatic nervous system.
C) central nervous system. D) autonomic nervous system.
E) afferent nervous system.
Answer: C Learning Outcome: 13-1 2) The ________ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament. A) conus medullaris B) filum terminale C) cauda equina
D) dorsal root E) ventral root
Answer: B Learning Outcome: 13-2
Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 3) Spinal nerves are
A) purely sensory.
B) purely motor.
C) both sensory and motor.
D) interneuronal.
E) involuntary.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 13-2 4) The spinal cord consists of five regions and ________ segments. A) 5
B) 12
C) 25
D) 31
E) The number varies widely among individuals.
Answer: D Learning Outcome: 13-2 5) The dorsal root ganglia mainly contain
A) axons of motor neurons.
B) axons of sensory neurons. C)
cell bodies of motor neurons.
D) cell bodies of sensory neurons. E) synapses. 6) The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains
A) axons of motor neurons.
B) axons of sensory neurons. C)
cell bodies of motor neurons. D)
cell bodies of sensory neurons. E)
interneurons.
Answer: B Learning Outcome: 13-2 7) The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains
A) axons of motor neurons.
B) axons of sensory neurons. C)
cell bodies of motor neurons. D)
cell bodies of sensory neurons. E)
interneurons. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 13-2 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge
8) The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the A)
arachnoid.
B) pia mater. C)
dura mater. D)
epidural block. E)
periosteum.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 13-2
9) After age ________ the vertebral column continues to elongate, but the spinal cord itself does not. A) 8 B) 12 C) 18 D) 4 E) 1 10) If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed,
A) output to skeletal muscles would be blocked. B)
output to visceral organs would be blocked. C) the spinal cord would not be able to process information at that level.
D) the brain would not be able to communicate with that level of the spinal cord. E) sensory input would be blocked.
Bloom’s TaxonoComy:prehension 11) The subdural space lies between A) the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. B) the pia mater and the dura mater. C) the dura mater and the arachnoid mater. D) the pia mater and the subarachnoid space. E) the endosteum and the periosteum.
Answer: C
12) The layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the A)
dura mater.
B) subarachnoid space.
C) arachnoid. D) pia mater. E) choroid plexus.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 13-2 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge
13) A dorsal and ventral root of each spinal segment unite to form a A)
cervical enlargement.
B) lumbar enlargement.
C) spinal nerve.
D) spinal meninx.
E) spinal ganglion.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 13-2 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 14) In meningitis, A) inflammation of the meninges occurs. B) bacteria can be the cause. C) viruses can be the cause. D) CSF flow can be disrupted. E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
15) Which of the following is true regarding an epidural block? A) It is commonly used as a method of pain control during labor and delivery. B) It affects only the spinal nerves in the immediate area of the injection. C) It can provide sensory and motor anesthesia, depending on the anesthetic selected.
D) It can provide mainly sensory anesthesia, depending on the anesthetic selected. E) All of the answers are correct. 16) Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the
A) filum terminale.
B) subarachnoid space.
C) dura mater. D) pia mater. E) arachnoid mater.
Answer: B Learning Outcome: 13-2
17) The spinal cord continues to elongate until about age A)
20 years.
B) 10 years.
C) 4 years.
D) 6 months.
E) 2 months.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 13-2 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge
18) The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the A)
cranial meninges.
B) cranial mater. C)
spinal meninges. D)
spinal mater.
E) epidural membranes.
Answer: C Learning Outcome: 13-2
19) Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the A)
pia mater. B) dura mater. C) epidural space.
D) subdural space.
E) subarachnoid space.
Answer: A Learning Outcome: 13-2 20) Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the A) dura mater. B) arachnoid mater. C) epidural space. D) subarachnoid space.
E) cerebral ventricles.
Answer: D Learning Outcome: 13-2
21) In an adult, the conus medullaris is found at about
A) T6.
B) T10. C)
L1. D) L5.
E) C1.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 13-2 22) Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect? A) loss of sensation in his torso B) inability to breathe C) problems with moving his arms D) uncontrollable sweating of his feet E) problems with moving his legs
Answer: A Learning Outcome: 13-2 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Application 23) The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly
A) unmyelinated axons. B) neuroglia. C) Schwann cells. D) myelinated and unmyelinated axons. E) nodes of Ranvier. 24) The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly
A) nerve tracts.
B) columns.
C) meninges.
D) nerve cell bodies.
E) funiculi. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 13-3 25) The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly
A) sensory nuclei.
B) somatic motor nuclei. C)
autonomic motor nuclei. D)
nerve tracts. E) sympathetic nuclei.
Answer: A Learning Outcome: 13-3 Bloom’s TaxonoComy:prehension 26) The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly
A) sensory nuclei.
B) somatic motor nuclei. C)
autonomic motor nuclei. D)
nerve tracts.
E) sympathetic nuclei.
Answer: B Learning Outcome: 13-3
27) Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the
A) central canal.
B) posterior gray horns.
C) gray commissures. D)
white columns.
E) anterior gray horns.
Answer: D Learning Outcome: 13-3 28) In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as A) nuclei.
B) ganglia. C) columns. D) nerves. E) horns.
Answer: C
29) The outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord are called A) wings. B) horns. C) pyramids. D) fibers. E) tracts.
Answer: B Learning Outcome: 13-3 30) Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the A) anterior gray horns. B) lateral gray horns. C) posterior gray horns. D) gray commissures. E) white commissures.
Answer: D Learning Outcome: 13-3 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 31) The white matter of the spinal cord contains A) bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions. B) bundles of dendrites with common origins, destinations, and functions. C) sensory and motor nuclei. D) both axons and dendrites. E) interneurons. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 13-3 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord Use Figure 13-1 to answer the following questions: 32) Identify the structure labeled “1.” A) anterior white column B) lateral white column C) lateral white horn D) median commissure E) posterior white column
Answer: E Learning Outcome: 13-3 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge
33) Identify the structure labeled “4.” A) posterior gray column B) dorsal gray ganglion C) posterior white column D) posterior gray horn E) anterior gray horn
Answer: D
34) Identify the structure labeled “10.” A) anterior white commissure B) anterior median fissure C) anterior white column D) anterior gray commissure E) anterior white horn
Answer: D
35) What is the function of the structure labeled “12 A) control of skeletal muscle B) somatic sensory receiving C) visceral sensory receiving D) control of visceral effectors
E) ascending pathway
Answer: B Learning Outcome: 13-3
36) What is the function of the structure labeled “14 A) control of skeletal muscle B) somatic sensory processing C) control of visceral effectors D) somatic motor control E) visceral sensory processing
Answer: C Learning Outcome: 13-3 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Comprehension 37) Where do somatic motor neurons reside? A) 10 B) 12 C) 13 D) 14 E) 15
Answer: E Learning Outcome: 13-3 Bloom’s TaxonoComy:prehension 38) Where are the white columns of the spinal cord?
A) 4, 5, 6 B) 1, 2, 3 C) 7, 11 D) 12, 13 E) 8
Answer: B Learning Outcome: 13-3 Bloom’s TaxonoComy:prehension 39) The outermost connective-tissue covering of nerves is the A)
endoneurium.
B) endomysium.
C) perineurium.
D) epineurium.
E) epimysium.
Answer: D Learning Outcome: 13-4 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 40) The preganglionic fibers that connect a spinal nerve with an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord and carries
visceral motor fibers that are myelinated form the A) white rami communicantes. B) gray rami communicantes. C) dorsal ramus. D) ventral ramus.
E) dermatomes.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 13-4 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 41) The postganglionic fibers that connect an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic or lumbar region with the spinal nerve and contain postganglionic
fibers that innervate glands in the body wall or limbs are A) white rami communicantes. B) gray rami communicantes. C) dorsal ramus. D) ventral ramus. E) dermatomes. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 13-4 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 42) Postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs do not rejoin the spinal nerve but form A) dorsal rami. B) ventral rami. C) white rami. D) gray rami. E) sympathetic nerves.
Answer: E Learning Outcome: 13-4 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge
43) Which of the following associations is incorrect?
A) 8 cervical spinal nerves
B) 11 thoracic spinal nerves
C) 5 lumbar spinal nerves D)
5 sacral spinal nerves E) 1
coccygeal spinal nerve
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 13-4
44) The ________ of each spinal nerve innervates the skin and muscles of the back. A) white ramus communicantes B) gray ramus communicantes C) dorsal ramus D) ventral ramus E) dermatome 45) Muscles of the neck and shoulder are innervated by spinal nerves from the ________ region. A) cervical B) thoracic C) lumbar
D) sacral E) coccygeal 46) The ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the
________ plexus. A) cervical B) brachial C) lumbar D) sacral E) thoracic
Answer: B
47) In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise?
A) cranial
B) cervical
C) brachial
D) lumbar
E) sacral
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 13-4 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge
48) In the condition ________, a virus infects dorsal root ganglia, causing a
painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes. A) myasthenia gravis B) neuronal damage C) shingles D) chickenpox E) Hodgkin’s disease Answer: C Learning Outcome: 13-4 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 49) The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the A) perineurium. B) epineurium. C) endoneurium. D) epimysium. E) endosteum. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 13-4 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 50) Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the ________
muscles. A) shoulder B) intercostal
C) abdominal D) leg E) facial Answer: D Learning Outcome: 13-4 51) The ________ innervates the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs. A) white rami communicantes B) gray rami communicantes C) dorsal ramus D) ventral ramus E) dermatomes 52) The obturator nerve is distributed to the
A) adductors of the hip.
B) skin over the perineum.
C) extensors of the hip. D)
skin over buttocks.
E) biceps femoris.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 13-4
Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 53) A viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior gray horn will A)
lead to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis. B) interfere with position sense. C) mainly interfere with crude touch and temperature sense. D)
block autonomic regulation.
E) affect visceral motor function.
Answer: A Learning Outcome: 13-4 54) The complex, interwoven network formed by contributions from the ventral rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed a(n) A) dermatome. B) autonomic nerve. C) lateral nerve. D) tract. E) plexus. 55) Each of the following nerves originates in the lumbar plexus, except the ________ nerve. A) saphenous B) sciatic
C) femoral D) obturator E) genitofemoral
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 13-4 56) The ________ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm. A) ansa cervicalis B) lesser occipital C) radial D) phrenic E) sciatic 57) The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the A) endoneurium. B) perineurium. C) aponeurium. D) metaneurium. E) subneurium.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 13-4 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 58) The ventral rami form four major plexuses, including all of the following, except the ________ plexus. A) brachial B) lumbar C) sacral D) nuchal E) cervical
Answer: D
59) If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he A) might be unable to breathe on his own. B) could walk without difficulty. C) would have full range of motion in all extremities. D) would be in a coma. E) would have difficulty chewing and moving the tongue.
Answer: A Learning Outcome: 13-4 60) As the ________ nerve approaches the knee, it divides into two branches, the fibular nerve and the tibial nerve. A) perineal
B) femoral C) brachial D) pudendal E) sciatic
Answer: E Learning Outcome: 13-4 Bloom’s TaxonoComy:prehension 61) Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost
feeling in her lower body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a
portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed? A) the anterior gray horns B) the anterior gray commissures C) ascending tracts D) descending tracts E) the anterior white commissures
Answer: C Learning Outcome: 13-4 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Application 62) The brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves, except the A)
radial.
B) median.
C) ulnar.
D) musculocutaneous.
E) phrenic.
Answer: E Learning Outcome: 13-4 Bloom’s TaxonoComy:prehension Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions: 63) Identify the structure labeled “2.” A) ventral root B) dorsal ramus C) spinal nerve D) ventral ramus E) white ramus
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 13-4
64) Identify the structure labeled “3.” A) spinal nerve B) gray ramus C) white ramus D) dorsal ramus E) ventral ramus
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 13-4 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge
65) Identify the neuron inside the structure labeled “3.” A) preganglionic neuron B) postganglionic neuron C) somatic motor neuron D) sensory neuron E) interneuron 66) Identify the structure labeled “4.” A) spinal nerve B) gray ramus C) white ramus D) dorsal ramus E) ventral ramus
Answer: C
67) Identify the structure labeled “5.” A) autonomic nerve B) autonomic ganglion C) rami communicantes D) dorsal root ganglion
E) ventral root
Answer: C Learning Outcome: 13-4
68) Identify the structure labeled “6.” A) autonomic nerve B) sympathetic ganglion C) dorsal root ganglion D) rami communicantes E) ventral root 69) Identify the structure labeled “8.” A) peripheral nerve B) dorsal ramus C) spinal nerve D) ventral root E) dorsal root
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 13-4 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 70) What is the function of the structure labeled “12
A) somatic motor control B) visceral motor control C) somatic sensory input D) visceral sensory input E) sensory receptor for pain
Answer: B Learning Outcome: 13-4
71) What is the function of the structure labeled “13 A) sensory receptor for pain B) visceral sensory input C) somatic motor control D) somatic sensory input E) visceral motor control
Answer: C Learning Outcome: 13-4 72) Which branch carries motor neurons to structures on the back of the body trunk? A) 1 B) 2 C) 5 D) 7 E) 11
Answer: A Learning Outcome: 13-4 Bloom’s TaxonoComy:prehension 73) In which structure are sensory cell bodies located? A)
4
B) 6 C) 5
D) 10 E)
12 Answer:
D
Learning Outcome: 13-4
74) Recognized neuronal circuit patterns include all of the following, except A) convergent. B) divergent. C) multipolar. D) reverberating. E) parallel processing.
Answer: C
75) All of the following are true of neural reflexes, except that they
A) are automatic motor responses.
B) are the simplest form of behavior. C) help preserve homeostasis. D) cannot be modified by the brain. E) involve at least two neurons.
Answer: D
76) Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are ________
reflexes. A) visceral B) innate C) acquired D) somatic E) vegetative
Answer: B Learning Outcome: 13-6
77) Reflexes can be classified according to all of the following, except A) their development. B) where information processing occurs. C) the motor response. D) the complexity of the neural circuit. E) whether they are sensory or motor.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 13-6 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 78) All of the following are true of muscle spindles, except that they
A) are found within skeletal muscle.
B) consist of specialized fibers called intrafusal fibers.
C) are found in tendons. D) are the receptor for the stretch reflex. E) are innervated by gamma motor neurons.
Answer: C Learning Outcome: 13-7
79) The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the
________ reflex. A) stretch B) tendon C) flexor D) crossed extensor E) reciprocal
Answer: B
80) Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called A)
a crossed extensor reflex. B) a stretch reflex.
C) a tendon reflex. D) reciprocal inhibition. E) reverberating circuits.
Answer: D Learning Outcome: 13-7 81) The ________ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles. A) stretch B) tendon C) flexor D) crossed extensor E) reciprocal
Answer: D Learning Outcome: 13-7 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge
82) The flexor reflex A) prevents a muscle from overstretching. B) prevents a muscle from generating damaging tension. C) moves a limb away from a painful stimulus. D) usually depends on cranial neurons. E) is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.
Answer: C Learning Outcome: 13-7
Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 83) In which of the following would the delay between stimulus and response be
greater? A) a monosynaptic reflex B) a polysynaptic reflex
Answer: B Learning Outcome: 13-7 Bloom’s TaxonoComy:prehension 84) All of the following are true of polysynaptic reflexes, except that they
A) are arranged according to dermatomes.
B) are intersegmental in distribution.
C) involve reciprocal innervation.
D) have reverberating circuits that prolong the reflexive motor response. E)
involve pools of interneurons. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 13-7 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 85) Tina falls while climbing a tree and lands on her back. Her frightened
parents take her to the emergency room, where she is examined. Her knee-jerk
reflex is normal and she exhibits a plantar reflex (negative Babinski reflex).
These results suggest that A) Tina has injured one of her descending nerve tracts. B) Tina has injured one of her ascending nerve tracts. C) Tina has a spinal injury in the lumbar region. D) Tina has a spinal injury in the cervical region.
E) Tina suffered no damage to her spinal cord.
Answer: E Learning Outcome: 13-8
86) Which of the following is not true about a positive Babinski reflex?
A) normal in newborns B) abnormal in adults C) a sign of injury to descending spinal tracts D)
why you close your eyes when you sneeze E)
flaring of the toes when the sole is stroked
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 13-8
87) The dura mater tapers inferiorly to form the ________.
Answer: coccygeal ligament Learning Outcome: 13-2 88) The condition in which a person loses all feeling and movement of the arms and legs due to spinal cord injury is termed ________. Answer: quadriplegia Learning Outcome: 13-2 Bloom’s TaxonoComy:prehension 89) The loss of feeling and movement of the legs is termed ________.
Answer: paraplegia Learning Outcome: 13-2 Bloom’s TaxonoComy:prehension 90) The ________ separates the dura mater from the walls of the vertebral canal. 91) The dorsal root contains ________ neurons.
Answer: sensory Learning Outcome: 13-2
92) Blood vessels traveling within the ________ space deliver oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord. 93) During the procedure known as a(n) ________, a needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space in the inferior lumbar region. 94) The white ramus and the gray ramus collectively are called the ________.
Answer: rami communicantes Learning Outcome: 13-4
Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 95) Suppose that you feel something brushing against your abdomen. The
sensory information would be carried to the spinal cord over a ________
ramus. Answer: ventral Learning Outcome: 13-4 Bloom’s TaxonoComy:prehension 96) The specific strip of skin that is innervated by a specific spinal nerve is called a(n) ________. Answer: dermatome Learning Outcome: 13-4 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 97) A complex, interwoven network of nerves is called a(n) ________.
Answer: plexus Learning Outcome: 13-4 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 98) The nerve crucial for breathing that originates within the cervical plexus is called the ________ nerve. Answer: phrenic Learning Outcome: 13-4 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 99) In ________, one neuron synapses on several postsynaptic neurons.
Answer: divergence Learning Outcome: 13-5 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge
100) In ________, axon collaterals extend back toward the source of the impulse and further stimulate the earlier neurons. Answer: reverberation Learning Outcome: 13-5 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 101) The neural “wiring” of a single reflex is called Answer: reflex arc Learning Outcome: 13-6 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 102) ________ reflexes activate skeletal muscles. (Note: Be sure to capitalize the first letter of your answer). Answer: Somatic Learning Outcome: 13-6 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 103) The most complicated spinal reflexes are called ________.
Answer: intersegmental reflex arcs Learning Outcome: 13-6 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 104) Reflexes that activate muscles on the same side of the body as the stimulus are called ________. Answer: ipsilateral Learning Outcome: 13-7 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 105) Reflexes that activate muscles on the opposite side of the body as the stimulus are called ________.
Answer: contralateral Learning Outcome: 13-7 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 106) In a(n) ________ reflex, a sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron. Answer: monosynaptic Learning Outcome: 13-7 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge 107) A(n) ________ reflex has at least one interneuron placed between the sensory and motor neurons. Answer: polysynaptic Learning Outcome: 13-7 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Knowledge Essay Questions 108) What would happen if the dorsal root of a spinal nerve were completely transected? Answer: The dorsal roots contain axons of sensory neurons, so input from those
afferents within the severed root would not be transmitted to the CNS and thus
this lesion would result in a complete loss of feeling from the body region
served by the afferent fibers in that dorsal root. Learning Outcome: 13-2 Bloom’s TaxonoComy:prehension 109) While playing football, Ramón is tackled hard, and as he tries to get up, he
finds that he has difficulty flexing and adducting his left thigh and extending his left
leg. Which nerve innervating the lower limb may be damaged, and how would the
damage affect sensory perception in Ramón’s left leg? Answer: Ramón has a damaged left femoral nerve. This nerve also supplies sensory innervation to the skin on the anteromedial surface of the thigh and
medial surfaces of the leg and foot, so he will also experience numbness in those regions. Learning Outcome: 13-4 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Application 110) What is a reflex arc? What components must be present to qualify? Answer: A reflex arc is the wiring pattern of neurons that underlie a particular
reflex. A reflex arc consists of three elements at the minimum: (1) a sensory
receptor and neuron to carry afferent information to the CNS; (2) an excitatory
synapse on a motor neuron; (3) the motor neuron to generate an action potential
and conduct the impulse to an effector such as a skeletal muscle motor unit. Learning Outcome: 13-6 Bloom’s Taxonomy:Application 111) Sometimes, when it is difficult to initiate a knee-jerk reflex by tapping the
patellar tendon, a patient will be asked to voluntarily make a fist. Then the reflex
will be easily evoked. What does this illustrate about the relation between
voluntary and involuntary reflex movement?
