UNIT-I

MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION IN PHYSICAL

EDUCATION

WHAT IS TEST…A test is a device or technique used to measure the

performance, skill level, or knowledge of a learner on a specific subject matter.

A test is a specific tool, or procedure used to draw out or elicit a response from the students in order to gain information.

Test is a tools or instrument or means for collection of information of any attributes, properties or enquiry of any person or any thing. We also call sometimes, test as a examination or quiz.

A test is commonly defined as tool or instrument of measurement that is used to obtain data about a specific trait or characteristics.

Measurement…Measurement is the technique of evaluation that uses tests and other

procedure & instrument, is generally precise and objective, generally results in quantitative data and characteristically can express its results in numerical form when indicating ability or capacity in some traits or characteristic involving fitness, motor skill, knowledge, value or process.

A measurement is a score that has been assign on the basis of the test.It is the process of collection of data on the properties or attributes of

interest during the administration of test or by some other reliable sources the measurement takes place.

Evaluation...The statistical treatment of analysis of data as per the

purpose of the test is called evaluation. “Evaluation is the process of determining the value or worth

of measurements collected through tests”Evaluation is a process of education that uses data gathered

from the products and the process by means of measurement technique.

Evaluation becomes a process for judging how effective the educational experience has been for the students.

Relationship between Test, Measurement and Evaluation

From the meaning and definitions, it is obvious that a term test, measurement and evaluation are interrelated. The test are specific instrument for measurement . Administration of a test is a process of measurement, without test, measurement is not possible.

Measurement is a technique necessary for evaluation. It represent status of a certain attributes or properties and is a terminal process.

Measurement describe a situation, evaluation judges its worth of value.

Measurement is a technique of evaluation and test are tool of measurement.

Evaluation is a broader term more complex process then test and measurement. Many times the evaluation is express in qualitative terms. Evaluation determine the extent to which objectives are made as is on going and continuous process. In the evaluation while complaining to the objective the conclusion should based up on round judgment ,the quality may be improved.The term test, measurement and evaluation are clearly distinct but related. Teacher obtained measures from test in order to make fair evaluation about specific trait or characteristics of the students.An evaluation often involves one or more tests and in term a test is involved one or more measurement.

Some corresponding example for test, measurement and evaluation indicating inter-relationship among them

some corresponding example forTest Measurement Evaluation

i) Question paper of written examination.

i) Answer book written by students are given scores by the examiner.

i) Fail/Pass in individual paper.

ii) Questionnaire of surveys.

ii) Scoring by the researcher.

ii) Assigning individual values bad, good, very good, excellent, to each answer.

iii) Weighting machine or Thermometer etc.

iii) Weight in kg. temperature in degrees etc.

iii) Assigning status (above or below average etc. to each measurement).

Need & Importance of Test, Measurement & Evaluation in Physical Education

To formulate the objective.To realize whether the set objective have been achieved or notIf objective have not been achieved. Then restarting the

objective.To understand the need, objectives and capacities of an

individual people and interest also.Evaluate the learner /feed back for the student.To evaluate teaching that is feed back for the teacher (to make

the teaching more concrete and effective)To evaluate programme and curriculum in relation to

objectives. appraisal of progress of improvement of learner from time to

timeDiagnosis of learning problems.Future influence or prediction of future.

Test, Measurement and Evaluation as a tool of Research.For screening purposeThis can be for the students as well as the players.For selection purpose(objectives, skill, test)Diagnosis of postural defects.To judge the value of worth of the coaching camp.For clinical purpose(B.P, Hernia, etc)Essential for guidance and counseling programme. Student performance

1) Diagnosis 2) Classification 3) Achievement 4) Improvement 5) Motivation

Teacher performance1) Assignment of grades 2) Evaluation of units of instruction

3) Evaluation of the curriculum 4) Teaching effectiveness5) Public realation

Modern/Current trends in measurement & evaluation

In the modern year the living style, education standards , performance standards, physical fitness standards etc are changed. Therefore the measurement & testing technique, need of measurement & evaluation are become an important for part of life. Current trends suggest that physical education and other physical activity-based programs are at a crossroads. Measurement & evaluation play important role in the response to each role.

Increased Accountability:The verification of educational attainment is an essential application

of measurement & evaluation. Many states are requiring undergraduate students to pass pre-professional exams before entering the sequence of teacher preparation courses; states are implementing competency tests for certified teacher; and local boards are demanding that teacher be held accountable for their performance and the achievement of their students. Declining physical fitness scores, increasing numbers of obese individuals, and poor health habits do little to exempt physical education from critical review.

To respond to these trends and restore credibility to physical education, practitioners must begin to reevaluate their present programs in terms of the product(wellness) & the culture. The increased emphasis on accountability has created an all-important niche for measurement and evaluation.

Importance of Health-Related Physical fitness:

Obesity, poor cardiovascular functioning, low back pain, and inadequate muscular strength & endurance are factors attributes to a sedentary lifestyle. It is encouraging that these health problems can be positively altered through planned programs of exercise & physical activity. Interest in health-related physical fitness is responsible for rapid increased in private enterprises dedicated to physical activity programming. Corporate centers, colleges & universities, and even small businesses are offering exercise programs to enhance the health and well-being of their employees.

California Physical and Health-Related Fitness Test were published in the late 1980s. This report indicated that only 16% of fifth graders, 20% of seventh graders, & 26% of ninth graders met the minimum standards for abdominal strength, arm & shoulder strength, flexibility of lower back, and cardiorespiratory fitness as measured by the AAHPERD Physical Best test(AAHPERD,1990

Design & development of equipment to aid in the measurement of human performance parameters. Using sophisticated scientific equipment to obtain computer-generated readouts of heart rate, oxygen consumption, blood pressure, and other variables associated with cardiovascular efficiency is becoming a common learning experience. Items such as computerized pulse-o-meters and skin fold calipers, which give a digitized accounting of heart rate & electronically convert thickness of skin fold to percentage of body fate, respectively, are now available .

Increased Sophistication of Measurement Instruments:

Advent of private Physical Activity-Based Programme:-

In recent years there has been a mark trend toward the establishment of private enterprises offering directed programmes of physical activity. Health clubs, fitness centers, & exercise studios have targeting the sedentary adult population as the viable market. The program is a course in measurement & evaluation. It is important to respond to the expending perspectives on physical education and the variety of non-Teaching careers that are available to students in movement-based programmes

More Rigorous Programmes:-

The trend to reform existing educational practices to establish higher standards in both public and private Education. The time has also come for physical education to re-establish programmatic standards and goals. By rising programmes standards and student expectation & relying on measurement & evaluation processes to make decisions, physical educators could join this quest to make Educational programmes more challenging and fruitful.

New Assessment Tools for All Ages & Availabilities:-

Measurement & Evaluation have been restricted to school age, college, and young adult populations. However, renewed interest in the physical performance capabilities of all individuals has prompted the development of new testing techniques that are appropriate for pre-school children & the older adult. These assessment tools are being used to find out more about the capabilities of individuals at the two ends of the life-cycle. In addition, empirical research is been conducted to learn more about physical activity patterns of our nation’s very young 7 old.

Subjective Techniques:-

Such as rating scales, inventories, check lists, & other instruments used to assess areas of the effective Domain have been modified. The focus of this modification has been on adding objectivity to the instruments. Perceived behavior can now be readily translated into quantifiable terms & subjected to proper statistical analysis. Resulting information can be used to better evaluate the impact on the program or activities on the whole person.

Competency Based Testing:-

In some states, certified teachers are being required to pass competency tests in order to retain their professional credentials. To ensuring quality, competency-based testing may be used to classify students according to ability. Ability grouping has been and will continue to be an efficient method effective method to enhance the instructional setting . On the whole, grouping students with similar interests and skills positively contributes to the attainment of program objectives.

Research:

Basic or applied research required a fundamental knowledge of measurement & evaluation techniques. In this era of increased accountability it is becoming essential for practitioners to possess at least the minimum skills needed to conduct fields-based research. Standardized tests is necessary if we expect them to produce the quantifiable evidence needed to strengthen the role of physical education in the total educational experience