Test 6only Solutions Final

8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final

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1. Solution: c)

Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq and Prof Amartya Sen were close friends and have worked

together under the leadership of Dr Haq to bring out the initial HumanDevelopment Reports. Both these South Asian economists have been able to

provide an alternative view of development.

A man of vision and compassion, Pakistani economist Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq created

the Human Development Index in 1990. According to him, development is all

about enlarging peoples choices in order to lead long, healthy lives with dignity.

The United Nations Development Programme has used his concept of human

development to publish the Human Development Report annually since 1990.

Nobel Laureate Prof Amartya Sen saw an increase in freedom (or decrease in

unfreedom) as the main objective of development. Interestingly, increasing

freedoms is also one of the most effective ways of bringing about development. His

work explores the role of social and political institutions and processes in increasing

freedom.

The works of these economists are path breaking and have succeeded in bringing

people to the centre of any discussion on development.

2. Solution: A)

In 1967, gold was displaced by creating the Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), also

known as paper gold, in the IMF with the intention of increasing the stock of

international reserves. Originally defined in terms of gold, with 35 SDRs being equal

to one ounce of gold (the dollar-gold rate of the Bretton Woods system), it has

been redefined several times since 1974. At present, it is calculated daily as the

weighted sum of the values in dollars of four currencies (euro, dollar, Japanese yen,pound sterling) of the five countries (France, Germany, Japan, the UK and the US).

It derives its strength from IMF members being willing to use it as a reserve

currency and use it as a means of payment between central banks to exchange for

national currencies. The original installments of SDRs were distributed to member


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countries according to their quota in the Fund (the quota was broadly related to the

countrys economic importance as indicated by the value of its international trade)

3. Solution: a)

After getting into the body of the person, the virus enters into macrophages where

RNA genome of the virus replicates to form viral DNA with the help of the

enzyme reverse transcriptase. This viral DNA gets incorporated into host cells

DNA and directs the infected cells to produce virus particles. The macrophages

continue to produce virus and in this way acts like a HIV factory. Simultaneously,

HIV enters into helper T-lymphocytes (TH), replicates and produce progenyviruses. The progeny viruses released in the blood attack other helper T-

lymphocytes. This is repeated leading to a progressive decrease in the number of

helper T-lymphocytes in the body of the infected person.

During this period, the person suffers from bouts of fever, diarrhoea and weight

loss. Due to decrease in the number of helper T lymphocytes, the person starts

suffering from infections that could have been otherwise overcome such as those

due to bacteria especially Mycobacterium, viruses, fungi and even parasites like

Toxoplasma. The patient becomes so immuno-deficient that he/she is unable toprotect himself/herself against these infections. A widely used diagnostic test for

AIDS is enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). Treatment of AIDS with

anti-retroviral drugs is only partially effective. They can only prolong the life of the

patient but cannot prevent death, which is inevitable.

4.

Solution: c)

POPULATION GROWTH

The population growth or population change refers to the change in number of

inhabitants of a territory during a specific period of time. This change may be

positive as well as negative. It can be expressed either in terms of absolute numbers

or in terms of percentage. Population change in an area is an important indicator of


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economic development, social upliftment and historical and cultural background of

the region.

Growth of Population: Change of population in particular area between two points

of time is known as growth of population. For example, if we deduct the

population of India 1991 (84.63 crore) from population of 2001 (102.70 crore) then

we shall get the growth of population (18.07 crores) in actual numbers.

Growth Rate of Population: This is the change of population expressed in

percentage.

Natural Growth of Population: This is the population increased by difference

between births and deaths in a particular region between two points of time.

Natural Growth = BirthsDeathsActual Growth of Population: This is BirthsDeaths + In MigrationOut

Migration

Positive Growth of Population: This happens when the birth rate is more than the

death rate between two points of time or when people from other countries

migrate permanently to a region.

Negative Growth of Population: If the population decreases between two points of

time it is known as negative growth of population. It occurs when the birth ratefalls below the death rate or people migrate to other countries.

5. Solution: B)

The revenue deficit includes only such transactions that affect the current income

and expenditure of the government. When the government incurs a revenue

deficit, it implies that the government is dissaving and is using up the savings of the

other sectors of the economy to finance a part of its consumption expenditure. Thissituation means that the government will have to borrow not only to finance its

investment but also its consumption requirements. This will lead to a build up of

stock of debt and interest liabilities and force the government, eventually, to cut

expenditure. Since a major part of revenue expenditure is committed expenditure,

it cannot be reduced. Often the government reduces productive capital


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expenditure or welfare expenditure. This would mean lower growth and adverse

welfare implications.

6. Solution: A)

The proportional income tax, thus, acts as an automatic stabiliser a shock

absorber because it makes disposable income, and thus consumer spending, less

sensitive to fluctuations in GDP. When GDP rises, disposable income also rises but

by less than the rise in GDP because a part of it is siphoned off as taxes. This helps

limit the upward fluctuation in consumption spending. During a recession when

GDP falls, disposable income falls less sharply, and consumption does not drop as

much as it otherwise would have fallen had the tax liability been fixed. This

reduces the fall in aggregate demand and stabilises the economy.

7. Solution: d)

THE FOUR PILLARS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Just as any building is supported by pillars, the idea of human development is

supported by the concepts of equity, sustainability, productivity and

empowerment.

Equity refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody. The

opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of their gender, race,

income and in the Indian case, caste. Yet this is very often not the case and happens

in almost every society.

For example, in any country, it is interesting to see which group the most of the

school dropouts belong to. This should then lead to an understanding of the reasons

for such behaviour. In India, a large number of women and persons belonging to

socially and economically backward groups drop out of school. This shows how the

choices of these groups get limited by not having access to knowledge.

Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities. To have

sustainable human development, each generation must have the same

opportunities. All environmental, financial and human resources must be used


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keeping in mind the future. Misuse of any of these resources will lead to fewer

opportunities for future generations.

A good example is about the importance of sending girls to school. If a community

does not stress the importance of sending its girl children to school, many

opportunities will be lost to these young women when they grow up. Their career

choices will be severely curtailed and this would affect other aspects of their lives.

So each generation must ensure the availability of choices and opportunities to its

future generations.

Productivity here means human labour productivity or productivity in terms of

human work. Such productivity must be constantly enriched by building

capabilities in people. Ultimately, it is people who are the real wealth of nations.

Therefore, efforts to increase their knowledge, or provide better health facilities

ultimately leads to better work efficiency.

Empowerment means to have the power to make choices. Such power comes from

increasing freedom and capability. Good governance and people-oriented policies

are required to empower people. The empowerment of socially and economically

disadvantaged groups is of special importance.

8.

Solution: b)FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION

I. Geographical Factors

(i) Availability of water: It is the most factor for life. So, people prefer to live in

areas where fresh water is easily available. Water is used for drinking, bathing and

cookingand also for cattle, crops, industries and navigation. It is because of this

that river valleys are among the most densely populated areas of the world.

(ii) Landforms: People prefer living on flat plains and gentle slopes. This is because

such areas are favourable for the production of crops and to build roads and

industries. The mountainous and hilly areas hinder the development of transport

network and hence initially do not favour agricultural and industrial development.

So, these areas tend to be less populated. The Ganga plains are among the most


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densely populated areas of the world while the mountains zones in the Himalayas

are scarcely populated.

(iii) Climate: An extreme climate such as very hot or cold deserts are

uncomfortable for human habitation. Areas with a comfortable climate, where

there is not much seasonal variation attract more people. Areas with very heavy

rainfall or extreme and harsh climates have low population. Mediterranean regions

were inhabited from early periods in history due to their pleasant climate.

(iv) Soils: Fertile soils are important for agricultural and allied activities. Therefore,

areas which have fertile loamy soils have more people living on them as these can

support intensive agriculture. Can you name some areas in India which are thinly

populated due to poor soils?

II. Economic Factors

(i) Minerals: Areas with mineral deposits attract industries. Mining and industrial

activities generate employment. So, skilled and semiskilled workers move to these

areas and make them densely populated. Katanga Zambia copper belt in Africa is

one such good example.

(ii) Urbanisation: Cities offer better employment opportunities, educational and

medical facilities, better means of transport and communication. Good civic (iii)

Industrialisation: Industrial belts provide job opportunities and attract largenumbers of people. These include not just factory workers but also transport

operators, shopkeepers, bank employees, doctors, teachers and other service

providers. The Kobe-Osaka region of Japan is thickly populated because of the

presence of a number of industries.

III. Social and Cultural Factors

Some places attract more people because they have religious or cultural

significance. In the same waypeople tend to move away from places where there

is social and political unrest. Many a times governments offer incentives to people

to live in sparsely populated areas or move away from overcrowded places.


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9. Solution: d)

All are correct.

When breeding is between animals of the same breed it is called inbreeding, while

crosses between different breeds are called outbreeding.

Inbreeding: Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals

within the same breed for 4- 6 generations. The breeding strategy is as follows

superior males and superior females of the same breed are identified and mated in

pairs.

The progeny obtained from such matings are evaluated and superior males and

females among them are identified for further mating. A superior female, in the

case of cattle, is the cow or buffalo that produces more milk per lactation. On theother hand, a superior male is the bull, which gives rise to superior progeny as

compared to those of other males.

Inbreeding increases homozygosity. Thus inbreeding is necessary if we want to

evolve a pureline in any animal. Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive genes that are

eliminated by selection. It also helps in accumulation of superior genes and

elimination of less desirable genes. Therefore, this approach, where there is

selection at each step, increases the productivity of inbred population. However,

continued inbreeding, especially close inbreeding, usually reduces fertility and evenproductivity. This is called inbreeding depression. Whenever this becomes a

problem, selected animals of the breeding population should be mated with

unrelated superior animals of the same breed. This usually helps restore fertility and

yield.

10.

Solution (d)

Types of changes that an economy undergoes, which affect land-use.The size ofthe economy (measured in terms of value for all the goods and servicesproduced in the economy)grows over time as a result of increasing population,change in income levels, available technology and associated factors. As a result,the pressure on land will increase with time and marginal lands would comeunder use.


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The composition of the economy would undergo a change over time. In otherwords, the secondary and the tertiary sectors usually grow much faster than theprimary sector, specifically the agricultural sector. This type of change iscommon in developing countries like India. This process would result in agradual shift of land from agricultural uses to non-agricultural uses. You wouldobserve that such changes are sharp around large urban areas. The agriculturalland is being used for building purposes.Inheritance practices leads to land fragmentation and small size of the plotsmakes it difficult for the farmer to use modern machinery.Relief features influences the extent to which farm machinery can be used andthe rate of erosion of the soil. It also has influence over the climate.Tradition, farmers are accustomed to doing things as they know it, thereforethey are less productive because the methods are outdated.

Reference:Page 41 (India People and Economy Class XII) &http://prezi.com/dcgpsgprxfol/factors-affecting-land-use-physical-factors-

economic-factors-and-human-factors/

11.

Solution: c)

Antibiotics do not completely eliminate microorganisms. They either kill or

inhibit their growth.

12. Solution: A)

Refer to Section 6.2 Foreign Exchange in Chapter-5, 12thMacroeconomics

13.

Solution (a)

There are three distinct crop seasons in the northern and interior parts of

country, namely kharif, rabi and zaid. The kharif season largely coincides withSouthwest Monsoon under which the cultivation of tropical crops such as rice,cotton, jute, jowar, bajra and tur is possible. The rabi season begins with theonset of winter in October-November and ends in March-April. The crops areWheat, Gram, Rapeseeds Rice, Maize, Ragi, and Mustard, Barley Groundnut,Jowar. The low temperature conditions during this season facilitate thecultivation of temperate and subtropical crops such as wheat, gram and mustard.
http://prezi.com/dcgpsgprxfol/factors-affecting-land-use-physical-factors-economic-factors-and-human-factors/http://prezi.com/dcgpsgprxfol/factors-affecting-land-use-physical-factors-economic-factors-and-human-factors/http://prezi.com/dcgpsgprxfol/factors-affecting-land-use-physical-factors-economic-factors-and-human-factors/http://prezi.com/dcgpsgprxfol/factors-affecting-land-use-physical-factors-economic-factors-and-human-factors/http://prezi.com/dcgpsgprxfol/factors-affecting-land-use-physical-factors-economic-factors-and-human-factors/


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Zaid is a short duration summer cropping season beginning after harvesting ofrabi crops. The cultivation of watermelons, cucumbers, vegetables and foddercrops during this season is done on irrigated lands.

Reference:Page 44 (India People and Economy Class XII)

14. Solution: c)

Refer to Section 6.2 Foreign Exchange in Chapter 5 12thMacroeconomics

15.Solution: d)

All are correct.

Both growth and development refer to changes over a period of time. The

difference is that growth is quantitative and value neutral. It may have a positive or

a negative sign. This means that the change may be either positive (showing an

increase) or negative (indicating a decrease).

Development means a qualitative change which is always value positive. This

means that development cannot take place unless there is an increment or addition

to the existing conditions. Development occurs when positive growth takes place.

Yet, positive growth does not always lead to development. Development occurs

when there is a positive change in quality.

For example, if the population of a city grows from one lakh to two lakhs over a

period of time, we say the city has grown. However, if a facilities like housing,

provision of basic services and other characteristics remain the same, then this

growth has not been accompanied by development.

16. Solution: B)

Deliberate action to stabilise the economy is often referred to as discretionary fiscal

policy to distinguish it from the inherent automatic stabilising properties of the

fiscal system. As discussed earlier, proportional taxes help to stabilise the economy

against upward and downward movements. Welfare transfers also help to stabilise


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income. During boom years, when employment is high, tax receipts collected to

finance such expenditure increase exerting a stabilising pressure on high

consumption spending; conversely, during a slump, these welfare payments help

sustain consumption. Further, even the private sector has built-in stabilisers.

Corporations maintain their dividends in the face of a change in income in the short

run and households try to maintain their previous living standards.

All these work as shock absorbers without the need for any decision-maker to take

action. That is, they work automatically. The built-in stabilisers, however, reduce

only part of the fluctuation in the economy, the rest must be taken care of by

deliberate policy initiative.

17.

Solution: d)

Methanogensare microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct

in anoxic conditions. They are classified asarchaea,a domain distinct from bacteria.

They are common in wetlands, where they are responsible for marsh gas, and in the

digestive tracts of animals such as ruminants and humans, where they are

responsible for the methane content of belching in ruminants and flatulence in

humans. In marine sedimentsbiomethanationis generally confined to

where sulfates are depleted, below the top layers. Moreover, the methanogenicarchaea populations play an indispensable role in anaerobic wastewater

treatments. Others areextremophiles,found in environments such as hot

springs and submarine hydrothermal vents as well as in the "solid" rock of the

Earth's crust, kilometers below the surface. Not to be confused

withmethanotrophswhich rather consume methane for their carbon and energy

requirements.

18.

Solution (d)

Human development is a process of enlarging the range of peoples choices,

increasing their opportunities for education, health care, income and

empowerment and covering the full range of human choices from a sound

physical environment to economic, social and political freedom.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomethanationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomethanationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomethanationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanotrophhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanotrophhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanotrophhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanotrophhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomethanationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea


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Reference: Page 24, Chapter 3, (India People and Economy Class XII)

19.

Solution (b)

There was a negative Decadal Population Growth between 1911-1921, as shown

by the Census 1921 data.

Reference :Page 5, Chapter 1, (India People and Economy Class XII), Census 2011

data.

20.

Solution: a)

The dough, which is used for making bread, is fermented using bakers yeast

(Saccharomyces cerevisiae).

21. Solution: D)

The current account records exports and imports in goods and services and transfer

payments. Trade in services denoted as invisible trade (because they are not seen to

cross national borders) includes both factor income (payment for inputs-investment

income, that is, the interest, profits and dividends on our assets abroad minus the

income foreigners earn on assets they own in India) and non-factor income

(shipping, banking, insurance, tourism, software services, etc.). Transfer payments

are receipts which the residents of a country receive for free, without having to

make any present or future payments in return. They consist of remittances, gifts

and grants. They could be official or private. The balance of exports and imports of

goods is referred to as thetrade balance. Adding trade in services and net transfersto the trade balance, we get the currentaccount balance. The capital account

records all international purchases and sales of assets such as money, stocks, bonds,

etc. We note that any transaction resulting in a payment to foreigners is entered as a

debit and is given a negative sign. Any transaction resulting in a receipt from

foreigners is entered as a creditand is given a positive sign.


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22.Solution: d)

People migrate for a better economic and social life. There are two sets of factors

that influence migration.

The Push factors make the place of origin seem less attractive for reasons likeunemployment, poor living conditions, political turmoil, unpleasant climate, natural

disasters, epidemics and socio-economic backwardness.

The Pull factors make the place of destination seem more attractive than the place

of origin for reasons like better job opportunities and living conditions, peace and

stability, security of life and property and pleasant climate.

23.

Solution: d)

Biological control of pests and diseases:In agriculture, there is a method of

controlling pests that relies on natural predation rather than introduced chemicals.

A key belief of the organic farmer is that biodiversity furthers health. The more

variety a landscape has, the more sustainable it is. The organic farmer, therefore,

works to create a system where the insects that are sometimes called pests are not

eradicated, but instead are kept at manageable levels by a complex system of

checks and balances within a living and vibrant ecosystem. Contrary to the

conventional farming practices which often use chemical methods to kill bothuseful and harmful life forms indiscriminately, this is a holistic approach that seeks

to develop an understanding of the webs of interaction between the myriad of

organisms that constitute the field fauna and flora. The organic farmer holds the

view that the eradication of the creatures that are often described as pests is not

only possible, but also undesirable, for without them the beneficial predatory and

parasitic insects which depend upon them as food or hosts would not be able to

survive. Thus, the use of biocontrol measures will greatly reduce our dependence

on toxic chemicals and pesticides. An important part of the biological farmingapproach is to become familiar with the various life forms that inhabit the field,

predators as well as pests, and also their life cycles, patterns of feeding and the

habitats that they prefer. This will help develop appropriate means of biocontrol.

The very familiar beetle with red and black markingsthe Ladybird, and

Dragonflies are useful to get rid of aphids and mosquitoes, respectively. An


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example of microbial biocontrol agents that can be introduced in order to control

butterfly caterpillars is the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (often written as Bt).

These are available in sachets as dried spores which are mixed with water and

sprayed onto vulnerable plants such as brassicas and fruit trees, where these are

eaten by the insect larvae. In the gut of the larvae, the toxin is released and thelarvae get killed. The bacterial disease will kill the caterpillars, but leave other

insects unharmed. Because of the development of methods of genetic engineering in

the last decade or so, the scientists have introduced B. thuringiensis toxin genes into

plants. Such plants are resistant to attack by insect pests. Bt-cotton is one such

example, which is being cultivated in some states of our country.

For more info:

http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/organic-farming-being-

promoted-in-a-big-way-india-exporting-1-6-lakh-tonne-organic-products-

114022500332_1.html

24.Solution: b)

Australias age-sex pyramid is bell shaped and tapered towards the top. This shows

birth and death rates are almost equal leading to a near constant population.

Refer page no. 18 for Diagrams (Fundamentals of Human Geography, Class 12th,NCERT)

25.Solution: d)

Cyclosporin Ais an immunosuppressant drug widely used in organ

transplantation to prevent rejection. It reduces the activity of the immune system

by interfering with the activity and growth of T cells. It was initially isolated from

the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum(Beauveria nivea), found in a soil sample

obtained in 1969.

In addition to transplants, ciclosporin is also used in psoriasis, severe atopic

dermatitis,Kimura's disease, pyoderma gangrenosum, chronic autoimmune urticaria,

and, infrequently, in rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases, although it is only
http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/organic-farming-being-promoted-in-a-big-way-india-exporting-1-6-lakh-tonne-organic-products-114022500332_1.htmlhttp://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/organic-farming-being-promoted-in-a-big-way-india-exporting-1-6-lakh-tonne-organic-products-114022500332_1.htmlhttp://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/organic-farming-being-promoted-in-a-big-way-india-exporting-1-6-lakh-tonne-organic-products-114022500332_1.htmlhttp://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/organic-farming-being-promoted-in-a-big-way-india-exporting-1-6-lakh-tonne-organic-products-114022500332_1.htmlhttp://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/organic-farming-being-promoted-in-a-big-way-india-exporting-1-6-lakh-tonne-organic-products-114022500332_1.htmlhttp://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/organic-farming-being-promoted-in-a-big-way-india-exporting-1-6-lakh-tonne-organic-products-114022500332_1.htmlhttp://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/organic-farming-being-promoted-in-a-big-way-india-exporting-1-6-lakh-tonne-organic-products-114022500332_1.html


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used in severe cases. It is commonly prescribed in the US as an ophthalmic

emulsion for the treatment of dry eyes. It has been investigated for use in many

other autoimmune disorders, and is sometimes prescribed in veterinary cases,

particularly in extreme cases of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Inhaled

ciclosporin has been investigated to treat asthma and is being studied as apreventive therapy for chronic rejection of the lungs. Ciclosporin has also been used

to help treat patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis that do not respond to

treatment with steroids. This drug is also used as a treatment of posterior or

intermediate uveitis with noninfective etiology. Ciclosporin is a drug currently used

to experimentally treat cardiac hypertrophy (an increase in cell volume).

26.

Solution (b)

About 80 per cent of the coal deposits in India is of bituminous type and is of non-coking grade.Crude petroleum occurs in sedimentary rocks of the tertiary periodUranium deposits occur in the Dharwar rocks.Worlds richest monazite deposits occur in Palakkad and Kollam districtsof Kerala,near Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh and Mahanadi river delta in Orissa

Reference:Pages 78, 80, 82 (India People and Economy Class XII)

27. Solution: D)

Fiscal deficit is the difference between the governments total expenditure and its

total receipts excluding borrowing

Gross fiscal deficit = Total expenditure (Revenue receipts + Non-debt creating

capital receipts)

Non-debt creating capital receipts are those receipts which are not borrowings and,therefore, do not give rise to debt. Examples are recovery of loans and the proceeds

from the sale of PSUs. The fiscal deficit will have to be financed through

borrowing. Thus, it indicates the total borrowing requirements of the government

from all sources. From the financing side


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Gross fiscal deficit = Net borrowing at home + Borrowing from RBI + Borrowing

from abroad

28.

Solution: c)

Primary treatment :These treatment steps basically involve physical removal of

particleslarge and smallfrom the sewage through filtration and sedimentation.

These are removed in stages; initially, floating debris is removed by sequential

filtration. Then the grit (soil and small pebbles) are removed by sedimentation. All

solids that settle form the primary sludge, and the supernatant forms the effluent.

The effluent from the primary settling tank is taken for secondary treatment.

Secondary treatment or Biological treatment: The primary effluent is passed intolarge aeration tanks where it is constantly agitated mechanically and air is pumped

into it. This allows vigorous growth of useful aerobic microbes into flocs (masses of

bacteria associated with fungal filaments to form mesh like structures). While

growing, these microbes consume the major part of the organic matter in the

effluent. This significantly reduces the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) of the

effluent. BOD refers to the amount of the oxygen that would be consumed if all

the organic matter in one liter of water were oxidised by bacteria. The sewage

water is treated till the BOD is reduced. The BOD test measures the rate of uptake

of oxygen by micro-organisms in a sample of water and thus, indirectly, BOD is ameasure of the organic matter present in the water. The greater the BOD of waste

water, more is its polluting potential.

Once the BOD of sewage or waste water is reduced significantly, the effluent is

then passed into a settling tank where the bacterial flocs are allowed to sediment.

This sediment is called activated sludge. A small part of the activated sludge is

pumped back into the aeration tank to serve as the inoculum. The remaining major

part of the sludge is pumped into large tanks called anaerobic sludge digesters.

Here, other kinds of bacteria, which grow anaerobically, digest the bacteria and thefungi in the sludge. During this digestion, bacteria produce a mixture of gases such

as methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. These gases form biogas and can

be used as source of energy as it is inflammable.


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29.Solution (b)

Haryali is a watershed development project sponsored by the Central

Government which aims at enabling the rural population to conserve water for

drinking, irrigation, fisheries and afforestation. The Project is being executed by

Gram Panchayats with peoples participation. One of the objective of Haryali is

Employment generation, poverty alleviation, community empowerment and

development of human and other economic resources of the rural areas. It aims

at enabling rural population to conserve water and not urban population.

Reference:Page 66, 67 (India People and Economy Class XII) &http://dolr.nic.in/hariyaliguidelines.htm

30. Solution: c)

The revenue deficit includes only such transactions that affect the current income

and expenditure of the government. When the government incurs a revenue

deficit, it implies that the government is dissaving and is using up the savings of the

other sectors of the economy to finance a part of its consumption expenditure. This

situation means that the government will have to borrow not only to finance its

investment but also its consumption requirements. This will lead to a build up of

stock of debt and interest liabilities and force the government, eventually, to cut

expenditure. Since a major part of revenue expenditure is committed expenditure,it cannot be reduced. Often the government reduces productive capital

expenditure or welfare expenditure. This would mean lower growth and adverse

welfare implications.

31.

Solution: b)

The sex ratio is an important information about the status of women in a country.

In regions where gender discrimination is rampant, the sex ratio is bound to beunfavourable to women. Such areas are those where the practice of female

foeticide, female infanticide and domestic violence against women are prevalent.

One of the reasons could be lower socio-economic status of women in these areas.

More women in the population does not mean they have a better status. It could be

that the men might have migrated to other areas for employment.


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On an average, the world population reflects a sex ratio of 990 females per 1000

males. The highest sex ratio in the world has been recorded in Latvia which is 1187

females per 1000 males. In contrast, the lowest sex ratio occurs in U.A.E. which is

468 females per 1000 males.

The world pattern of sex ratio does not exhibit variations in the developed regions

of the world. The sex ratio is favourable for females in 139 countries of the world

and unfavourable for them in the remaining 72 countries listed by the United

Nations.

In general, Asia has a low sex ratio. Countries like China, India, Saudi Arabia,

Pakistan, Afghanistan have a lower sex ratio.

On the other extreme is greater part of Europe (including Russia) where males are

in minority. A deficit of males in the populations of many European countries isattributed to better status of women, and an excessively male-dominated out-

migration to different parts of the world in the past.

Haryana has lowest sex ratio. It showed improvement between 2001 and 2011

census from 861 to 877 females per thousand males.

32.

Solution: d)

Single-cell protein(SCP) typically refers to sources of mixed protein extracted

from pure or mixed cultures of algae, yeasts, fungi or bacteria (grown on

agricultural wastes) used as a substitute for protein-rich foods, in human and animal

feeds.

It has been calculated that a 250 Kg cow produces 200 g of protein per day. In the

same period, 250g of a micro-organism like Methylophilus methylotrophus, because

of its high rate of biomass production and growth, can be expected to produce 25

tonnes of protein.

Large-scale production of microbial biomass has many advantages over thetraditional methods for producing proteins for food or feed.


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1. Microorganisms have a high rate of multiplication and, hence, rapidsuccession of generations (algae: 26 hours, yeast: 13 hours, bacteria: 0.52hours)

2.

They can be easily genetically modified for varying the amino acidcomposition.

3.

A very high protein content 4385% in the dry mass.

4. They can utilize a broad spectrum of raw materials as carbon sources, whichinclude even waste products. Thus, they help in the removal of pollutantsalso.

5.

Strains with high yield and good composition can be selected or producerelatively easily.

6.

Microbial biomass production occurs in continuous cultures and the qualityis consistent, since the growth is independent of seasonal and climaticvariations.

7.

Land requirements is low and is ecologically beneficial.8. A high solar-energy-conversion efficiency per unit area.

9. Solar energy conversion efficiency can be maximized and yield can beenhanced by easy regulation of physical and nutritional factors.

10.

Algal culture can be done in space that is normally unused and so there is noneed to compete for land.

33. Solution: A)

Refer to the section on FRBMA in Chapter 4, 12thMacroeconomics NCERT

34.Solution: b)

As traditional breeding techniques failed to keep pace with demand and to provide

sufficiently fast and efficient systems for crop improvement, another technology

called tissue culture got developed. What does tissue culture mean? It was learnt byscientists, during 1950s, that whole plants could be regenerated from explants, i.e.,

any part of a plant taken out and grown in a test tube, under sterile conditions in

special nutrient media. This capacity to generate a whole plant from any

cell/explant is calledtotipotency. You will learn how to accomplish this in higher

classes. It is important to stress here that the nutrient medium must provide a


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carbon source such as sucrose and also inorganic salts, vitamins, amino acids and

growth regulators like auxins, cytokinins etc. By application of these methods it is

possible to achieve propagation of a large number of plants in very short durations.

This method of producing thousands of plants through tissue culture is called

micropropagation. Each of these plants will be genetically identical to the originalplant from which they were grown, i.e., they are somaclones. Many important food

plants like tomato, banana, apple, etc., have been produced on commercial scale

using this method. Try to visit a tissue culture laboratory with your teacher to

better understand and appreciate the process.

35. Solution: c)

Revenue receipts are divided into tax and non-tax revenues.

Tax revenues consist of the proceeds of taxes and other duties levied by the central

government. Tax revenues, an important component of revenue receipts, comprise

of direct taxeswhich fall directly on individuals (personal income tax) and firms

(corporation tax), and indirect taxes like excise taxes (duties levied on goods

produced within the country), customs duties (taxes imposed on goods imported

into and exported out of India) and service tax.

Non-tax revenue of the central government mainly consists of interest receipts (onaccount of loans by the central government which constitutes the single largest

item of non-tax revenue), dividends and profits on investments made by the

government, fees and other receipts for services rendered by the government. Cash

grants-in-aid from foreign countries and international organisations are also

included.

36.

Solution (a)

Water Allocation Priorities: In the planning and operation of systems, water

allocation priorities should be broadly as follows: Drinking water, Irrigation,

Hydropower, Ecology, Agro industries and non-agricultural industries

Navigation and other uses.


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Reference:Chapter 5 (India People and Economy Class XII)& Ministry of Water

resources.

37. Solution: A)

Fiscal deficit is not always inflationary. It depends whether the increased demand

for the good and services is matched by adequate new supplies.

The subsidies as a % of GDP has been decreasing till 2005-06, but has then picked

up to FY 2013-14.

38. Solution: D)

The main items of capital receipts are loans raised by the government from the

public which are called market borrowings, borrowing by the government from the

Reserve Bank and commercial banks and other financial institutions through the

sale of treasury bills, loans received from foreign governments and international

organisations, and recoveries of loans granted by the central government. Other

items include small savings (Post-Office Savings Accounts, National Savings

Certificates, etc), provident funds and net receipts obtained from the sale of shares

in Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs).

39.Solution: c)

A biofertilizer(also bio-fertilizer) is a substance which contains

living microorganisms which, when applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes

the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the

supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant.Bio-fertilizers add

nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation,solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of

growth-promoting substances. Bio-fertilizers can be expected to reduce the use

of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The microorganisms in bio-fertilizers restore

the soil's natural nutrient cycle and build soil organic matter. Through the use of

bio-fertilizers, healthy plants can be grown, while enhancing the sustainability and


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the health of the soil. Since they play several roles, a preferred scientific term for

such beneficial bacteria is "plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria" (PGPR).

Therefore, they are extremely advantageous in enriching soil fertility and fulfilling

plant nutrient requirements by supplying the organic nutrients through

microorganism and their byproducts. Hence, bio-fertilizers do not contain anychemicals which are harmful to the living soil.

40.

Solution: c)

Thomas Malthus in his theory (1793) stated that the number of people would

increase faster than the food supply. Any further increase would result in a

population crash caused by famine, disease and war. The preventive checks are

better than the physical checks. For the sustainability of our resources, the worldwill have to control the rapid population increase.

Malthus argued that two types of checks hold population within resource

limits:positivechecks, which raise the death rate; andpreventiveones, which lower

the birth rate. The positive checks include hunger, disease and war; the preventive

checks, abortion, birth control, prostitution, postponement of marriage and

celibacy.

41.

Solution (a)

Kashmiri language is classified under the Dardic-Aryan group of Indo-European

Family.

Konkani language spoken in Goa is classified under the Indo-European(Aryan)

family of languages.

Reference : Page 10, Chapter 1, (India People and Economy Class XII)

42. Solution: A)

This includes expenditure on the acquisition of land, building, machinery,

equipment, investment in shares, and loans and advances by the central government


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to state and union territory governments, PSUs and other parties. Capital

expenditure is also categorised as plan and non-plan in the budget documents. Plan

capital expenditure, like its revenue counterpart, relates to central plan and central

assistance for state and union territory plans.

Non-plan capital expenditure covers various general, social and economic services

provided by the government.

43.Solution. (c)

Atleast 75 per cent of maleworking population engaged in non-agricultural

pursuits.

Reference :Any text on India's Urban Geography(Majid Husain), Internet.

44.Solution: b)

All are correct.

Refer page no. 168-169 Biology 12thNCERT

45. Solution: c)

Budget documents classify total revenue expenditure into plan andnon-plan expenditure. Plan revenue expenditure relates to central Plans(the Five-Year Plans) and central assistance for State and Union Territory Plans.

46.

Solution: d)

Mutation is the process by which genetic variations are created through changes in

the base sequence within genes resulting in the creation of a new character or trait

not found in the parental type. It is possible to induce mutations artificially through

use of chemicals or radiations (like gamma radiations), and selecting and using the


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plants that have the desirable character as a source in breeding this process is

called mutation breeding. In mung bean, resistance to yellow mosaic virus and

powdery mildew were induced by mutations.

For more information:

http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/mutation-breeding-of-oil-seeds-

pulses-and-cereals/article5142401.ece

47.

Solution: b)

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

Demographic transition theory can be used to describe and predict the futurepopulation of any area. The theory tells us that population of any region changes

from high births and high deaths to low births and low deaths as society progresses

from rural agrarian and illiterate to urban industrial and literate society. These

changes occur in stages which are collectively known as the demographic cycle.

The first stage has high fertility and high mortality because people reproduce more

to compensate for the deaths due to epidemics and variable food supply. The

population growth is slow and most of the people are engaged in agriculture where

large families are an asset. Life expectancy is low, people are mostly illiterate andhave low levels of technology. Two hundred years ago all the countries of the world

were in this stage.

Fertility remains high in the beginning of second stage but it declines with time.

This is accompanied by reduced mortality rate. Improvements in sanitation and

health conditions lead to decline in mortality. Because of this gap the net addition

to population is high.

In the last stage, both fertility and mortality decline considerably. The population is

either stable or grows slowly. The population becomes urbanised, literate and has

high technical know-how and deliberately controls the family size.

This shows that human beings are extremely flexible and are able to adjust their

fertility.
http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/mutation-breeding-of-oil-seeds-pulses-and-cereals/article5142401.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/mutation-breeding-of-oil-seeds-pulses-and-cereals/article5142401.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/mutation-breeding-of-oil-seeds-pulses-and-cereals/article5142401.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/mutation-breeding-of-oil-seeds-pulses-and-cereals/article5142401.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/mutation-breeding-of-oil-seeds-pulses-and-cereals/article5142401.ece


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In the present day, different countries are at different stages of demographic

transition.

48.

Solution (d)

Minerals have certain characteristics. These are unevenly distributed over space.All minerals are exhaustible over time. These take long to develop geologicallyand they cannot be replenished immediately at the time of need. Thus, theyhave to be conserved and not misused as they do not have the second crop.Most of the metallic minerals in India occur in the peninsular plateau region inthe old crystalline rocks. Over 97 per cent of coal reserves occur in the valleys ofDamodar, Sone, Mahanadi and Godavari. Petroleum reserves are located in thesedimentary basins of Assam, Gujarat and Mumbai High i.e. off-shore region in

the Arabian Sea. New reserves have been located in the Krishna-Godavari andKaveri basins.Bauxite is found mainly in tertiary deposits and is associated with laterite rocksoccurring extensively either on the plateau or hill ranges of peninsular India andalso in the coastal tracts of the country.Dharwar system of rocks. Copper, zinc have been major minerals.

Reference:Pages 73-76 (India People and Economy Class XII)

49. Solution: c)

Broadly speaking, revenue expenditure consists of all those expenditures of the

government which do not result in creation of physical or financial assets. It relates

to those expenses incurred for the normal functioning of the government

departments and various services, interest payments on debt incurred by the

government, and grants given to state governments and other parties (even though

some of the grants may be meant for creation of assets).

50.

Solution. (a)

In fertile alluvial plains of India, Clustered settlements are found


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Reference :Page 33, Chapter 4, (India People and Economy Class XII)

51.

Solution: a)

Accessibility to morphine will improve further with the passing of The NarcoticDrugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Bill, 2011. Morphine is essentialfor patients suffering from terminal illnesses such as cancer, HIV and thalassemia.

Morphine is one of the cheapest and the best known pain-relieving drug. With thenew act, which was passed by the Rajya Sabha, there will be a single windowclearance to medical institutions wanting to store morphine.

Earlier 4-5 licenses were required to store morphine in hospitals for therapeutic use.

Drugs

The drugs, which are commonly abused are opioids, cannabinoids and coca

alkaloids. Majority of these are obtained from flowering plants. Some are obtained

from fungi.

Opioidsare the drugs, which bind to specific opioid receptors present in our

central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. Heroin, commonly called smack is

chemically diacetylmorphine which is a white, odourless, bitter crystalline

compound. This is obtained by acetylation of morphine, which is extracted from

the latex of poppy plant Papaver somniferum. Generally taken by snorting and

injection, heroin is a depressant and slows down body functions.

Cannabinoidsare a group of chemicals , which interact with cannabinoid receptors

present principally in the brain. Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the

inflorescences of the plant Cannabis sativa. The flower tops, leaves and the resin of

cannabis plant are used in various combinations to produce marijuana, hashish,

charas and ganja. Generally taken by inhalation and oral ingestion, these are known

for their effects on cardiovascular system of the body.

Cocaalkaloid or cocaine is obtained from coca plant Erythroxylum coca, native to

South America. It interferes with the transport of the neuro-transmitter dopamine.

Cocaine, commonly called coke or crack is usually snorted. It has a potent

stimulating action on central nervous system, producing a sense of euphoria and

increased energy. Excessive dosage of cocaine causes hallucinations. Other well-


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known plants with hallucinogenic properties are Atropa belladona and Datura.

These days cannabinoids are also being abused by some sportspersons.

Drugs like barbiturates, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, lysergic acid diethyl

amides (LSD), and other similar drugs, that are normally used as medicines to help

patients cope with mental illnesses like depression and insomnia, are often abused.

Morphine is a very effective sedative and painkiller, and is very useful in patients

who have undergone surgery. Several plants, fruits and seeds having hallucinogenic

properties have been used for hundreds of years in folk-medicine, religious

ceremonies and rituals all over the globe. When these are taken for a purpose other

than medicinal use or in amounts/frequency that impairs ones physical,

physiological or psychological functions, it constitutes drug abuse.

52.

Solution: d)

The exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the

environment is called allergy. The substances to which such an immune response is

produced are called allergens. The antibodies produced to these are of IgE type.

Common examples of allergens are mites in dust, pollens, animal dander, etc.

Symptoms of allergic reactions include sneezing, watery eyes, running nose and

difficulty in breathing. Allergy is due to the release of chemicals like histamine and

serotonin from the mast cells. For determining the cause of allergy, the patient isexposed to or injected with very small doses of possible allergens, and the reactions

studied. The use of drugs like anti-histamine, adrenalin and steroids quickly reduce

the symptoms of allergy. Somehow, modern-day life style has resulted in lowering

of immunity and more sensitivity to allergensmore and more children in metro

cities of India suffer from allergies and asthma due to sensitivity to the

environment. This could be because of the protected environment provided early

in life.

53.Solution: c)

National Income = Consumption + Investment + Government spending( It

includes all taxes and sources of income also.)


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Even if they comprehend this, they may expect the future taxes to fall not on them

but on future generations.

56. Solution: D)

Refer to Section 6.2 Foreign Exchange in Chapter 5 12thMacroeconomics

57.Solution: d)

All are correct.

Acquired immunity, on the other hand, is pathogen specific. It is characterised by

memory. This means that our body when it encounters a pathogen for the first time

produces a response called primary response which is of low intensity. Subsequent

encounter with the same pathogen elicits a highly intensified secondary or

anamnestic response. This is ascribed to the fact that our body appears to have

memory of the first encounter.

The primary and secondary immune responses are carried out with the help of two

special types of lymphocytes present in our blood, B-Lymphocytes and T-

Lymphocytes. The B-lymphocytes produce an army of proteins in response to

pathogens into our blood to fight with them. These proteins are called antibodies.

The T-cells themselves do not secrete antibodies but help B cells produce them.

Each antibody molecule has four peptide chains, two small called light chains and

two longer called heavy chains. Hence, an antibody is represented as H2L2.

Different types of antibodies are produced in our body. IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG are some

of them. Because these antibodies are found in the blood, the response is also called

as humoral immune response. This is one of the two types of our acquired immune

responseantibody mediated. The second type is called cell-mediated immune

response or cell-mediated immunity (CMI). The T-lymphocytes mediate CMI.

Very often, when some human organs like heart, eye, liver, kidney fail to function

satisfactorily, transplatation is the only remedy to enable the patient to live a

normal life. Then a search beginsto find a suitable donor Grafts from just any

sourcean animal, another primate, or any human beings cannot be made since the

grafts would be rejected sooner or later. Tissue matching, blood group matching are


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essential before undertaking any graft/transplant and even after this the patient has

to take immunosuppresants all his/her life. The body is able to differentiate self

and nonself and the cell-mediated immune response is responsible for the graft

rejection.

58. Solution: A)

When a country runs a trade deficit, it is important to look at the right side of

equation to see whether there has been a decrease in saving, increase in investment,

or an increase in the budget deficit. There is reason to worry about a countrys long-

run prospects if the trade deficit reflects smaller saving or a larger budget deficit

(when the economy has both trade deficit and budget deficit, it is said to be facing

twin deficits). The deficit could reflect higher private or government consumption.In such cases, the countrys capital stock will not rise rapidly enough to yield

enough growth (called the growth dividend) it needs to repay its debt. There is

less cause to worry if the trade deficit reflects a rise in investment, which will build

the capital stock more quickly and increase future output. However, we must note

that since private saving, investment and the trade deficit are jointly determined,

other factors too must be taken into account.

59.

Solution (d)

A semi-arid climate or steppe climate are climatic regions that receive precipitation

below potential evapotranspiration, but not extremely.

Cotton is a tropical crop grown in kharif season in semi-arid areas of the country.

Wheat being a rabi crop, it is mostly grown under irrigated conditions at high

altitudes and it is also grown as a rainfed crop in the semi-arid region.

Jowar is the main food crop in semi-arid areas of central and southern India.

Maharashtra alone produces more than half of the total jowar production of the

country.

Maize is a food as well as fodder crop grown under semi-arid climatic conditions

and over inferior soils.


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Pearl Millet is one of the major rainfed cereal that is grown in semi-arid region.

Groundnut is also grown in semi-arid region.

Reference:Chapter 5 (India People and Economy Class XII)

60.

Solution (a)

Glaciers, groundwater, freshwater lakes, salt lakes, atmosphere and rivers


61.

Solution (c)

Percolation tanks would be constructed for all borewells owned by thegovernment. These works are done under MGNREGA, which helps in water

conservation.

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 and Environment

Protection Act 1986 help in control of water pollution. Water Cess Act 1977, is

also meant to reduce pollution.

Rural Drinking Water Program is not concerned with conservation of water.

Reference:Page 66, 67 (India People and Economy Class XII)

62.Solution: d)

Innate immunity is non-specific type of defence, that is present at the time of birth.This is accomplished by providing different types of barriers to the entry of theforeign agents into our body. Innate immunity consist of four types of barriers.These are

(i) Physical barriers: Skin on our body is the main barrier which prevents entry ofthe micro-organisms. Mucus coating of the epithelium lining the respiratory,gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts also help in trapping microbes entering ourbody.


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(ii) Physiological barriers: Acid in the stomach, saliva in the mouth, tears fromeyesall prevent microbial growth.

(iii)Cellular barriers: Certain types of leukocytes (WBC) of our body likepolymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNL-neutrophils) and monocytes and natural

killer (type of lymphocytes) in the blood as well as macrophages in tissues canphagocytose and destroy microbes.

(iv) Cytokine barriers: Virus-infected cells secrete proteins called interferonswhich protect non-infected cells from further viral infection.

63.

Solution: c)

Gambusiais a large genus of fish in family Poeciliidae. Gambusiacontains over 40species, most of which are principally found in freshwater habitats, though some

species may also be found in brackish or saltwater habitats. Gambusiaspecies are

often called topminnows or simply gambusias; they are also known as mosquitofish,

which, however, refers more specifically to two species, G. affinisand G. holbrooki.

These can be introduced into ponds to eat mosquito larvae. As a consequence they

have been introduced widely outside their native range, and sometimes

become invasive, threatening the local species.They are very important in aquarium

trade, desired for small size, ease of breeding, and charming gracefulness. They are

viviparousthey have live young.

64.Solution: d)

Chikungunyavirus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus, of the genusAlphavirus,that is transmitted to humans by virus-carryingAedesmosquitoes.There have beenrecent breakouts of CHIKV associated with severe illness.

CHIKV infection causes an illness with a similar mode of transmission as denguefever, with an acute febrile phase lasting two to five days, followed by a longerperiod of joint pains in the extremities. The pain associated with CHIKV infectionof the joints may persist for weeks or months, or in some cases years. Prevention isvia mosquito control and preventing bite by infected mosquitoes. There is nospecific treatment with medications used to help with symptoms.


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65.Solution (b)


66.

Solution: c)

Plasmodium enters the human body as sporozoites (infectious form) through the

bite of infected female Anopheles mosquito. The parasites initially multiply within

the liver cells and then attack the red blood cells (RBCs) resulting in their rupture.

The rupture of RBCs is associated with release of a toxic substance, haemozoin,

which is responsible for the chill and high fever recurring every three to four days.

When a female Anopheles mosquito bites an infected person, these parasites enter

the mosquitos body and undergo further development. The parasites multiply

within them to form sporozoites that are stored in their salivary glands. When thesemosquitoes bite a human, the sporozoites are introduced into his/ her body,

thereby initiating the events mentioned above. It is interesting to note that the

malarial parasite requires two hostshuman and mosquitoesto complete its life

cycle; the female Anopheles mosquito is the vector (transmitting agent) too.

67.Solution: a)

Many fungi belonging to the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton andEpidermophyton are responsible for ringworms which is one of the most common

infectious diseases in man. Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on various parts of the

body such as skin, nails and scalp. are the main symptoms of the disease. These

lesions are accompanied by intense itching. Heat and moisture help these fungi to

grow, which makes them thrive in skin folds such as those in the groin or between

the toes. Ringworms are generally acquired from soil or by using towels, clothes or

even the comb of infected individuals.

68.

Solution (d)

The cereals occupy about 54 per cent of total cropped area in India. The country

produces about 11 per cent cereals of the world and ranks third in production

after China and U.S.A. India produces a variety of cereals, which are classified as


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denote their RNA virus origin. It now refers to any virus with a DNA or RNAgenome causing cancer and is synonymous with "tumor virus" or "cancer virus".The vast majority of human and animal viruses do not cause cancer, probablybecause of long-standing coevolution between the virus and its host.

Worldwide, the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer estimated thatin 2002 17.8% of human cancers were caused by infection, with 11.9% being causedby one of seven different viruses. The importance of this is that these cancers mightbe easily prevented through vaccination (e.g., papillomavirus vaccines), diagnosedwith simple blood tests, and treated with less-toxic antiviral compounds.

71.

Solution: b)

Some of the human diseases are caused by protozoans too. You might have heard

about malaria, a disease man has been fighting since many years. Plasmodium, a tinyprotozoan is responsible for this disease. Different species of Plasmodium (P. vivax,

P. malaria and P. falciparum) are responsible for different types of malaria. Of these,

malignant malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is the most serious one and

can even be fatal.

Article from The Hindu

Regarding third statement

http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/medicine-and-research/breakthrough-in-malaria-research-claimed/article5722806.ece

72.Solution (c)

Area under Permanent Pastures and Grazing Lands : Most of this type land isowned by the village Panchayat or the Government. Only a small proportion ofthis land is privately owned. The land owned by the village panchayat comes under

Common Property Resources.Culturable Waste-Land: Any land which is left fallow (uncultivated) for more thanfive years is included in this category. It can be brought under cultivation afterimproving it through reclamation practices.Current Fallow: This is the land which is left without cultivation for one or lessthan one agricultural year. Fallowing is a cultural practice adopted for giving theland rest. The land recoups the lost fertility through natural processes.
http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/medicine-and-research/breakthrough-in-malaria-research-claimed/article5722806.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/medicine-and-research/breakthrough-in-malaria-research-claimed/article5722806.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/medicine-and-research/breakthrough-in-malaria-research-claimed/article5722806.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/medicine-and-research/breakthrough-in-malaria-research-claimed/article5722806.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/medicine-and-research/breakthrough-in-malaria-research-claimed/article5722806.ece


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Net Area Sown: The physical extent of land on which crops are sown andharvested is known as net sown area.

Reference:Page 41 (India People and Economy Class XII) & online

73.

Solution (b)

The area under non-agricultural uses is increasing at the expense of wastelands

and agricultural land. The rate of increase is the highest in case of area under

non-agricultural uses. This is due to the changing structure of Indian economy,

which is increasingly depending on the contribution from industrial and services

sectors and expansion of related infrastructural facilities. Also, an expansion of

area under both urban and rural settlements has added to the increase. Thus, the

area under non-agricultural uses is increasing at the expense of wastelands and

agricultural land.

The four categories that have registered a decline are barren and wasteland,

culturable wasteland, area under pastures and tree crops and net area sown.

As per the present assessment, the Forest and Tree cover of the country is 78.29

million ha, which is 23.81% of the geographical area of the country. In 1960 it

was around 18%.

Reference:Page 42 (India People and Economy Class XII) & PIB

74.Solution (b)

Land, according to its ownership can broadly be classified under two broad

headsprivate land and common property resources (CPRs). While the former

is owned by an individual or a group of individuals, the latter is owned by the

state meant for the use of the community. CPRs provide fodder for the livestock

and fuel for the households along with other minor forest products like fruits,

nuts, fibre, medicinal plants, etc. In rural areas, such land is of particularrelevance for the livelihood of the landless and marginal farmers and other

weaker sections since many of them depend on income from their livestock due

to the fact that they have limited access to land. CPRs also are important for

women as most of the fodder and fuel collection is done by them in rural areas.

They have to devote long hours in collecting fuel and fodder from a degraded


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Test 6only Solutions Final

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