Tertiary sector

Tertiarization of Spain’s economy

It has been evident since the 60s:It occupies a lot of active populationIt has bigger part in the GDP

Reasons:Industrialization processImprovement of population living conditions

Tertiarization of Spain’s economy

There is regional disequilibrium, being the most important:

Touristy areasRegions of early industrialization

Tertiarization of Spain’s economy

The main activities of the service sector are:

CommerceTourismPublic administrationTransportsCommunicationsProduction services

Tertiarization of Spain’s economy

Factor of commercial services are:PopulationConsumption levelsAccessibility of products

Factors conditioning transports and tourism:

Natural environmentSocioeconomic reasons

Tertiarization of Spain’s economy

Spain’s administration and autonomous administration organise service sector:

Administration articulates public servicesThey organise the territory with public worksPublic and private services have an influence in spatial organization.

Transports

Regions are specialised in some production and products are exchanged.A majority of the products are transport by motorwaySea transport is not very importantTrain has radial configuration

Transports

Motorway net and location of ports and airports depend on the following factors:

Natural environmentSocioeconomic factorsHistorical process

Motorway net

The development of the transport net is irregular.It depends on:

Population densityDevelopment of industry and tertiary sector

They have improved in the second half of the 20th century.

Motorway net

Motorway transport has increased and train and sea have been reduced.Advantages of motorway:

SpeedDoor to door

Train is only used with weighty products.

Motorway net

The creation of autonomous communities led to share competences.Organised in an hierarchic mode:

Main net of the state: radialAutonomous region's government has as an objective the easiness of communications among areas

Spain’s Motorway net

Motorway net

Many routs of great capacity have been builtAfter the political transition and once the economic crisis was overtaken the Motorway Plan 1984-91 was madeTwo-way roads were built.

Motorway net

The advantages of two-way routes are:

There are cheaper than motorwaysTheir impact in environment is smaller because they use older routesThey were useful to speed traffic.

Motorway netTwo-ways routes have been made

in areas of high density of traffic.There are other transversal axes:

MediterraneanEbro’sAndalusian

Some regions are not well linked, such as Galisia and Asturias.

Motorway net

1993-2007 Infrastructure’s Plan is centred in the following points:

Improve links North-SouthBuild new two-way routes (East-West)Build some radial two-ways routesBuild new two-ways routes

The aim is to reduce radial distribution.

Motorway net

They want to link the Spanish net with the European of the EUUntil now the borders were France and PortugalThey want to open new and to create high potential routes.

Railway net

Their density is smaller than that of the routesIt is smaller than the net of other European regionThe main trains concentrate

around big citiesWide areas are out of these routes.

Spain’s Railway net

Railway net

There are three radial axes:Madrid-Venta de Baños (with the North)Madrid-Zaragoza (with the North)Madrid-Alcazar de San Juan (Levante and Andalusia)

Other axes:Ebro’s: From the Basque Country to

CataloniaMediterranean: Murcia-France

Railway net

Small width trains for short distances: Viscay Gulf, Catalonia,

Valencia, Madrid, MallorcaHigh speed train: it is being built at the momentThe problem to link with Europe is the different width of the railways.

Sea transport

It is used for import and export of productsThere are few big portsThe most important are in the Viscay Gulf and the AtlanticKind of products:

GeneralNon embottled liquidsFree solids

Sea transport

Regions of bigger traffic of products:Mediterranean: Barcelona, Valencia, AlmeriaViscay Gulf: Bilbao, Coruña, Gijon, Aviles

Passengers’ transport:Algeciras and Ceuta (emigrants)Mallorca (turism)Barcelona, Valencia (cruises)

Fluvial navigation is not important.

Air transport

Reasons for the fast development:Turism and business tripsWidth of the territoryIslandsLocated in the periphery of the continent

Iberia does not have the monopoly and this means of transport is developing.

Communications

The traditionals were: post, telegraph and telephoneNew: wire and wire-freeTelephone and new telecommunicationsEnd of monopolies

Commerce

It is based on products and capital exchangeThe factors of the commercial revolution are:

Exogenous: transports, production and consumptionEndogenous: technology and advances in distributions nets

Commerce

Traditional commerce is in crisisTypes of commerce:

Interior: inside a country’s bordersExterior: with other countries. As a result of that there is a balance of payments.

Commerce

Consumption has changed due to the following reasons:

Increase of rentsChange in the patterns of familial expendingWomen having

remunerated jobs.

Commerce

Highest consumption: Madrid, Navarre, Balears, Basque Country and CantabriaLowest consumption: Extremadura, Castela-Mancha, Andalusia and Canary islands

Commerce

Technology has eased advancesCrisis in retail trade, although the number of establishments being highCompanies concentration level is low New commerce: supermarkets, hypermarkets, big stores, fairs, trade fairs, mail-order shopping, telemarketing.

Commerce

Types of interior commerce:Big surfaces: they have parking spaces and they are normally out of the citiesCommercial areas: they offer spare time activitiesTraditional marketsItinerant sellingTown markets: they are hold

in certain days or dates

Commerce

The relations of exterior commerce are included in the balance of payments:

Balance of normal operations:• Commercial balance• Services balance (turism)• Transfers balance (money sent by

emigrants)

Balance of capital operations.

Commerce

The majority of the Spanish commerce is with the EUThe balance is loss-makingImports consist of: iron, optical material, drinks and combustibles, fish, ship, paper, precision material, natural gasExports are formed by:

agricultural products, minerals and metals.

TourismIt is the temporary movement of population for a period of vacancyIt is an activity of high economic valueIt supposes the 30 per cent of the balance of paymentsIt took off in the 1950sReasons:

Sunny climate and beachesBeautiful landscapesArt and cultural heritageCompetitive (cheap) prices.

Tourism

In 1960 private companies started building hotelsThe State improved communication infrastructuresDue to the lack of territorial

organization:Damages to environmentGreat impact in landscapesLoss of a lot of resources

Tourism

Causes that have influence on the number of tourists are:

Value of the currencyEconomic situation in the origin countries of foreign touristsCompetence made by other countriesPolitical problemsPolicy of tour operators

Tourism : Model

The control is conducted by trans-national companies:

They demand high quality of servicesPrices decreaseThey have the capacity to divert costumers to other countries

Tourism

Tourist are normal of medium or medium-low levelThe kind of establishment demanded are medium class hotels and apartmentsThe majority of the tourist come from the EU.

Tourism

Those countries count with a estable touristy market and high buying potentialDuring the last year they are increasing tourist of:

USAJapan

Tourism : Regional characteristics

Climate conditions itIn touristy offer the following elements are influential:

Climate: summer atmosphereAccessibility: Periphery of Europe and scarce communications links:

• Catalonia is close to Europe• Air transport in the islands

Social image: regions specialised in high classes (San Sebastian, Malaga)Rural tourism.

Tourism : Zones and regionsTouristy areas accueil a great density of visitorsTouristy points are cities or important areasTouristy regions:

In Catalonia Costa Brava, Costa DoradaIn Valencia: Costa BlancaIn Murcia: Manga del Mar MenorIn Andalusia: Costa del SolIn the Islands: Kanariak eta BaleareakBiscay’s gulfMadrid

Tourism : Zones

TourismWinter tourism is adquiring importance:

In the PyreneesIn Central SystemIn the Iberian Mountain Range

Tourism of high buying power:Beginning of the 20th century in San Sebastian and SantanderNowadays Marbella, Ibiza, Puerto BanúsCharacteristics:

• Sportive ports• Luxurious suburbs

Tourism : Spain’s population

It developed in the 60s when the population’s living conditions improvedSecondary residences in the

North of MadridIn Catalonia in the PyreneesIn cities with more than 100.000 inhabitants there are spare time areas.

Tourism

Spanish people travel more during their holidaysA majority uses their own carIt is an activity of great future.

Other services

Areas:State administrationHealthEducationBank system