Terrestrial Earth Plate Tectonics, Minerals, Rocks & Mining.
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Transcript of Terrestrial Earth Plate Tectonics, Minerals, Rocks & Mining.
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Terrestrial EarthTerrestrial Earth
Plate Tectonics, Minerals, Rocks & Plate Tectonics, Minerals, Rocks & MiningMining
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Plate tectonics shapes the Plate tectonics shapes the EarthEarth
Plate tectonicsPlate tectonics = process that underlies earthquakes and = process that underlies earthquakes and volcanoes and that determines the geography of the Earth’s volcanoes and that determines the geography of the Earth’s surfacesurface
CrustCrust = lightweight thin component of Earth’s surface = lightweight thin component of Earth’s surface MantleMantle = malleable layer on which the crust floats = malleable layer on which the crust floats CoreCore = molten heavy center of Earth made mostly of iron = molten heavy center of Earth made mostly of iron
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Pangaea: the supercontinent
PangaeaPangaea = at least = at least twice in Earth’s twice in Earth’s history, all history, all landmasses were landmasses were joined in one joined in one supercontinentsupercontinent
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Earth’s crust is Earth’s crust is constantly created and constantly created and
destroyeddestroyed Divergent plate boundariesDivergent plate boundaries = = magma surging upward to the magma surging upward to the surface divides plates and surface divides plates and pushes them apart, creating new pushes them apart, creating new crust as it cools and spreads crust as it cools and spreads
Transform plate boundaryTransform plate boundary = = two plates meet, slipping and two plates meet, slipping and grinding alongside one anothergrinding alongside one another– Friction spawns earthquakes Friction spawns earthquakes
along slip-strike faultsalong slip-strike faults
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Tectonic plates can Tectonic plates can collidecollide Convergent plate boundariesConvergent plate boundaries
= where plates collide= where plates collide SubductionSubduction = one plate of = one plate of
crust may slide beneath anothercrust may slide beneath another
– Magma erupts through the Magma erupts through the surface in volcanoessurface in volcanoes
Two colliding plates of Two colliding plates of continental crust may lift continental crust may lift material from both platesmaterial from both plates
– Resulted in the Himalaya Resulted in the Himalaya and Appalachian mountainsand Appalachian mountains Boundary Interactive
Boundary Animations
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The Earth has 15 major The Earth has 15 major tectonic platestectonic platesMovement of these plates influences climate and evolution
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Minerals and RocksMinerals and Rocks What is a mineral?What is a mineral?
– naturally occurring, inorganic, solid element or compound naturally occurring, inorganic, solid element or compound with a definite chemical composition and a regular internal with a definite chemical composition and a regular internal crystal structurecrystal structure
What is rock?What is rock?– solid, cohesive, aggregate of one or more mineralssolid, cohesive, aggregate of one or more minerals– Each rock type has a characteristic mixture of mineralsEach rock type has a characteristic mixture of minerals
What is an Ore?What is an Ore?– Rock with large concentration of a particular maineral to Rock with large concentration of a particular maineral to
make it profitablemake it profitable– High and low grade oresHigh and low grade ores
» NON- Metalic MineralNON- Metalic Mineral Sand, gravel, limestoneSand, gravel, limestone
» MetalicMetalic Aluminum, Steel, manganese, cobalt, chromium, Copper, GoldAluminum, Steel, manganese, cobalt, chromium, Copper, Gold
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MineralsMinerals
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Fig. 16-9 p. 339Fig. 16-9 p. 339
Igneous RockGranite, Pumice,
Basalt
Sedimentary RockShale, Sandstone,
Limestone
Metamorphic RockSlate, Quartzite,
Marble
Magma(Molten Rock)
WeatheringWeathering
ErosionErosion
TransportTransportDepositionDeposition
Heat,Pressure
Heat,Pressure
Heat,
Pressure
Heat,
Pressure
Rock Cycle
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Types of Mining: • Surface Mining: Scoop ore off surface or earth.
• cheap. • safe for miners. • large environmental destruction.
• Sub-Surface or Underground Mining: Use of shafts to reach deeply buried ores.
• expensive. • hazardous for miners. • less environmental damage.
Mining: Extract Ore from GroundMining: Extract Ore from Ground
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Surface MiningSurface Mining open pit mining:
• circular hole in ground, with ramp circling down along sides, allows deeper ore to be reached.
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Surface Mining- Strip MiningSurface Mining- Strip Mining
strip-mining: scoop off rock overburden, and then scoop off ore material.
• Economics of strip mining depend on stripping ratio
• Large land area can be involved, especially for coal and bauxite.
Results of Mining utube
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In the Earth's Crust, in every million atoms, around 82 000 of them are Aluminum, (82 000 ppm1), by weight. This is around 8 % or almost one
in every 12 atoms. This places aluminum amongst the world's most abundant elements.
Despite being present of Earth in such incredibly vast quantities on Earth, the metal never occurs on it's own in nature. Instead of existing
free like Gold and Silver, due to its higher level of reactivity, it is always chemically bonded in compounds when it normally occurs. The most
common of these compounds is Bauxite, or Aluminum Ore which contains large quantities of Aluminum Oxide.
Bauxite Mine
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Mountain Top RemovalMountain Top Removal
Removing Overburden
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OverburdenCoal seembedrock
spoils
Appalachian Voiceshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aiSzOiGFa-0
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Gold in QuartzGold in Quartz
A large quartz boulder with a lot of visible gold. A large quartz boulder with a lot of visible gold. Usually, the gold is much finer and hard to see.Usually, the gold is much finer and hard to see.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohrrE1rjzLo
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Placer DepositionPlacer Deposition
Panning for Panning for gold in a gold in a placer placer depositdeposit
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Aeolian PlacersAeolian Placers
The "diamond crawl" in a The "diamond crawl" in a deflation basin, Diamond deflation basin, Diamond Area No 1, NamibiaArea No 1, Namibia
Diamond concentrations Diamond concentrations were increased by wind were increased by wind erosionerosion
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Environmental Impact of MiningMining
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Waste water/sludge damsWaste water/sludge dams
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Underground MiningUnderground Mining• A technology originating in antiquity.
• A variety of configurations, depending upon conditions
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Acid Mine DrainageAcid Mine Drainage
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Scaring the land surface- result Scaring the land surface- result spoils banksspoils banks Soil poor, windblown .. Primary succession slowSoil poor, windblown .. Primary succession slow
Toxic wastewater stored in sludge dams.Toxic wastewater stored in sludge dams.– Toxins include slenium, arsenic, and mercuryToxins include slenium, arsenic, and mercury
Environmental Impact of MiningMining
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CassiteriteCassiterite tin oxide ore mineral, SnO2. It is generally tin oxide ore mineral, SnO2. It is generally
opaque but is translucent in thin crystals. Its opaque but is translucent in thin crystals. Its luster and multiple crystal faces produce a luster and multiple crystal faces produce a desirable gem. Cassiterite has been the chief desirable gem. Cassiterite has been the chief tin ore throughout ancient history and tin ore throughout ancient history and remains the most important source of tin remains the most important source of tin today today
TinSoldiers
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Non-Non-renewable renewable Mineral Mineral
Resource Resource Depletion Depletion
CurvesCurves
Source: Miller, G. Tyler, Living In The Environment. (2000) Wadsworth Publishing. New York.
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Non-Non-renewable renewable Mineral Mineral
Resource Resource Depletion Depletion
CurvesCurves
Source: Miller, G. Tyler, Living In The Environment. (2000) Wadsworth
Publishing. New York.
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US Non-renewable Resource US Non-renewable Resource ReservesReserves
Source: Miller, G. Tyler, Living In The Environment. (2000) Wadsworth Publishing. New York.
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The decision to mine (or not to mine) a particular ore deposit depends upon:
1. an analysis of costs, benefits and risks
2. tangible (i.e. dollar profit)
3. intangible (i.e. hopes of stimulating the economy, fears of environmental damage)
Mining is an Economic ActivityMining is an Economic Activity
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Gradual shift toward surface mining
Surface mining
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Minining Lawhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofN1aLMwcUI
Mining around the worldHungary’s disaster
China’s rare earth mineralsUS rare earth mineral info ad
Proposal for New Massive Mine in Romania
GoldminingMining ore
Bauxite miningMountaintop removal
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Mining Mining IssuesIssues
Mine Safety:
In U.S., stringent mining regulations
have lead to a reduction in
fatalities, both in terms of total deaths per year, deaths per
person-hour worked, and deaths
per ton mined.
surface
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Acid Mine DrainageAcid Mine Drainage
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• collapse of mine. • fire (methane, coal dust, etc.).
• asphyxiation (methane, carbon monoxide, etc.). • pneumoconiosis (from inhaling coal dust). • asbestosis (from inhaling asbestos fibers).
• silicosis (from inhaling silicate dust). • heavy metal poisoning (e.g. mercury).
• radiation exposure (in uranium mining).
Health ProblemsHealth Problems
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Environmental DamageEnvironmental Damage• Gaping holes in ground (old open pit mines).
• Piles of mine tailings (non-ore removed from mines). • Accidental draining of rivers and lakes.
• Disruption of ground water flow patterns. • Loss of topsoil in strip-mined regions (350 to 2,700 km2 in
US alone). • Contamination from sulfuric acid (H2SO4) produced
through weathering of iron sulfide (FeS2, pyrite) in tailings.
4FeS2 + 14H2O = 4Fe(OH)3 + 8H2SO4
• Contamination from heavy metals (e.g. arsenic, mercury) in mine tailings.
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1. Production of huge piles of slag. 2. Emission of CO2, a greenhouse gas, into the
atmosphere.3. Pollution associated with the generation of electricity
needed in anode furnaces (especially aluminum).4. Sulfur dioxide emissions from the refining of sulfide
ores are a major source of air pollution. The sulfur dioxide combines with water to produce sulfuric acid.
5. Release of heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg), present in trace quantities in sulfide ores, into the atmosphere.
Smelting and Refining: Smelting and Refining: Environmental ProblemsEnvironmental Problems
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• Amount of commodities mined per year has generally increased.
• Commodity prices can take big swings, but average prices during the last century often declined or remained constant.
Cost TrendsCost Trends
Ore grades have all decreased as
milling technology has improved
copper
Cents per pound