BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology

“Terms paper of Global warming & Vulnerability in Bangladesh”Subject: English communication SkillCourse code: ENG-112

Submitted ByGolden Future Batch: KMT-01Date: 14-07-2009

Student Name Identity NumberApul Ghosh 091-212-0-35Md Nayeemul Islam 091-208-0-35Md Waliullah Himel 091-242-0-35Md Salauddin Shravon

091-231-0-35

Md Mahabub Hasan 091-209-0-35Mehedi Hasan Rubel 091-217-0-35

Submitted ToMd Abu NayeemFaculty of EnglishBUFT, Uttara

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTFirst of all we give thanks to Almighty Allah for his great mercy we could complete our assignment on the date. Secondly, we likes to give thanks BGMEA university of Fashion & Technology who offered us this course also gives thanks our honorable faculty who designed this creative potential course for us. Thirdly, we gives thanks from the core of our heart to our honorable English Teacher MD.Abu Nayeem for his seriousness about us, we got opportunity to do this research. Because his advance modern teaching technique gives us an opportunity to show our subjectory research. He always helps us to prepare this assignment.So his helpfulness as a teacher is undeniable.

At last but not least we are so greatful of our course co-ordinator and BUFT staff who has helped us to collect data from internet, newspaper and other sources.

Again give thanks all of our friends and group members for the hardwork they have done together.We have tried our best to provide latest, logical and important data and also to prove our thought.However,we think we are successful and we assure that reader will get a clear concept about this topic.

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ABSTRACT

The average temperature of the earth has risen significantly which technically has affected the whole planet. However, a more noticeable event is the polar ice caps at both north and south poles are being drastically affected by Global Warming. The change in temperature has caused glaciers and ice sheets to melt, thus causing the sea levels to rise significantly. Yet as Human produced Green House Gases (GHG) rise to dangerous levels Global Warming is happening on a global scale. Climate Change, Global Warming and the Greenhouseeffect are the biggest issues we face in the world today.This is a quick overview to show why we need to reducecarbon emissions, and change the way we live. The overwhelming majority of scientists now agree that our globe isundergoing major Climate Change. They also agree that the level of carbondioxide in the atmosphere is rising at a terrifying rate.We must stop burning fossil fuels in our power stations and transportsystems. If we don't stop using fossil fuels, we face the most catastrophicconsequences that will affect all who live on our beautiful globe.

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INDEX Introduction………………………………..05 Global warming……………...…………...06 Cause Green house…………………………..……07 Deforestation……………………….....….09 Man made cause ……………………….…13 Effect Temperature increase…………………..15 Sea level rise…………………………….…16 Polar Bear…………………………………...18 Flood……………………………………….....19 Hurricane…………………………….……...21 Proof……………………………………………25 Vulnerability of BD…………….……….…28 Solution………………………………….……33 International organization…………..…39 Duty of USA……………….………………...40 Latest News………………………………....42 Suggestion…………………………………..44 Conclusion………………………………….…46 Bibliography…………………..……………..47

Introduction4

Earth is the only planet that’s suitable for living.Our atmosphere is a layer surrounding the earth held in place by gravity andprimarily made up of Nitrogen (78%),Oxygen (21%), with water and other gases making up the remainder.

This small remainder is made up of thetrace gases Argon, Carbon Dioxide, Neon, Helium, Methane, Hydrogen,Nitrous Oxide and Ozone. Scientists now

realise that the proportion of thesegases has increased significantly over a few hundred years.The real increase in carbon dioxide levelsin our atmosphere began aroundthe time of the Industrial Revolution. Thisis when we began to burn fossilfuels (coal) in large quantities to power oursteam engines. The 'Greenhouse

Gases', Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide andmethane have all increasedexponentially since the 1800s.Today the use of fossil fuel for power andelectricity is thousands of times morethan what it was in the 1800s. Global warming has been in the news for over 40 years, and by this time we have become complacent. Our scientists have come to the agreement that global warming will eventually cause major changes and problems in the world, but in their way of thinking it will be 50 to 100 years before we will actually have to deal with the effects.

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The general idea is that global warming will be slow and the world will find time to discover the solutions to the problems.

Global WarmingGlobal Warming:Assumption of climate change attributed to greenhouse effects. It is one of the major environmental issues facing the world today. Its importance lies in the fact that the chemical composition of the earth's atmosphere is already quite different from what it was a century ago and the fact that these changes are not reversible in the foreseeable future with the present level of technical know-how. Average global temperature is now about 0.6°C higher than it was 100 years ago. Computer models of climatic change are predicting that by the end of the 21st century the global temperature may rise by an additional 2.5° to 5.5°C. As a result, there may be a substantial change in

the SEA LEVEL caused by thermal expansion of the earth's surface water, and from a rapid melting of alpine and polar glaciers and ice caps. Two million years ago, the earth's temperature was substantially higher. Since then the earth had experienced alternative glacial-interglacial cycles. The oscillations between glacial-interglacial cycles during the Pleistocene period were due to variations in the earth's orbit around the sun as well as due to changes in the earth's tilt in relation to the sun. This swing from glacial to interglacial cycles occurr approximately every 100,000 years. During the glacial periods the earth's temperature was 4° to 5°C less than the interglacial period. About 10,000 years ago, the latest ice age ended and the continental glaciers retreated. During the last 10,000 years, global temperature fluctuated by not more than 2°C.

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Although we are guests on Earth, we behave as if no further visitors would arrive after us. It's like having a wild party where we destroy beds, the kitchen as well as the living room of a hotel without ever thinking about our future staying in the hotel nor about other guests arriving later.

CauseGreenhouse gas: It is on the 'remainder' that we will focus as it is the concentrations of these trace gases that cause the greenhouse gas problem. The trace gases are made up of Argon, Carbon Dioxide, Neon, Helium, Methane, Hydrogen, Nitrous Oxide and Ozone. (Follow the link to read more about the Ozone Hole) Human activities result in emissions of four principal greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and the halocarbons (a group of gases containing fluorine, chlorine and bromine). All these gases have what is known as - Global Warming Potential , or GWP with some much higher than others. Scientists now realise that the proportion of these gases has increased significantly over a few hundred years. The real increase began around the time of the Industrial Revolution. This is when we began to burn fossil fuels (coal) in large quantities to power our steam engines for industry, generate electricity, and heat our homes.

You can see from the picture above that carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane have all increased significantly since the 1800s. Today the use of fossil fuel for power and electricity is thousands of times more than what it was in the 1800s. To explain why these gases are termed greenhouse gases, we need to understand that during the day the earth absorbs heat from the sun, although much of this is radiated back out into space. The atmosphere surrounding our earth contains these gases, and acts like a blanket keeping

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some of the heat in. If there weren’t an atmospheric ‘blanket’ life may be impossible on Earth because everything would freeze at night, like some of the other planets or our moon.

Power Plants: In 2002 about 40% of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions stem from the burning of fossil fuels for the purpose of electricity generation. Coal accounts for 93 percent of the emissions from the electric utility industry. Coal emits around 1.7 times as much carbon per unit of energy when burned as does natural gas and 1.25 times as much as oil. Natural gas gives off 50% of the carbon dioxide, the principal greenhouse gas, released by coal and 25% less carbon dioxide engine) that gets 12 miles per gallon in the city will emit an estimated 800 pounds of carbon dioxide over a distance of 500 city miles. In other words for each gallon of gas a vehicle consumes, 19.6 pounds of carbon dioxide are emitted into the air.  A new Honda Insight that gets 61 miles to the gallon will only emit about 161 pounds of carbon dioxide over the same distance of 500 city miles. Sports utility vehicles were built for rough terrain, off road driving in mountains and deserts. When they are used for city driving, they are so much overkill to the environment.

Cars:About 33% of U.S carbon dioxide emissions comes from the burning of gasoline in internal-combustion engines of cars and light trucks (minivans, sport utility vehicles,

pick-up trucks, and jeeps). Vehicles with poor gas mileage contribute the most to global warming. For example, according to the E.P.A's 2000 Fuel Economy Guide, a new Dodge Durango sports utility vehicle (with a 5.9 liter engine) that gets 12 miles per gallon in the city will emit an estimated 800 pounds of carbon dioxide over a distance of 500 city

miles. In other words for each gallon of gas a vehicle consumes, 19.6 pounds of carbon dioxide are emitted into the air. A new Honda Insight that gets 61 miles to the gallon will only emit about 161 pounds of carbon dioxide over the same distance of 500 city miles. Sports utility vehicles were built for rough terrain, off road driving in mountains and

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deserts. When they are used for city driving, they are so much overkill to the environment.

Deforestation After carbon emissions caused by humans, deforestation is the second principle cause of atmospheric carbn dioxide. Deforestation is responsible for 20-25% of all carbon emissions entering the atmosphere, by the burning and cutting of about 34 million acres of trees each year. We are losing millions of acres of rainforests each year, the equivalent in area to the size of Italy. The destroying of tropical forests alone is throwing hundreds of millions of tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year. We are also losing temperate forests. The temperate forests of the world account for an absorption rate of 2 billion tons of carbon annually. In the temperate forests of Siberia alone, the earth is losing 10 million acres per year.

City Gridlock In 1996 according to an annual study by traffic engineers [as reported in the San Francisco Chronicle December 10, 1996] from Texas A and M University, it was found that drivers in Los Angeles and New York City alone wasted 600 million gallons of gas annually while just sitting in traffic. The 600 million gallons of gas translates to about 7.5 million tons of carbon dioxide in just those two cities.

Carbon in Atmosphere and Ocean:The atmosphere contains about 750 billion tons of carbon, while 1020 billion tons are dissolved in the surface layers of the world's ocean.

Also: Forests                     610 billion tons of CarbonSoils                       1580    "        "            "Deep Ocean         38100    "        "            "                                                                            Permafrost:            Permafrost is a solid structure of frozen soil, extending to depths of 2.200 feet in some areas of the arctic and subarctic regions,  containing grasses, roots, sticks, much of it dating back to 30,000 years.

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Tundra:A name very suited to the environs of the arctic and subarctic, tundra means 'treeless plain' in Finnish. The tundra is a biome (a major segment of a particular region having distinctive vegetation, animals and microorganisms adapted to a unique climate), home to about 1700 kinds of plants, including shrubs, mosses, grasses, lichens and 400 kinds of flowers. About 50 billion tons of carbon are estimated to be held in a frozen state in the tundra, and now the tundra is beginning to become a source of carbon dioxide. In the 1970's University of California biologist Walter Oechel studied carbon dioxide emissions in the tundra, which until this time had been thought of as a carbon sink. Doing further tests in the 1980's, Oechel discovered that this was no longer the case, that warming temperatures had changed the tundra to a net emitter of carbon dioxide. Says Oechel, " We found to our great surprise that the tundra was already losing carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. So that by the start of these experiments, which was in 1982, the tundra had already warmed and dried enough, that its historic role as a carbon sink had reversed and changed. It was now losing carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. That was totally unexpected.

Over population: Over eight out of ten American climate scientists believe that human activity contributes to global warming, according to a new survey released by the Statistical Assessment Service (STATS) at George Mason University. The researchers also report that belief in human-induced warming has more than doubled since the last major survey of American climate scientists in 1991. However, the survey finds that scientists are still debating the dynamics and dangers of global warming, and only three percent trust newspaper or television coverage of climate change.

Nitrous oxide: Another greenhouse gas is Nitrous oxide (N2O), a colourless, non-flammable gas with a sweetish odour, commonly known as "laughing gas", and sometimes used as an anaesthetic. Nitrous oxide is naturally produced by oceans and rainforests. Man-made sources of nitrous oxide include nylon and nitric acid production, the use of fertilisers in agriculture, cars with catalytic converters and the burning of organic matter. Nitrous oxide is broken down in the atmosphere by chemical reactions that involve sunlight.

Buildings Buildings structure account for about 12% of carbon dioxide emissions.

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Temperature from Satellites:The most reliable global temperature measurements, since 1979, are those made by NASA satellites, using Microwave Sounder Units (MSUs). The temperature of various levels in the atmosphere is measured from the microwave absorption of oxygen, which is sensitive to temperature change. Measurements have a greater accuracy than the surface measurements (Christy and Goodridge 1977). They not only provide the only genuine global average, but they are able to supply a temperature record for any designated region on the earth’s surface.The latest MSU satellite record for the lower atmosphere is shown n Figure 9. It will be seen that it shows no overall warming since 1979. The exceptionally high figure for 1998, which was also evident in the weather balloon and surface records, was thought by some to indicate an overall rise in the satellite record. It has, however been evident from subsequent measurements that it represented an exceptionally high, but temporary departure from a zero trend, attributed to the El Niño event of 1998. The subsequent measurements indicate the complete absence of any positive trend.

Figure 12 gives a comparison between the weather balloon, satellite, and two different surface measurements, for the period from 1979 to 2000  

Figure 9. Global monthly temperature anomalies in the lower atmosphere as measured by MSU units on NASA satellites.

It will be noted that the four sets of measurements show a close agreement with temperature fluctuations from year to year. They all show rises in 1981, 1984, 1987, 1996 and 1998. They all show falls in 1983, 1986, 1990, 1997 and 2000. This shows that all four measurements are responsive to exactly the same influences in the climate. However, the surface measurements show a steady trend upwards which is not seen in the balloon and MSU measurements. This trend must be attributable to some influence on the surface itself, an

Water Vapor Increasing Water vapor is the most prevalent and most poweful greenhouse gas on the planet, but its

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increasing presence is the result of warming caused by carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases. Water vapor holds onto two-thirds of the heat trapped by all the greenhouse gases. As the Earth heats up relative humidity is able to increase, allowing the planet's atmosphere to hold more water vapor, causing even more warming, thus a positive feedback scenario. Because the air is warmer, the relative humidity can be higher (in essence, the air is able to 'hold' more water when its warmer), leading to more water vapor in the atmosphere, says the NCDC. There is much scientific uncertainty as to the degree this feedback loop causes increased warming, inasmuch as the water vapor also causes increased cloud formation, which in turn reflects heat back out into space. AirplanesThe UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that aviation causes 3.5 percent of global warming, and that the figure could rise to 15 percent by 2050.

Methane While carbon dioxide is the principal greenhouse gas, methane is second most important. According to the IPCC, Methane is more than 20 times aseffective as CO2 at trapping heat in the atmosphere. Levels of atmospheric methane have risen 145% in the last 100 years. Methane is derived from sources such as rice paddies, bovine flatulence, bacteria in bogs and fossil fuel production. Most of the world’s rice, and all of the rice in the United States, is grown on flooded fields. When fields are flooded, anaerobic conditions develop and the organic matter in the soil decomposes, releasing CH4 to the atmosphere, primarily through the rice plants.

Natural Causes: Natural causes are causes created by nature. One natural cause is a release of methane gas from arctic tundra and wetlands. Methane is a greenhouse gas. A greenhouse gas is a gas that traps heat in the earth's atmosphere. Another natural cause is that the earth goes through a cycle of climate change. This climate change usually lasts about 40,000 years.

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Man-made Causes: Man-made causes probably do the most damage. There are many man-made causes. Pollution is one of the biggest man-made problems. Pollution comes in many shapes and sizes. Burning fossil fuels is one thing that causes pollution. Fossil fuels are fuels made of organic matter such as coal, or oil. When fossil fuels are burned they give off a green house gas called CO2. Also mining coal and oil allows methane to escape. How does it escape? Methane is naturally in the ground. When coal or oil is mined you have to dig up the earth a little. When you dig up the fossil fuels you dig up the methane as well. Another major man-made cause of Global Warming is population. More people means more food, and more methods of transportation, right? That means more methane because there will be more burning of fossil fuels, and more agriculture. Now your probably thinking, "Wait a minute, you said agriculture is going to be damaged by Global Warming, but now you're saying agriculture is going to help cause Global Warming?" Well, have you ever been in a barn filled with animals and you smell something terrible? You're smelling methane. Another problem with the increasing population is transportation. More people means more cars, and more cars means more pollution. Also, many people have more than one car. Since CO2 contributes to global warming, the increase in population makes the problem worse because we breathe out CO2. Also, the trees that convert our CO2 to oxygen are being demolished because we're using the land that we cut the trees down from as property for our homes and buildings. We are not replacing the trees (an important part of our eco system), so we are constantly taking advantage of our natural resources and giving nothing back in return.

Industrialization: Rapid growth of industry is vastly responsible for global warming.Because this industry produce huge ammount of carbon-di-oxide.

SUN: Two new reports cast doubt on the manmade global warming theory and instead point to another cause for the recent warming of Earth — changes in the sun. One report from National Geographic News asserts, "Simultaneous warming on Earth and Mars

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suggests that our planet’s recent climate changes have a natural — and not a human-induced — cause, according to one scientist’s controversial theory.” Data from NASA’s Mars Global Surveyor and Odyssey mission in 2005 disclosed that the carbon dioxide "ice caps” near Mars’ south pole had been shrinking for three consecutive summers. Develop country: Some foreigners and other countries view America as selfish, lazy or see that we are one of the biggest problems, and are not doing as much as we could to help global warming.  And although that's judging everyone in our country without meeting him or her and even though not everyone in America is like this, I have to say this assumption is partially true to some extent.  Now I know you're getting many letters like this, but that's probably because certain issues are important and prominent to many American citizens.  Personally, my biggest concern for not just our country, but our whole world (and I know you've heard this before) is our environment and our country's effect on global warming.  The US needs to improve our environmental habits.  We need to cut down on major causes of global warming and start cutting down fewer trees.Even though it sounds old-fashioned, we really need to start cutting down fewer trees.  It takes away animals' homes, animals' food and takes away a MAJOR source of oxygen.  Even though all plants give off oxygen, no one really cuts down smaller plants; they only cut down trees.  Plus, simply enough, trees are some of the biggest plants on Earth, and therefore are one of the biggest sources of oxygen.  I suggest we have EQUAL amounts of areas for protection of trees, and equal amount JUST for cutting down trees to use for building and making products and such.  Basically I think leaving the Earth greener helps make the ozone layer cleaner.  It would lower amounts of products we can get out of trees, but we still need to learn to actually give a little for our Earth.I also believe that the Kyoto Protocol could IMMENSELY improve our unhealthy habits for our environment, even though it would at first change so much in our culture it might be difficult to get used to.  But the US is one of the biggest, consistent contributors to global warming, and we are one of the few countries who haven't signed this protocol.  Yes, the limiting of carbon emission would slow down industry and production, but if other countries can do it, why can't we?  I truly believe it's because many Americans (not all) are slightly selfish, lazy or unaware of the facts--no matter how much we deny it, it's true, and it shows.  We need to realize how much our country is hurting the Earth and exactly how much we're adding to global warming.. 

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EffectTemperature increase: This graph show the world temperature is increasing every year.If it will not change the world temperature will be higher than present.

Figure 2: Temperature increase until the year 2100.Earth warming is an increase in the average temperature of Earth's surface. Since the late 1800's, the global average temperature has increased about 0.7 to 1.4 degrees F (0.4 to 0.8 degrees C). Many experts estimate that the average temperature will rise an additional 2.5 to 10.4 degrees F (1.4 to 5.8 degrees C) by 2100. That rate of increase would be much larger than most past rates of increase. Scientists worry that human societies and natural ecosystems might not adapt to rapid climate changes. An ecosystem consists of the living organisms and physical environment in a particular area

For the past couple of years, global warming skeptics have been bashing climate researcher Michael Mann, claiming that fraud or errors created his so-called "hockey stick" graph showing dramatic increases in the temperature of the earth in the last decade.

Rise sea Level: Sea level rise is the greatest problem. Tuvalu's highest elevation is 4.6 meters -- 15 feet --  but most of it is no more than a meter above the sea.  Several

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times each year the regular lunar cycle of tides, riding on the ever higher mean sea level, brings the Pacific sloshing over onto roads and into neighborhoods.  In the center of the larger islands the sea floods out of old barrow pits and even squirts up out of the coral bedrock.  Puddles bubble up that eventually cover part of the airport on the main island of Funafuti and inundate homes that are not along the ocean.

 This February, the tides were driven against the shore by unusual westerly winds, and there was increasing erosion. The main asphalt road is only about 10 km long, yet it runs right along the lagoon in many places and was covered in water and coral rocks thrown up by the tide.  Hundreds of wood frame and corrugated metal roofed homes and several churches, built right on the lagoon, were drenched by the wind waves riding on the

Pacific Coast Crabs With oncoming global warming, some crab species along the Pacific coast may face extinction. A study shows that small crabs who live in warmer waters near Pacific beaches are threatened by rising temperatures. In a study by Jonathon H. Stillman, a marine biologist at Stanford University, the scientist demonstrated the low tolerance for minute changes in temperatures in crabs located in the Gulf of California. Stillman's findings were published in the July 4, 2003 issue of the journal Science. Stillman said other studies have already noted that at least one crab species along North America's West Coast has disappeared from a traditional habitat. Studies also have shown that some other coastal species have moved farther north to escape the temperature rise in southern

AGRICULTRE: One of the major causes of global warming is an increase in CO2. One of the things that will help plants is the weather will be warmer, making a longer growing season. If the plants have a longer growing season they will produce more fruit. Another thing is that more precipitation is anticipated. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.E.P.A) predicts a 7% increase in precipitation by the year 2060

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And a 5 degree increase in the temperature.In the desert there are places called fringe lands. Fringe lands are strips of land that are like a desert when it is very hot, but can grow things when there is enough rain. When global warming occurs there will be no fringe lands, therefore making the deserts larger.Overall, global warming will effect agriculture very much.

Coastal: The coastal regions will flood because of all the extra rain. This will cause many inhabitants to leave their homes and flee.

Forest: Some forests will dry up and become deserts by the middle of this new century. Also because of the increase in thunderstorms there could be more forest fires because of the lightning and the dry wood from the trees.

Polar Ice: A large portion of the Polar Ice Cap might melt making sea level rise 16-20

feet. A rise of 20 feet in the sea level could cover most of the state of Florida.

Mountains: The snow covered mountain peaks will probably melt causing floods and very dangerous mudslides.

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Human Deaths:A study, by scientists at the World Health Organization (WHO) determined that 154,000 people die every year from the effects of global warming, from malaria to malnutrition, children in developing nations seemingly the most vulnerable. These numbers could almost double by 2020.

Species:There are estimates among scientists that one million species are threatened with extinction by climate change. In the There are estimates among scientists that one million species are threatened with extinction by climate change.journal Nature researchers say in their study, Extinction Risk From Climate Change, concluded that from 15 to 37% of all the species in the regions studied could be driven to extinction by the climate changes between now and 2050.

Polar Bears: In June, 2005, 40 members of the polar bear specialist group of the World Conservation Union concluded that polar bears – the world's largest bear -- should now be classified as a "vulnerable" speciesbased on a

likely 30 percent decline in their worldwidepopulation over the next 35 to 50 years. There are now 20,000 to 25,000 polar bears across the Arctic. Arctic  sea ice has declined over one Million square miles, the size of Norway, Denmark and  Sweden combined.

Birds:In North America, the

Arctic tundra is expected to retreat northwards and be replaced by forest. The globally threatened spoon-billed sandpiper could lose 60 percent of its nesting sites. Ducks: According to one study, global warming could cause breeding populations of ducks in the

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north-central United States to decline by more than half—from 5 million birds today to between 2.1 and 2.7 million by the year 2060 Penguins:Between 1950 and 2001 Antarctica's emperor penguin population has decreased by 50%. Sooty Shearwater :The Sooty Shearwater, a U.S west coast bird that at one time numbered 5 million, now numbers about 450,000. Adelie Penguin: Wayne Trivelpiece,who directs Antarctic seabird research for the U.S. Antarctic Research Division at the Southwest Fisheries Science Center in La Jolla, noted in 2004 a 50% dropoff in Adelie penguin populations on the Antarctic Peninsula since 1994The Capercaillie:In the U.K the capercaillie-the world's largest grouse-is predicted to lose 99 percent of its pine forest habitat, if expected temperatures increase reaches 4.7 degrees Fahrenheit by mid-centuryWhales: Whales have less success breeding in warmer waters. Can whales adapt or will their numbers be challenged as global warming proceeds. Drought:Some country of our world will drought very soon cause of global warming.Floods National Climatic Data Center (NOAA) director Thomas Karl predicts that global warming will produce more floods due to increases in precipitation extremes. Global

warming will disrupt precipitation patterns.  We're going to see yet more extreme precipitation events. A report issued in the fall of 1999 (San Francisco Examiner, November 7, 1999) by Britain's Meteorological Office warns that flooding will increase about ninefold over the next decades, and 80% of the increased flooding  will occur in South and Southeast Asia.  The report noted that 1998 saw record flooding, with 96 floods in

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55 countries.  The IPCC now estimates that temperatures might reach as high as 11 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of  this century. Such temperature increases may lead to the flooding of more than 2 million square miles of coastal lands, displacing millions of people in Bangladesh, Egypt, China, Indonesia and very likely many in the U.S., of which 50% of the U.S population lives on or near coastal areas

Hurricane: The warmer this planet gets, the warmer the Atlantic Ocean gets, bringing warmer and more moist ocean air, the fuel of hurricanes. This is why scientists and insurers fear climate change will worsen hurricanes. The deadliest hurricanes, that is, category 4 and 5 hurricanes, have, during the period 1990 through 2004, almost doubled, since the period 1970 - 1985. That is, globally there has been an increase of an annual average of 10 to an annual rate of 18 category 4 and 5 hurricanes, during the years 1990 through . Weather-Related Damage In November, 1998 Worldwatch Institute, an environmental think-tank in Washington D.C and Munich Re, world's largest insurer announced some startling figures. The dollar damages during 1998 from weather-related disasters (floods, storms, droughts, fires) totaled over $93 billion. Weather-related damages for the entire decade of the 1980's was less than $89 billion. So far, weather-related natural disaster damage totals have soared in the 1990's to $340 billion, a 300% increase over the 1980's.

Impact on US Cities As of March 24, 2006 with the combined research of Jonathan T. Overpeck, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner yielding their formidable projections, (in the journal Science, Paleoclimatic Evidence for Future Ice-Sheet Instability and Rapid Sea-Level Rise), of a possible 20 foot increase in sea level, we have to recalibrate the impacts on US cities. The following projections were written before the Science study:Studies by EPA and others have estimated that along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, a one foot (30 cm) rise in sea level is likely by 2050 and could occur as soon as 2025. The EPA says that major port cities with low areas include Boston, New York, Charleston, Miami, and New Orleans . The average elevation

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of New Orleans is about 2 meters below sea level, and parts of Texas City, San Jose, and Long Beach, California are about one meter below sea level. Says former NOAA Administrator, Dr. James Baker, “In fact, an international organization of scientists ranked New Orleans as the North American city most vulnerable to climate change. Therefore, the topic of global warming is especially relevant here.” Sea level rise along the U.S. coasts is likely to be somewhat greater than the global average. The EPA study includes a set of projections that coastal residents can use to calculate how much sea level will rise in specific communities. Along the coast of New York, which typifies the U.S. Coastlines, sea level is likely to rise 10 inches by 2050 and almost 2 feet by 2100. there is also a 1 percent chance of a two foot rise by 2050, a 4 foot rise by 2100, and a 15 foot by the year 2200. The EPA also says that a one foot rise in sea level could occur The coast of California, which sits higher off the water than most Atlantic coastlines, for instance, could easily weather a sea-level rise of several inches. Coastlines along the Gulf of Mexico & Florida, on the other hand, would be devastated.

Disappearing Beaches This planet has warmed over the past 100 years by about 1 degree Fahrenheit, resulting in an increasing sea level of somewhere between 4 and 10 inches. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has up to recently predicted that with a 2 to 6 degree Fahrenheit increase, there would be a corresponding increase in sea level of 6 to 37 inches. But as of June, 2000 scientists are predicting an estimated temperature increase in the U.S.over the next 100 years of about 5 to 10 degrees F. This may result in a corresponding increase of sea level projections, with much higher estimates than the 6 to 37 inches proposed by the IPCC. On a typical East Coast beach a one foot rise in sea level results in a loss of 50 to 100 feet of land becomes permanently submerged. These latest projections may mean that well before 100 years elapse, we will be losing much of our public beaches.

Damage & Loss of World's Ecosystems & BiomesAccording to a recent report by the World Wildlife Fund, a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide may lead to loss of 35% of the world's existing terrestrial habitats, with no certainty there will be replacement ecosystems bringing similar species diversity. 

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Effect on World's Food Production Robert Watson, chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warned rising temperatures will "cause decreases in agricultural productivity in the tropics and sub-tropics ... areas where we already have hunger."  The threat to future food supplies from climate change weighs heavily on an expected 2050 world population of 9 billion people. Lester R. Brown, founder of the Earth Policy Institute and a noted environmental analyst who spent 10 years as a policy adviser in the Department of Agriculture, says, "The vast corn belt of the Northern Hemisphere, for example, will become hotter and dryer, and that change can't be resolved merely by creating new corn belts further north, because the soils further north are not the same at all."...Brown goes onto say, "Each global increase of 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) around the world will reduce grain yields like rice and wheat, as well as corn, by at least 10%."...Brown, noting the threat of water shortages from dwindling aquifers, says, "This disruption by a combination of climate change and water shortages has the potential for creating political instabilities on a scale thsat we can't even forsee." The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projects an increase in global mean surface temperatures of about 1.5 to 6.0 degrees C (2.5 to 10.4 degrees F) by 2100. (10)  Scientists have issued a warning that increasing temperatures will diminish the yield of basic crops of corn, soybean and rice . Oceans:All life on earth ultimately depends on the oceans, which cover 71 per cent of the planet. These vast basins of water provide most of the oxygen in our atmosphere, and microscopic plants absorb millions of tons of carbon dioxide each day. This watery region is also home to the coral reefs which are extremely important for biodiversity, providing habitats to over 25% of all marine life. ( Coral bleaching is threatening many of the world's coral reefs which could be killed within our lifetime.)

Earth's atmosphere and oceans: The Earth's average temperature rose about 0.6° Celsius (1.1° Fahrenheit) in the 20th century, see temperature graphs below.

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  Figure 1: Temperature increase in the last 1'000 years.

The average temperature of the earth has risen significantly which technically has affected the whole planet. However, a more noticeable event is the polar ice caps at both north and south poles are being drastically affected by Global Warming. The change in temperature has caused glaciers and ice sheets to melt, thus causing the sea levels to rise significantly. Yet as Human produced Green House Gases (GHG) rise to dangerous levels Global Warming is happening on a global scale.

Temperature increase: This graph show the world temperature is increasing every year.If it will not change the world temperature will be higher than present. Earth warming is an increase in the average temperature of Earth's surface. Since the late 1800's, the global average temperature has increased about 0.7 to 1.4 degrees F (0.4 to 0.8 degrees C).

Impacts of Sea Level Rise :Rapid urbanisation in low-lying coastal areas of both the developing and developed world is increasing population densities and the value of human-made assets exposed to coastal climatic extremes such as tropical cyclones. IPCC model based projections of the average annual number of people who would be flooded by coastal storm surges is estimated to increase several fold, creating 200 million climate refugees. This is based on what is called a ‘mid-range scenario’ of a 40-cm sea-level rise by 2080, which is pretty conservative. The U.S. Environmental Protection

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Agency (EPA) notes that the sea level has risen 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 inches) in the past 100 years, and it is predicted to continue another 50 centimeters (20 inches) over the next century (with some estimates as high as 90 centimeters, or 3 feet).

The sea level is definitely rising, and it is jeopardizing rapidly growing coastal communities. Official decisions on evacuation of whole populations from some atolls in the Pacific Ocean have been taken or are being considered. For example, 980 people, the entire population of the Carteret Atoll, will need to be evacuated by 2015, and the island is destined to become history. A similar fate awaits the small nation of Tuvalu and Majuro in the Marshall Islands.

The potential of damage to infrastructure in coastal areas from sea-level rise will be tens of billions US$ for individual countries like; Egypt, Poland, and Vietnam.

Proof

The first image above on the far left was taken on 12 August 1997 of a house at Floralton Beach, Florida. When Hurricane Frances came through on 8 September 2004 all vegetation and dune lines were wiped out (middle image). As a result, the house was directly exposed and completely destroyed when coastal surges from Hurricane Jeanne hit on 29 September 2004.

1875 photo courtesy H. Slupetzky/University of Salzburg

The Pasterze, Austria's longest glacier, was about 2 kilometers longer in the 19th C. but is now

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completely out of sight from this overlook on the Grossglockner High Road. The Margaritzen-Strausee, a dammed artificial lake, now is in the place where the glacier terminus was in 1875. Measurements of the Pasterze began in 1889 and it has been pulling back the entire time, in approximate step with regional temperatures that have been increasing. The glacier is now about eight Km long and loses about 15 meters per year. However in 2003 the Pasterze decreased 30 meters in length and 6.5 meters in thickness. [1875 image, photographer unknown, is courtesy H. Slupetzky, from the University of Salzburg archives. Gary Braasch photo made Aug 14, 2004]   

Alaska's glaciers are receding at twice the rate previously thought, according to a new study published in the July 19, 2002 Science journal. These two images show Portage Glacier, near Anchorage, Alaska, in about 1950 and in July 2001. The ice has pulled back nearly out of sight.

Portage Glacier 1950 (historic photo from the Lulu Fairbanks Collection, University of Alaska Library, used by permission.)

Portage Glacier 2002

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Portage Glacier 1914 Portage Glacier 2004 

Glaciers in the Northwest United States have also been shrinking.  Studies by the Climate Impacts Group at University of Washington show regional temperature has been 1.5° F warmer in the 20th century, with rising snow lines, decreasing mountain snowpack, and earlier spring runoff.  These photos of Mt. Hood Oregon comparing late season snow and ice only 18 years apart indicate the problem:  much less late summer ice from which the region gets water for irrigation, drinking, and fish habitat.

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The first photographs made for World View of Global Warming, ten years ago, were of glaciers in Antarctica and Peru. This page shows a selection of thwhere we have documented glacier and ice cap retreat -- a small set of images illustrating the overwhelming evidence from hundreds of glaciers and ice caps on every continent that global warming is severely affecting the water and glacial cycles of the planet. This is a profound change that unlike natural cycles like the Little Ice Age of the 16th and 17th centuries is proceeding very rapidly and appears tied to no natural cycles. The best correlation for this change to all but a handful of the 160,000 land glaciers and parts of the great ice caps is to rising atmospheric temperatures tied to increasing amounts of greenhouse gases. In other parts of the world, glacier water keeps streams cool and full for salmon and other important wildlife. And as more and more water reaches the ocean, it is increasing sea level at a faster rate --- which threatens every coastal city and shoreline. New scientific projections show at least a three foot (one meter) rise in ocean levels by the end of this century, part of which is also due to the expansion of warming sea water. This will inundate rice fields and estuaries that feed billions, and push into the heart of the worlds largest cities --- and make each storm a threat of more devastating waves and surges.Glacier Ururashraju, at about 15,000 feet in Cordillera Blanca of Peru. Photographed in 1986 by Peruvian glaciologist Alcides Ames, whose studies and direction allowed Gary Braasch to rephotograph it in 1999. Retreat of about 500 M. Ames studies confirms the very rapid deglaciation of the Cordillera Blanca, which is the most ice-covered mountain range in the tropics.Perhaps the most dramatic glacier withdrawal has been in the Alps, where it has occured in full view of residents, tourists and scientists. This is a 1859 etching of the Rhone glacier in the Kanton of Valais, Switzerland, when the ice filled the valley right to the tiny crossroads of Gletsch. In 2001 the glacier was nearly out of sight, 2.5 km distant and 450 M higher. (Ciceri etching courtesy Stefan Wagner, from Uber die Furka [1999, Limburg a/d/ Lahn

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Around the globe, sea level is more than 6 inches higher than it was 100 years ago, due primarily to warmer sea water and runoff from melting glaciers. The rate of rise is now 12 inches per century and increasing. The IPCC projected in its 2007 report a sea level up to 2 feet higher by 2100. However, leading glaciologists have long maintained that accepted estimates of sea level rise were underestimated, due to the rapid retreat of mountain glaciers and the unpredictable change to ice caps in Greenland and West Antarctica. Studies released in 2008 and 2009 using various satellite sensors of the sea surface plus estimates of continuing ice cap and glacier melt indicate sea level will be three feet or more higher by the end of the century. This is a devastating forecast for low lying areas from Pacific islands, to Bangladesh, to Florida's low-lying

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coast and Everglades (see next), and parts of all major coastal cities. In Alaska, the native village of Shishmaref, in the photo to the Greenland's: Huge icecap, second only to Antarctica, is also showing signs of change, although measurements are preliminary. Outflow glaciers like this one on the central east coast, as measured by NASA airborne radar and laser, appear to be thinning and flowing more rapidly. The National Climate Data Center (NOAA) reports that 2002 saw the greatest measured surface melt of Greenland ice in 24 years of satellite records.  Two deep ice cores from there provide a detailed Northern Hemisphere climate record extending beyond the last ice2004. The increase in intensity of hurricanes is the direct result of an increase in water temperature of .5 to 1 degree Fahrenheit says researcher Professor Peter Webster and other researchers. As the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Administrator D. James Baker says, “Our climate is warming at a faster rate than ever before recorded. Ignoring climate change and the most recent warming patterns could be costly to the nation. Small changes in global temperatures can lead to more extreme weather events including, droughts, floods and hurricanes.”  If small changes in temperatures can effect our climate in such a big way, consider that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change now says that the temperature increase by the end of this century might reach 11 degrees Fahrenheit.

Saffir-Simpson ScaleCategory 1 -Winds 74-95 mph. Storm surge generally 4-5 ft above normalCategory 2 - Winds 96-110 mph. Storm surge generally 6-8 feet above normalCategory 3 - Winds 111-130 mph. Storm surge generally 9-12 ft above normal Category 4 - Winds 131-155 mph. Storm surge generally 13-18 ft above normalCategory 5 - Winds greater than 155 miles an hour Forests and Wildfires As climate change progresses, weakened forests would give way to grasslands, and many forest species, some already endangered, would fade away. As some studies indicate, New England will become too warm to sustain maple forests. The EPA expects that by 2050 the range of sugar maple will extend so far north, that only a fraction of it will remain in New England. If carbon dioxide levels double in the atmosphere, there is a likelihood that the United States could experience a loss of 40% of its forests. If warming becomes severe, large areas of forest could become stressed by lack of water, increasing its vulnerability to pests and disease, thus increasing their exposure to fire. Loss of forests by fire not only throws millions of tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, but obviously

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loses the capacity to absorb carbon dioxide. Fire seasons may very well become longer. Over the longer term, changes in larger-scale processes such as fire, insects, droughts, and disease will possibly

Vulnerability in BangladeshSea of Bangladesh: The state of the world’s oceans continues to deteriorate. As new threats to the health and viability of the oceans emerge, most of the problems identified decades ago have still not been solved and many have become worse, according to a study carried out in 2001 by the United Nations Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection. At risk are the vast resources of the oceans and the many economic benefits that humanity derives from them, estimated to be about $7 trillion per year. Currently more than half of the world’s population lives within 100 kilometers of the coast, with two thirds of all cities with over 2.5 million inhabitants. By 2025, it is expected that 75 per cent of the world’s population will live in coastal areas. The large-scale movements of populations to coastal areas have been coupled with a significant

increase in economic activity and

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industrialization along the coastline such as oil and gas exploration, mining, fish farming, tourism, development of ports, marinas and coastal defenses  putting enormous pressure on coastal areas. Pollution, the overexploitation of marine resources and the destruction of marine environments are the greatest threats to the oceans. About 80 per cent of all pollution entering the oceans comes from land-based sources: this includes both land-based discharges and discharges through the atmosphere. The effects of classical contaminants (sewage, metals, persistent organic substances, petroleum hydrocarbons, radio nuclides) The effects of deforestation

The effects of increased or decreased mobilization of sediments. Declines in mangrove.s .The transfer of harmful species into coastal areas .Climate change Sea-level rise. Inundation as a consequence of physical alteration. Increased risks to human health. Reduced biodiversity .Over fishing .Destructive fishing practices .The effects of the exploitation of coastal mineral resources,

Natural DisasterCyclone Sidor: When it comes to global warming impacts, Bangladesh is often a focal point because it is a nation of 142 million people living in low-lying, flood-prone river deltas -- and because it's a predominantly Muslim nation in a volatile, fast-growing neighborhood. Bangladesh is expected to grow in population by a staggering 100 million people in the coming decades -- the same time frame during which those storms that make landfall will be more destructive.

FLOODS: The floods of 1954, 1955, 1974, 1987, 1988 all caused enormous damages to properties and considerable loss of life. The consecutive floods of 1987 and 1988 caused heavy damage. Again during 1998 Bangladesh experienced most devastating and prolonged flood in the history and caused serious disruption on the economy of the country. Areas of Bangladesh was flooded in 1998 is shown in Figure-2.4.

According to government sources, the 1998 flood inundated about 100,000 km2. The 1998 floods affected 68% of the country, and seriously impacted the livelihoods of 30 million people. Overall damage was estimated at two to three billion U.S. dollars. Final estimates showed that 51 districts and 307 Upazilas were inundated, about 1400 people were killed, 1.77 million houses were damaged, and 23,45,8713 people became homeless. The 1998 floods lasted for over 10 weeks (WB, 2000).

The origin and wide-ranging impacts of the 1998 flood, which began in July and ended in September, are summarized below.

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The magnitude and duration of the 1998 flood can be explained in large part by the simultaneous realization of the impacts from three factors:

Heavy rainfall/snowmelt in India and Nepal (which increased the flow in the rivers entering Bangladesh.)

Increased July rainfall within critical river basins in Bangladesh (Ganges, Brahmaputra, Meghna, Southeastern Basin) .

Tidal surges in the Bay of Bengal.

The first and second factors help explain the magnitude of the 1998 flood. In this respect, it is worth noting the extent to which the 1998 July rainfall totals within some of Bangladesh's critical river basins exceeded the typical July average.

The third factor, tidal surge levels in the Bay of Bengal, with back water effects, reduced the Bay's capacity to receive the floodwaters. This, in part, contributed to the duration of the flooding.

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Climate Change Facts As A Cause For Global Warming

Climate change facts is a phrase that many of us have heard used to describe the research conducted on climate change. Many academics write extensively to ways to minimize the effect of climate change.

Homemade Biodiesel Kits Help The EnvironmentHomemade biodiesel kits can assist in helping the environment.

New techniques, such as Carbon Credit Trading, are continually mooted in our attempt to reduce our carbon footprint in an attempt to global warming.

These are some of the undisputed facts or signs of climate change:

Fact 1 - Heat waves increasing common and extreme heat is perhaps the most common sign of climate change, and also signs of global warming. It is true that there have been periods of warming and cooling over the last 5 billion years, but the change has never been so extreme. Global warming has raised the temperatures in many parts of the Northern Hemisphere, resulting in the melt down of ice glaciers.

Fact 2 - Melting of mountain glaciers Over the last 150 years, scientists have been monitoring mountain glaciers and have reported that they are indeed shrinking. This is particularly true of glaciers at the lower latitudes where many of them have simply disappeared. If climate change continues all existing glaciers will have disappeared within 100 years.

Fact 3 - Ocean warming Over the last 100 years, sea level has increased to 25 cm. It is projected that over the next hundred years sea levels will rise even higher - to about 100 cm. This rise in sea levels is attributed to the melting of ice glaciers due to warmer temperatures. What does this mean? Beaches are set to lose about 50 square feet for every foot the sea level increases. Many Pacific islands will simply disappear!

Fact 4 - Wild Storms Storms are occurring more frequency and with higher intensity. Counter intuitively, water in the soil will evaporate faster, resulting in dryness between rain periods. Dry regions will become drier. In addition, hurricanes will be more severe and winds are expected to blow stronger. Wind patterns may shift.

These undisputed and compelling climate change facts will assist your understanding of how global warming works. The only real question which needs to be addressed is what you, as an individual can do. New technologies such as Clean Coal or Carbon Credit Trading, is available to organizations and governments.

The dramatic impact of global warming is continually debated in the scientific community; it's a concern that there is no broad political, economic, social and geographical approach to solving this problem. Quite literally, there is nowhere to hide.

Cyclone Nargis: This cyclone hit 2 may 2008 in Mayenmar.But Bangladesh also destry by this cyclone.

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Cyclone Resmi: This cyclone become weack before hit us.

Cyclone Bizle: This powerful cyclone hit our country on 17 april 2009.destroy many area of Bangladesh.

Cyclone Aila: Cyclone Aila hit south western coast of Bangladesh & west bengal of India.on 25 May 2009. Tidal weave churned by strong winds inundate vast swathesof land.

Solution

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Take Personal Action - There are many ways to reduceglobal warming, some very simple whilst others require amore focussed approach. This book has dozens of practicalways to cut carbon dioxide output in your home, which will

reduce global warming. Read it, and commit to these simpleyet powerful actions around your home.

Alert and Motivate Our Leaders - Most politicians andleaders will not act unless they believe a significant number oftheir constituency are supportive of their actions. If enoughpeople show concern and communicate this concern,politicians are forced into action. Contact you

local politicianand ask what policies are in place to reduce carbonemissions in your country and what the government is doing to addressclimate change.

Encourage Others - There is no question, we must act now!Just like you are undertaking these actions, encourage othersto do likewise.We need to act locally but think globally to turn the tide, andwind back our carbon emissions. If each of us

within our ownhome, neighbourhood, and town encourage each other to adopt practices thatreduce our greenhouse gas emissions then we are taking the first steps to a

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better future.Vehicles: Choose an efficient vehicle: Choose the most fuel-efficient vehicle to meet your needs. This might mean changing from asporty vehicle, or four wheel drive to a mid size car.Buy a Hybrid car if you are in the new car market. Hybrids run on petroleumand self-charging electric engines that don’t have to be plugged in. There is ahuge difference in the fuel efficiency of cars.Aim for a car that emits less than 130 grams CO2/litre. Avoid sports cars,4X4s, SUVs, and people carriersConvert Your Car to Electric:With gas prices skyrocketing and out ofcontrol, there is a solution. Convert yourgas car to run ONLY on electricity for afew cents per mile. This is not as hard asyou think, and really is an easy process youcan do on your own with a little work.The gas-to-electric manual shows you howeasy this is. All the steps are numbered withdiagrams to be easy to follow.The conversion does not take too long, allyou have to do is follow the simple plans Iprovide and in a month, you will cut yourgas bill to zero!Smarter Driving: Keep your car tuned up (e.g. change air filters regularly) Keep your tires properly inflated Ensure your wheels are properly aligned.All these measures save fuel. Soft tyres and badly aligned steering increasesfriction and drag, using more energy, and therefore more fuel is burned topropel a vehicle.Reducing your driving speed from 110 kilometres per hour(approx 70 mph) to 80 kilometres per hours (approx 50 mph)produces 25% less CO2 emissions.Drive less, carpool and use public transport whenever possible.Supplement Your Fuel with Hydrogen:If you are like me, you are you sick and tired of rising fuel prices. I simplycannot believe what we are now paying! And we are still polluting ouratmosphere.You can make your own onboard hydrogen generator. This unit will producehydrogen while travelling through electrolysis of water using the power

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generated from the electrical system. A small amount of hydrogen added tothe vehicles intake air/fuel mixture allows the engine to operate with less fossilfuel.You can assemble this Hydrogen-On-Demand system from simple hardwarein one weekend.Road tests have achieved 50% increase on a heavy 350 V8 van, 56% on aFord truck, 107% on a Toyota Corolla, 285% on a Chevy 4WD pickup andrecently 430% (this is not a typo) on another Chevy in California.Make Your Own Biodiesel:Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning alternativefuel, produced from domestic, renewable resources. Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blendedat any level with petroleum diesel to create a biodieselblend.It can be used in compression-ignition (diesel) engineswith little or no modifications. Biodiesel is simple touse, biodegradable, nontoxic, and essentially free ofsulphur and aromatics.Now you can make your own biodiesel fuel from used cooking oil, fryergrease, animal fats and lard! All you need are a few easy to find chemicalsand some basic equipment that you can easily buy or make yourself. Byfollowing the directions in Encylcopedia of Biodiesel eBook you will be able tomake a cheap, clean-burning, non-toxic, renewable, high-11Make Your Own Algae Biodiesel at Home:There's no doubt, algae biodiesel is probably the most theoretical and experimental aspect of biodiesel. Some of the best minds on the planet,including Exxon-Mobil, Shell, even the Department of Defence are racing to be the first to mass produce algal biodiesel.The big problem is there simply are no books on the subject. To get all the info you have to collect adozen different books, from a dozen different and competing fields, some highly technical, and wade hip-deep into the land of the techno-jargon, micro-biology, cell cultivation techniques, petro-chemical engineering. However, Making Algae Biodiesel at Home is the quickest and easiest way to learn about algae biodiesel. This comprehensive book has over 550 pages of gold-mine info and absolutely everything anyone interested in algae biodiesel would need.This is really is the ultimate tutorial for making algae biodiesel but until now it was never available (even if you're a veteran

biodiesler you'll benefit immensely from understanding about algae biodiesel because this is the cutting-edge future of biofuels).

Air TransportReduce your plane journeys.Travelling by air is the worst wayyou can travel. Most jet aircraft fly at

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over 6,000 metres over the groundand the Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change says carbonproduced at 6,200 metres is three times more damagingthan it would be if produced on the ground.The International Air Travel Association admits aircraft movements create 2 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions. Did you know that travelling by air producesabout 19 times more greenhouse gases than rail travel!Carbon credits:By purchasing carbon credits you can help stimulate clean energy uptake andcut emissions contributing to global warming. Anyone can compensate theirgreenhouse gas emissions by going carbon neutral. Carbon neutral meansthat all your carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are offset by carbon credits. Youcan purchase these for your home, car or air flights, compensating for all yourpersonal CO2 emissions. For individuals orhouseholds this is how it works: Firstly, a carboncalculator is used to work out your personal orfamily carbon footprint based on your annualenergy activity. This calculation is the total of howmuch carbon dioxide you are releasing into theatmosphere through your activities. The amountof carbon dioxide you emit is then offset by the purchase of Carbon Credits.There are quite a few retailers offering uncertified carbon offsets. You shouldavoid carbon offsets that don't come with a certification as they provide noguarantees that you are getting what you are paying for.4Offsets.com are fighting global warming and provide a variety of ways foryou to offset your greenhouse gas emissions and go Go Carbon Neutral.When you purchase carbon credits, you take responsibility for yourcontribution to climate change.

Heating/CoolingKeep doors closed if you have heating or air-conditioning on.Open doors and windows can waste up to 50% of cooling orheating. Have your heating or air-conditioning serviced, and keep filters clean.Check thermostats on air conditioner and heating appliances. Winter temperatures should be around 18-20°C (64-68°F) while in summer atemperature of 24-27°C (75-80°F) should be comfortable.Use timers so the heating or cooling is not left on for hours. Use it we youneed it. Put on clothing instead of turning up the heater.Pelmets or Curtain BoxesStop air circulating around windows, drapes on windows are essential incolder areas or winter and keep them closed during the day in winter. You

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might use an extra light globe, but this is more efficient than turning theheating up! Pull down blinds in summer to keep heat out. Don’t try andcool/heat the whole house, keep this luxury for your living areas.Use Self-Sealing Extraction FansIn summer if the ambient temperature is lower outsideyour house, turn on the fan and purge the hot air. A DC fan, run off power stored from solar is a real alternativehere. They are simple to install and solar powered.

Insulate Your House or UnitYou can cut your heating and cooling expenses at the same time as reducingthe burning of fossil fuels by using weather strips to seal drafts aroundwindows and doors. If drafts come through from outside walls, install foamdraft blockers behind the cover plates. Place covers (inside or outside) on airconditioners during cold months.Make sure your home is insulated adequately. Many of our older homes havelittle insulation, especially in ceilings or the attic. You can check the insulationyourself or have it done as part of an energy audit, provided by many utilitycompanies. Call your energy company to see if it offers this service, or visitBlack Energy for more ideas and products.

LightingUse natural light, it is free! Switch lights off, especially those in rooms no one is using. Take out unnecessary lighting. Many hallways and entrances are over lit.Replace light bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs.These bulbs use at least 2/3 less energy than standard

incandescent bulbs and provide the same amount of light, lasting up to 10times longer.

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You'll save hundreds of kilograms of carbon dioxide. Over aperiod of 8000 hours, a 20 W long-life bulb produces about600 kg less carbon dioxide than a 100 W incandescent bulb (if the electricity is generated in a coal-burning power plant). Carbon Sequestration: How to Clean CoalRenewable energies won’t be able to fully substitute fossil fuels for years to come. Filtering CO2 from coal power plants, known as carbon capture and storage, will be crucial. The first pilot project is online in Germany. Can “clean coal” be a reliable solution to climate change

  Protecting Forests: Cutting CO2, not TreesTrees are worth more dead than alive, despite being critical stores of carbon and generators of life-giving rainfall. That must change to avoid accelerated climate change and catastrophic loss of biodiversity.

Protecting Forests: Cutting CO2, not TreesTrees are worth more dead than alive, despite being critical stores of carbon and generators of life-giving rainfall. That must change to avoid accelerated climate change and catastrophic loss of biodiversity.

Adapting to Climate Change: Can We Do It Again?Dangerous climate change will not be prevented by reduced emissions. The damage is already done. For many vulnerable societies, the priority must be adaptation.

Geoengineering: Manipulating Nature for a Cooler PlanetWith greenhouse gas emissions still rising sharply, some scientists say it’s time to think about "last resort" options to stop and reverse global warming. But most geoengineering proposals have risks of their own.more

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International Organization IPCC:The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which is comprised of some of the top scientists in the world, last year released a report stating that with 90% certainty humans are to blame for Global Warming. Specifically, the increase in emissions of greenhouse gases are to blame for the increase in temperatures, threatening our planet.Fossil fuels like methane and carbon dioxide trap heat near the surface, a process known as the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon, but human activities, like the burning of fossil fuels, can pour enormous volumes of these gases into the atmosphere, raising the planet's temperature and destabilizing the climate. "The report found it was "likely" -- "more likely than not" in some cases -- that manmade greenhouse gases have contributed to hotter days and nights, and more of them, more killer heat waves than before, heavier rainfall more often, major droughts in more regions, stronger and more frequent cyclones and "increased incidence" of extremely high sea levels.The report noted that 11 of the last 12 years have ranked among the 12 warmest years on record with the oceans absorbing more than 80 percent of the heat added to the climate system. Add in the melt-off of glaciers and sea ice and sea levels are rising.The IPCC predicted global temperature increases of 1.8 to 4 degrees Celsius (3.2 to 7.1 degrees Fahrenheit) by 2100 and sea levels to rise between 7 and 23 inches (18 and 58 centimeters) by the end of the century. An additional 3.9-7.8 inches (10-20 centimeters) are possible if recent, surprising melting of polar ice sheets continues," the report stated."While 90% is not completely conclusive, it is very evident from the data gathered that there have been extreme increases in the amount of carbon dioxide found in the environment over the past 30 years. Studying the carbon dioxide levels in ice cores shows that while CO2 concentration is cyclical, there has been an enormous increase in the amount of CO2 found in these ice cores that is well outside of the range of "normal cyclical fluctuations". According to the The European

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Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA)"Levels of CO2 are now 27% percent higher than at any point in the past 650,000 years, according to research into Antarctic ice cores.The study, which provides more evidence of human interference in the climate system, pushes back our greenhouse gas record by 210,000 years and now encompasses four glacial cycles."This disproves the theory that these are "cyclical CO2 fluctuations". Any person that has taken Stats 101 can tell you that being this many Standard Deviations outside of the Mean indicates there is something anomalous about the CO2 levels we are currently experiencing. Since the increase in fossil fuel consumption unmistakably increases the amount of CO2 found in the atmosphere, and increases in CO2 unmistakably are directly correlated to increases.

Duty of AmericaU S A: So he biggest problems, and are not doing as much as we could to help global warming.  And although that's judging everyone in our country without meeting him or her and even though not everyone in America is like this, I have to say this assumption is partially true to some extent.  Now I know you're getting many letters like this, but that's probably because certain issues are important and prominent to many American citizens.  Personally, my biggest concern for not just our country, but our whole world (and I know you've heard this before) is our environment and our country's effect on global warming.  The US needs to improve our environmental habits.  We need to cut down on major causes of global warming and start cutting down fewer trees.Even though it sounds old-fashioned, we really need to start cutting down fewer trees.  It takes away animals' homes, animals' food and takes away a MAJOR source of oxygen.  Even though all plants give off oxygen, no one really cuts down smaller plants; they only cut down trees.  Plus, simply enough, trees are

some of the biggest plants on Earth, and therefore are one of the biggest sources of oxygen.  I suggest we have EQUAL amounts of areas for protection of trees, and

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equal amount JUST for cutting down trees to use for building and making products and such.  Basically I think leaving the Earth greener helps make the ozone layer cleaner.  It would lower amounts of products we can get out of trees, but we still need to learn to actually give a little for our Earth.me foreigners and other countries view America as selfish, lazy or see that we are one .

Many world ThreatVOLCANOES - INDONESIA - One of Indonesia's most active volcanos is threatening to erupt, officials said Monday, as they ordered residents in nearby villages to leave. The alert status of Mount Karangetang was raised to the highest level after it started spewing lava and hot ash hundreds of yards (meters) into the air. The volcano on Siau, part of the Sulawesi island chain, last showed signs of intense activity in July 2006, when 4,000 people were evacuated. It has spit out ash and lava several times since then, but no serious injuries have been reported. The last deadly eruption was in 1992, when six villagers were killed. HEAVY SNOW / EXTREME COLD

CALIFORNIA - January and June may be swapping weather patterns in San Luis Obispo County this year. While residents hit the beaches during record-breaking heat the first month of this year, June is starting with a WEATHER PATTERN MORE TYPICALLY SEEN IN WINTER. Clouds, rain and snow in the mountains are forecast later this week

Latest bird flu news from the Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy..

Australia's health department has confirmed 401 novel flu cases, including 306 in the southwestern state of Victoria. The number is doubling every 2 days, with evidence of community spread that MIGHT PROMPT THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION TO RAISE THE PANDEMIC ALERT LEVEL TO 6.

US orders intranasal vaccine for novel flu - US officials have awarded MedImmune, Inc., based in Gaithersburg, Md., an initial $90 million contract to produce a live attenuated nasal-spray vaccine to protect priority groups identified in the nation's pandemic flu plan against the novel H1N1 virus. The US is the only country that has licensed MedImmune's intranasal vaccine technology.

Seventy-seven percent of US influenza virus isolates tested during the week of May 17 to 23 were the novel H1N1 type. Four states reported widespread activity: Arizona, California, New Jersey, and Virginia. The proportion of deaths from pneumonia and flu was below the epidemic threshold, and outpatient visits for flu-like symptoms were below the national baseline.

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The number of confirmed and probable novel H1N1 cases in the US climbed to 10,053, with all states and the District of Columbia now reporting cases. The global number of confirmed novel H1N1 cases rose to 17,410, including 115 deaths, from 62 countries.

Latest NewsCurrent News on Global WarmingMarch 25 , 2008...Satellite imagery from the University of Colorado at Boulder's National Snow and Ice Data Center shows a portion of Antarctica's massive Wilkins Ice Shelf has begun to collapse because of rapid climate change in a fast-warming region of the continent. So begins a press release from researchers at NSIDC. Ted Scambos, lead scientist at NSIDC, says "If there is a little bit more retreat, this last 'ice buttress' could collapse and we'd likely lose about half the total ice shelf area in the next few years." See NSIDC Press Release 

January 15, 2008...The year 2007 tied 1998 as the second warmest year on record; 2005 being the warmest year. An analysis by NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) showed that "the unusual warmth in 2007 is noteworthy because it occurs at a time when solar irradiance is at a minimum and the equatorial Pacific Ocean is in the cool phase of its natural El Nino – La Nina cycle." See GISS 2007 Temperature Analysis

August 30, 2007...NOAA recorded that  last year came very close to being the warmest on record, since 1998. Of the past 12 years 11 of them have been found to be the warmest on record, since record-keeping began in 1895. See NOAA web page

June 21, 2007...China is now producing the most CO2 of any country in the world, surpassing the United States. However, per capita the U.S is emitting over 4 times as much as China, 21 tons per American vs 5 tons per Chinese. March 22, 2007...In a historic event in Congress today former Vice-President Al Gore spoke before the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, warning the panel of the onrushing impacts of climate change. Gore also spoke before the  House Science and Technology Committee, where he said, referring to our grandchildren and future generations: "Either they will ask, 'What in God's name were they (Congress and the President) doing?' " or "they'll say, 'How did they find the uncommon courage to rise above politics and redeem the promise of American democracy?'

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December 12, 2006...Arctic summer sea ice is projected to disappear by 2040. See BBC News OnlineNovember 10, 2006..."The global growth in carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels was 4 times greater in the period between 2000 to 2005 than in the preceding 10 years.... Despite efforts to reduce carbon emissions, the global growth rate in CO2 was 3.2% in the five years to 2005 compared to 0.8% in the period 1990 to 1999." Earth System Science Partnership Press ReleaseOctober 30, 2006...A report by British government economist Nicholas Stern says that climate change inaction could lead to economic upheaval throughout the world, decades before the end of the century. See Planet Ark article  Read Stern ReportSeptember 8, 2006...According to NOAA, "the first seven months of 2006 was the warmest January-July of any year the United States since records began in 1895."August 31, 2006...California passed landmark climate change legislation, reducing future greenhouse gas emissions by about 25%, by 2020. August 11, 2006...Greenland ice is melting at an astonishing pace, according to data collected from satellite images. See San Francisco Chronicle articleJune 21, 2006...The US  Energy Information Administration said in its annual forecast that "carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from energy use are projected to increase from 5,900 million metric tons (1.593 billion tons of carbon) in 2004 to 7,587 million metric tons (2.049 billion tons of carbon) in 2025 and 8,114 million metric tons (2,191 billion tons of carbon) in 2030." April 26, 2006... Temperatures at the Earth's surface increased by an estimated 1.4°F (0.8°C) between 1900 and 2005. The past decade was the hottest of the past 150 years and perhaps the past millennium. The hottest 22 years on record have occurred since 1980, and 2005 was the hottest on record. Pew Global Climate Change CenterMarch 14, 2006...Atmospheric CO2 has climbed to 381 parts per million (ppm), 100 ppm above pre-industrial times..  February 17, 2006...A new study demonstrating the accelerated pace of glaciers meltdown in Greenland has alarmed climate scientists. In 1996, the amount of water produced by melting ice in Greenland was about 90 times the amount consumed by Los Angeles in a year. Last year, the melted ice amounted to 225 times the volume of water that L.A. uses annually.

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Suggestion Tips on Cutting Energy Use:

Plant more trees as you can.Compact fluorescent bulbs. When replacing home appliances, use energy efficient models. For example,

replacing an old refrigerator using 320 watts with a new one using 85 watts could make a big difference. When buying appliances, look for the EPA/Department of Energy’s new Energy Star label.

Use cars and light trucks that get good gas mileage. In fact tell your friends that driving a sports utility vehicle adds to global warming and pollution. SUVs emit 43% more global-warming pollutants (28 pounds of carbon dioxide per gallon) and 47% more air pollution than the average car. An SUV is 4 times as likely to rollover in an accident. If car manufacturers were to increase their fleets' average gas mileage about 3 miles per gallon, this country could save a million barrels of oil every day, while US drivers would save $25 billion in fuel costs annually. 

Choose a company that offers for homes electricity generated by renewable energy sources.

If possible, ask employer if your work could be done at home. Even if some of the work could be completed at your residence, this would help relieve traffic congestion, which adds to ordinary car emissions.

Promote the construction of bike lanes, especially bike lanes that have an outside curb separating auto traffic and bikes. Establish numerous bike routes into center of city, limiting auto speed on these routes to 10 miles per hour, during commuting hours only.  Companies could provide showering facilities, together with bike stands to encourage biking employees.

Place an insulating cover around water heater. Insulate walls and ceilings, and lower heating bills. When replacing windows, choose those that are the best energy saving models,

such as double pane windows. A car needs only about 2 minutes to warm up. Taking more time only wastes fuel

and contributes to global warming.

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Keep the door shut to any room that is not being used, saving the energy to heat that room.

Take public transit whenever possible. When shopping for groceries, bring your own cloth bag to the market. Not using

paper grocery bags help saves trees, that absorb carbon dioxide.

Suggested Safety Precautions In the Event of a Severe Heat Wave

Wear loose, preferably light cotton clothing. Wear a hat to protect the head from the sun.

Eat light, cool, easily digested foods - avoid hot, heavy, greasy meals. Avoid using ovens.

Drink lots of water and natural juices. Avoid alcoholic beverages, coffee and cola. Take a cool bath or shower periodically; use cool towels. Keep electric lights down low or turned off. Keep shades drawn and blinds closed, but windows slightly open. Protect against sunburn. A sunburn will reduce the body's ability to cool itself. Don't ever use a fan in a closed room without windows or doors open to the

outside.**  Increased air movement (i.e, with fans) is associated with increased heat stress when the ambient temperature exceeds approximately 100 degrees Fahrenheit (the exact temperature varies with the humidity). Therefore, fans are not protective at temperatures higher than 90 degrees Fahrenheit, with humidity greater than 35%.

Remember, children under 5 years old are especially sensitive to high temperatures.

Do not leave children in a car. Babies are especially vulnerable.

If you are elderly and feel unusually weak, dizzy or confused, call 911 immediately.

Call your family and friends. Check on elderly or incapacitated persons as frequently as possible.

Take advantage of air-conditioning. The use of air-conditioning reduces the risk for heatstroke and heat-related illness, even if it is available for only part of the day.

Persons without home air conditioning should be encouraged and assisted in taking advantage of air-conditioned environments in private or public places such as libraries, shopping malls, theaters.

This city will monitor nursing homes and other similar facilities serving senior citizens, making sure air-conditioners are in working order; that there are plenty of fans in the nursing facility; that outside concrete walks and patios,

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perhaps radiating heat inside the facility, were cooled off with water. All nursing homes should have independent electricity-generating equipment on hand in case of long-term power outages.

Avoid physical activity, especially outside work and recreational activity

At last we want to say that, to save our earth we never need a

superman but if we complete our own duty accordingly this will be superior work than a superman.

We must have to aware about our lovely planet. If everyone work together it will take no longer

time to save our earth………………..

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“ Time for change…now or never”

BibliographyWe collect our all information from this source. We are grateful to the owner of this institution…>>>>>>>

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Articles/2000/surface1.htm .

http://www.john-daly.com/graytemp/surftemp.htm

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