Terminology Scarlett Smith. Anatomical Position Known as the “starting position”. The body is...
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![Page 1: Terminology Scarlett Smith. Anatomical Position Known as the “starting position”. The body is upright and facing forwards with arms at the side and palms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cc35503460f9498c8f2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Terminology
Scarlett Smith
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Anatomical Position
Known as the“starting position” .The body is uprightand facing forwardswith arms at theside and palms facingforwards and thumbsout.
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Anatomical Planes
Planes of the body:Frontal Plane: vertical, extends from one side of body to other. Ex: performing a cartwheelMedian (Sagittal) Plane: vertical,extends from front to back of body. Ex: bending over to touch toesTransverse (Horizontal) Plane: divides body into upper and lower parts.Ex: swinging a bat in baseball
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Anatomical Axes
• Horizontal Axes: extends from one side of body to the other
• Longitudinal Axes: runs from head to toe dividing the body in half vertically
• Antero- posterior Axes: extends from front to back of the body
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Flexion/Extension
• Flexion: bending joint to decreaseangle
• Ex: Knee is bent
• Extension: straightening joint to increase the angle
• Ex: straightening joint at the elbow
extensionflexion
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Terms of Direction and Body Position
• Proximal: towards the attachment point of the limb and the body• Distal: farther away from attachment point of the limb and the
body• Superior: upward surfaces• Inferior: downward surfaces • Posterior: toward the back
of the body• Anterior: toward the front
of the body• Lateral: away from the midline• Medial: towards the midline
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Abduction/Adduction
• Abduction: movement of body part away from center of the body
• Ex: moving arm away from body
• Adduction: movement of body part towards your body
• Ex: bringing arm towards your center
Abduction
Adduction
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Internal/External Rotation
• Internal: turning a limb so that it is going towards the midline of the body
• Ex: pointing the toes inward to the center of your body
• External: turning a limb so that it is going away from the midline of the body
• Ex: pointing the toes outward away from the center of your body
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Circumduction
• Making a circular motion involving flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
• Ex: making circles with your arm
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Supination/Pronation
• Supination: Inward “roll” or motion of the foot or hand so that the foot moves inwards or the palm is facing forward • Pronation: opposite of supination, the outward roll or motion
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Protraction/Retraction
• Protraction: moving in a forward direction
• Retraction: moving in a backward direction
• Ex: moving shoulders forward (pronation), moving shoulders backward (retraction)
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Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion • Dorsiflexion: movement of the ankle so that the angle between the foot and shin is decreasing • Plantar Flexion: movement of the ankle so that the angle between the foot and shin is increasing• Ex: pointing toes toward head (dorsiflexion), pointing toes toward ground (plantar flexion)
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Eversion/Inversion• Eversion: raising the foot up so that the sole of the foot is turned outward
• Inversion: raising the foot so that the sole of the foot is turned inward
• Ex: standing on the inner edge of your foot (eversion), standing on the outer edge of your foot (inversion)
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Elevation/Depression
• Elevation: the movement of raising up• Depression: the movement of pulling down • Ex: hunching your shoulders (elevation),
slouching your shoulders (depression)
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Opposition/Reposition
• Opposition: when the thumb contacts one of the other fingers• Reposition: when the thumb returns back to the “starting position”