Pag 1

Pag 2

Unidad 1 -3 ....................................................................................................................................................... 3

Gramtica...................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.-Present perfect simple and Present perfect continuous ........................................................................... 3 2.-Adjectives ending in -ed and ing.......................................................................................................... 4 3.-Words used with make and do ............................................................................................................... 7 5.-Comparatives and superlatives .............................................................................................................. 8 6.-Expect, hope and wait ........................................................................................................................... 9 7.-Giving your opinion .............................................................................................................................. 9 8.-Past simple, past continuous and used to.............................................................................................. 10 9.-Travel, Journey, trip y way .................................................................................................................. 11 10.-At, in or on in time phrases................................................................................................................ 12 11.- Present perfect simple and continuous .............................................................................................. 13

Vocabulario................................................................................................................................................. 16 Phrasal verbs ............................................................................................................................................... 20

Pag 3

Unidad 1 -3 Gramtica

1.-Present perfect simple and Present perfect continuous 1.1 Present perfect continuous (the activity is not complete )

Esta forma verbal se emplea cuando interesa destacar la accin en s misma ms que el resultado; no se precisa si la accin ha finalizado o no (la accin comenz en el pasado y puede que acabe de terminar o que incluso contine).

I have been reading a book (resalto lo que he estado haciendo; no indico si he finalizado el libro o no)

Este tiempo se utiliza tambin para indicar la duracin de una accin que comenz en el pasado (y que acaba de finalizar o an contina).

I have been playing tennis for two hours I have been waiting for him for 1 hour (puede que la otra persona acabe de llegar o que yo an siga

esperando; el contexto determinar un sentido u otro)

El empleo de este tiempo indica que el emisor considera que la duracin ha sido larga.

1.2 Present perfect simple (the activity us complete but the time isnt complete)

Describe una accin que comenz en el pasado y que acaba de finalizar. Pone el nfasis en el resultado y no en la accin en si misma.

I have read a book (destaco que he ledo un libro, que lo he terminado, y no el hecho de haber dedicado un tiempo a la lectura).

En el siguiente ejemplo se puede observar la diferencia entre estas dos formas verbales:

I have done my homework (indico que ya lo he finalizado) I have been doing my homework (indico la actividad que he estado desarrollando; no informo de si he

terminado mis deberes o no)

Se utiliza tambin para indicar cuantas acciones se han realizado en un tiempo determinado.

Today I have read ten books

El empleo de este tiempo informa indirectamente sobre el presente, ya que conlleva que la situacin no ha cambiado.

He has gone to Canada (esta persona sigue en Canada o est de viaje hacia all; en cualquier caso todava no ha regresado)

I have broken my leg (la pierna sigue rota; an no ha sanado)

Si no se da informacin sobre el presente hay que utilizar el "past simple".

He went to Canada (no se informa de si l sigue all o ya volvi) I broke my leg (puede que la pierna ya est curada o que an siga rota)

En aquellos verbos en los que no se utiliza la forma continua hay que recurrir en todos estos supuestos al "present perfect simple"

Pag 4

2.-Adjectives ending in -ed and ing 2.1 "-ed" Adjectives (Adjetivos terminados en "-ed") Describe how the person feels about something.

Los adjetivos que terminan en "-ed" indican o describen emociones. Estos adjetivos suelen acabar en "-ado", "-ido" o "-edo" en espaol y van despus del verbo "estar".

Ejemplos:

John is interested in art. (John est interesado en el arte.)

Denise was bored in class. (Denise estaba aburrida en clase.)

Luke is excited about his new job. (Luke est emocionado con su nuevo empleo.)

2.2 "-ing" Adjectives (Adjetivos terminados en "-ing") Describe the persono r thing which produces the feeling.

Los adjetivos que terminan en "-ing" indican o describen una caracterstica de algo o alguien. A diferencia de los adjetivos que terminan en "-ed", no hay regla en espaol para formar estos adjetivos y van despus del verbo "ser".

Ejemplos:

John is an interesting person. (John es una persona interesante.)

The class was boring so Denise fell asleep. (La clase era aburrida asi que Denise se durmi.)

Luke started an exciting new job. (Luke acaba de empezar un nuevo empleo emocionante.)

Nota: Como hemos mencionado anteriormente, el uso de un adjetivo en vez de otro cambia el sentido de la frase.

Ejemplos:

Steve is embarrassed. (Steve est avergonzado.)

Steve is embarrassing. (Steve es vergonzoso.)

Pag 5

A continuacin tienes una lista de algunos de los adjetivos ms comunes terminados en "-ed" y "-ing".

"-ed" Adjetivo Espaol "-ing" Adjetivo Espaol alarmed alarmado alarming alarmante aggravated agravado aggravating agravante annoyed molesto annoying molesto astonished asombrado astonishing asombroso astounded asombrado astouding asombroso bored aburrido boring aburridor captivated cautivado captivating cautivador challenged desafiado challenging desafiante charmed encantado charming encantador comforted consolado comforting consolador confused confuso confusing confuso convinced convencido convincing convincente depressed deprimido depressing deprimente disappointed decepcionado disappointing decepcionante discouraged desalentado discouraging desalentador disgusted indignado disgusting repugnante distressed preocupado distressing preocupante disturbed perturbado disturbing pertubador embarrassed avergonzado embarrassing vergonzoso encouraged animado encouraging alentador entertained entretenido entertaining entretenido excited emocionado exciting emocionante exhausted agotado exhausting agotador fascinated fascinado fascinating fascinante frightened asustado frightening espantoso frustrated frustrado frustrating frustrante fulfilled satisfecho fulfilling satisfactorio gratified satisfecho gratifiying gratificante inspired inspirado inspiring inspirador insulted insultado insulting insultante interested interesado interesting interesante moved emocionado moving emocionante overwhelmed abrumado overwhelming abrumador perplexed desconcertado perplexing desconcertante pleased satisfecho pleasing satisfactorio relaxed relajado relaxing relajante relieved consolado relieving consolador

Pag 6

satisfied satisfecho satisfying satisfactorio shocked chocado shocking chocante sickened asqueado sickening asqueroso soothed relajado soothing relajante surprised sorprendido surprising sorprendente tempted tentado tempting tentador terrified aterrado terrifying aterrador threatened amenazado threatening amenazante thrilled emocionado thrilling emocionante tired cansado tiring agotador touched conmovido touching conmovedor unsettled perturbado unsettling perturbador worried preocupado worrying preocupante

Pag 7

3.-Words used with make and do 3.1 Make Crear o producir algo. 3.2 Do Desarrollar una actividad o trabajo. 3.3 Examples

Make Do arrangements/plans an attempt a bed a change/changes a comment a complaint a declaration a deal a discovery a difference / an exception an effort an enquiry an excuse fun of something/somebody an impression a mistake money an offer a point a presentation a profit progress a reservation room for something (find place for) a speech a statement a suggestion sure / certain a telephone call a treat a Choice a decision friends a Noise a copy a promise a mess a meal

the accounts an assignment business one's best the crosswords damage a degree / a course drugs (consume/use) your duty exercises a favour the gardening a good turn good / harm a good job your homework a lesson a job justice military service your nails / hair / make-up a project research (something) right/wrong the shopping a test a translation well / badly work without something a sport the Cleaning the housework the ironing

Pag 8

4.- Questions How was your weekend? What did you do? Where did you go? Who did you go with? How long did you go for? Did you have a good weekend?

5.-Comparatives and superlatives 5.1 1 Syllable and 2 Syllables Comparatives superlatives 1 syllable Smaller

Bigger The smallest The biggest

2 syllables Happier More beautiful

The happiest The most beautiful

These rules are the same for adjectives and adverbs. 5.2 Irregular Good better the best Bad worse the worst 5.3 others comparatives As + adj/adv + as Not + so/as + adj/adv + as Less/least + adj Much/far/a lot + adj/adv + er/more + adj/adv Slightly/a bit/ a little Not quite as Rather than

Pag 9

6.-Expect, hope and wait 6.1 Expect Se utiliza cuando crees algo va a ocurrir. Por ejemplo, Mara siempre llega tarde a la fiesta, y no crees que llegue temprano I expect that Mara is going to arrive late. 6.2 hope Cuando deseas que ocurra algo. I hope Ill win de Lotery. 6.3 wait Ests esperando algo (fsicamente). Im waiting for my result. I waiting for the new information.

7.-Giving your opinion

Pag 10

8.-Past simple, past continuous and used to 8.1 Past simple Completed action in the past. We use past simple to talk about:

Actions or events in the past: I visited Egypt last Year. Actions or events which happened one after another: I saw the Pyramids then I went round the Cairo

Museum and later I went to a traditional restaurant. Things which happened for a long time in the past: She lived in Zurich for ten years from 2003 to 2013.

8.2 past continuous Started in the past and continues until an event in the past. Example: He was riding his motorbike when it broke down. We use past continuous to talk about:

An activity which started before and continued until an event in the past: He was riding to school when his motorbike broken down.

An activity which started before and continued after an event in the past. I was watching television

when the news was announced. 8.3 Used to

Situation or states in the past which are not true now. Example: I used to go to the school. We use used to talk about:

Situations or states in the past which are not true now: My maths teacher used to be in the army.

Repeated activities or habits in the past which do not happen now: she used to run in the London Marathon every year until she injured her leg.

When we want to talk about habits in the present, we use the present simple with an advert like usually,

every day: I usually drink tea with my lunch. He catches the same train every day.

Pag 11

9.-Travel, Journey, trip y way 9.1 Travel Significa viajar .Es un verbo y no se puede usar como sustantivo. 9.2 Trip Significa viaje, y se utiliza para viajes cortos de un fin de semana o cosas as. 9.3 Journey Significa trayecto. Se utiliza para hablar cuando viajas de un sitio a otro 9.4 Way Camino o ruta que usas para ir de ir de un sitio a otro 9.5 Examples

1. The journey was scary, I though we were going to crash. 2. I went on a weekend trip to Barcelona. 3. On the way home, can you call for some beer, please? 4. I travelled to Madrid last weekend 5. We travelled for eight hours. It was the longest journey.

Pag 12

10.-At, in or on in time phrases 10.1 At We use at with:

1. Points of time: At three oclock, at the end of the lesson, at midnight.

2. Mealtimes: We can meet at breakfast.

3. The weekend, Christmas and Easter: Why dont we got o the cinema at the weekend?

4. Night when talking about nights in general: I prefer to study at night because it is quieter. 10.2 In We use in:

1. For periods of time: In 2014, in April, in the summer, in the 19th century.

2. For parts of the day: Paola often has a short sleep in the afternoon. (But Paula slept for two hours on Sunday afternoon).

3. To say the period of time before something happens or how long something takes: Ill be going to

university in six weeks time. He did the writing task in just 13 minutes. 10.3 On We use on:

1. For particular dates, parts of days or types of days: He was born on July 13th.whats are you doing

on Sunday night?. I got married on a sunny day in August.

Pag 13

11.- Present perfect simple and continuous Both the present perfect simple and present perfect continuous talk about something which started in the past and:

Either has a result in the present: hes twisted his ankle, so he cant play football with us this afternoon. Ive been partying all weekend, so Im feeling tired now.

Or is still happening now: Weve been building an extension to our house (and we havent finished yet).

Often they are interchangeable. However: 11.1 the present perfect simple:

Emphasises the result: Ive phoned all my friends and theyre coming to the party.

Says how much of an activity is complete: Ive written two essays. 11.2 The present perfect continuous

Emphasises the action: Ive been phoning my friends (and thats why havent done my homework).

Says how long the activity has been in progress: Ive been studying all afternoon. 12.- Diferencia entre gone y been 12.1 Been Lo utilizamos para indicar que una persona ha ido y ha vuelto de un sitio.

12.2 Gone Se utiliza para indicar que ha ido a un sitio pero no ha vuelto.

Pag 14

Writing 1.-Linking words 1.1 to show contrast

English Spanish Even though A pesar de que Although Aunque Whereas Mientras que However Sin embargo but Pero,sino In contrast Por el contrario, a direrencia On the other hand Por otro lado

1.2 to show similarly

English Spanish Similarly Similarmente, de manera similar Like Como (comparative). Equally equitativamente In a similar way De manera similar likewise Igualmente, as mismo.

1.3 to give examples

English Spanish For example Por ejemplo e.g. Abreviatura de por ejemplo Such as Tal como, como, parecido For instance Por ejemplo

1.4 to express result

English Spanish So A s que, por lo que. Then Entonces Consequently Por consiguiente, entonces Therefore Por lo tanto, por eso As a result Como resultado, como consecuencia thus As, por consiguiente

Pag 15

1.5 to express reasons 1.6 to express sequence

English Spanish First primero To start with Empezar con Then Entonces,despus, en ese momento. After this Despus de esto Afterwards Despus, luego, ms tarde Finally Por fin, de manera definitiva lastly Finalmente, por ltimo

1.7 to clarify/explain

1.8 to conclude

English Spanish In short En sntesis, para resumir, en pocas palabras Briefly En pocas palabras, en resumen To sum up Para resumir To summarise Para resumir In conclusion En conclusion

1.9 to add information

English Spanish And Y, y tambin Also Tambin, adems In addition adems Besides Adems, aparte Not onlybut also No solo sino tambin

English Spanish because Porque,debido a, por causa de since Porque, dado que, ya que Due to Debido a That is why Es por eso que

English Spanish In other words en otras palabras, dicho de otro modo That is to say o sea, es decir Another way de otro modo, de otra manera

Pag 16

Vocabulario

English Spanish Aims Objetivos Affair Asunto, aventura, reunion

Starting off Iniciar, comenzar Play on (the playstation, wiietc) Jugar con (la playstation, wii).

Amused Divertido Get on with Continuar haciento algo, especialmente un trabajo.

Do up Redecorar, renovar Clear up Limpiar, ordenar Go on Continuar

Wear out Agotar, cansar Pick up Recoger a alguien, recoger algo. Drawers cajonera

Nothing else Nada ms. Se dice cuando terminas una frase. Household task/chores Tareas domesticas Cook o prepare meal Cocinar o preparar comida

Tidy Ordinar, limpiar Do the cleaning Limpiar la clasa

Dust the furniture Limpiar el polvo Make the bed Hacer la cama

Hang the washing out to dry Tender la colada para secar Sweep the floor Fregar el suelo Wash the dishes Fregar los platos Mop the floor Barrer el suelo

Do the washing up lavar Do the ironing planchar

Set the table/ Lay the table Poner la mesa Clear the table Quitar la mesa

Take out the bins/rubbish Sacar la basura Recycle reciclar

Doing the chores Hacienda las tareas Have a duty to help Tener el deber de ayudar

Bag pipes gaitas Cliffs Acantilados

Promenade Paseo martimo Treadmill cinta de correr Underline Subrayar Circulate Hacer un circulo

No have a clue No tener ni idea Take risk Hacer cosas peligrosas Have a go intentar Take up Primera vez que haces algo

Keep a promise Mantener una promesa Get hold of Conseguir

Make up Inventar Sum up Resumir

Pag 17

English Spanish

Approach Acercarse, aproximarse Treat Tratar, invitar, sorpresa

Lack of respect Falta de respeto Stepdaughter hijastra

To hold Esperar, contener Bring up Sacar un tema

Untidy room Habitacin desordenada fair Justo, imparcial,feria.

Run the shop Estar a cargo de equally equitativamente

Countryside campo Nearby Cerca, prximo.

Impressive Impresionante, impactante. Leisure Ocio,tiempo libre Pleasure Placer Thrills Emocin,entusiasmo,

Window-shopping Ir de escaparates Encourage Animar, alentar

Require Requerir, demandar Distract Distraer, entretener Brand marca

Head off Salir, irse, desviar clamber Trepar(con out sera salir trepando).

Shot Arruinado, herido, daado(con off es salir disparado). High-pitched Agudo

Straw paja Heap of Pila o montn de Elated Exultante, eufrico

Waking Soar despierto Starting up Puesta en marcha

Alleway callejn Smack Bofetada, torta, golpear Bend Doblar, inclinarse Snap romperse

Handlebars manillar Cookery Cocina(de cocinar, no la cocina fisica)

Keen Cook Cocinero aficionado Fairly bastante

Complain Quejarse, reclamar Come around Pasarse, dejarse caer

Delightful delicioso Demanding Exigente

Dreadful Terrible, espantoso Superb Magnfico, soberbio

Time-consuming Prdida de tiempo, que lleva tiempo Puzzle Desconcertar

Pag 18

English Spanish

Rely Depender, confiar Go off(explode) Explotar

Put off(postpone) posponer Let someone off Excusar a alguien para hacer algo Show off(boast) presumir

Set off Salir, partir, empezar un viaje Cut off desconectar

challenging Desafiante,retador Campingsite Sitio de acampada

Tent Tienda de campaa Tornado Tornado

Backpacking mochilero Hitch Enganche Hike Caminata,escursin a pie

Chinney Casa rural Canoeing piragismo City break Desconectar en un pequeo viaje a la ciudad Sightseeing Ir a ver esculturas, puntos de interes Youth hostel Hostal barato que compartes habitacion y bao. Guest house Casa de invitados Rural house Casa rurarl

Lodge alojarse cabin Cabina(como la de mijas) Slope Pista de esqui

Half board Media pension All inclusive Todo incluido, pensin completa

Sunbath Tomar el sol Selft-catering Te llevas tu comida Themed hostel Hostal tematico Rollercoaster Montaa rusa

Make the most of your time Aprovechar el tiempo Sickness Marearse

Jail Carcel, encarcelar Overland Ir por tierra, por carretera

Forthcoming Prximo viaje Homeward La vuelta de un viaje Outward La ida de un viaje

Round trip Viaje de ida y vuelta Extended Muy largo Unaware No conocer, ignorer,no ser consciente Jellyfish medusa

Sting Picadura, pinchazo, ardor Bothered to mention Vale la pena mencinar

Sea-snakes Culebra marina shelter Refugio

Pag 19

English Spanish

Kicking toddler Nio pataleando stretch estirarse

legroom Espacio par alas piernas counter Argumentar,mostrador, ventanilla groaned Crujir, quejarse

Palm tree Palmeras Grass Hierba

Force someone to do something Obligor a alguin a hacer algo. Underwear Ropa interior

lousy Malsimo,horrible,asqqueroso sunshine Luz del sol

sink hundirse stares Mirar fijamente, quedarse mirando

shaggy greudo sprung De muelles, de resortes Reckon Pensar, creer

Frozen wastes Tierras heladas

Pag 20

Phrasal verbs

Prhasal verb Description Clear up

Make a place tidy by removing things from it or putting where they should be

Do up Repair or decorate a building so that it looks attractive Go for Choose Go on Continue

Pick up Collect (or go and get) someone or something Wear out Make someone extremely tired

Get on with Continue doing something, specially work (not) have a clue Have any idea/knowledge

Have a go Try to do something Get hold of Obtain something (conseguir, hacerse con, pillar a alguien).

Take up When start a new hobby or activity (sports) Have a go Try something Take risk Do something dangerous Make up Tell a story thats not true/make an excuse

Keep a promise You give your word in something and you do it.

Not have a clue Be completely unable to guess, understand or deal with

something

Sum up Describe the important facts or characteristics about

something or someone Written in a few words