Teori-Teori Inteligensi · •spatial: Ability to perceive the world accurately and to transform...

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Teori-Teori Inteligensi

Transcript of Teori-Teori Inteligensi · •spatial: Ability to perceive the world accurately and to transform...

Page 1: Teori-Teori Inteligensi · •spatial: Ability to perceive the world accurately and to transform and recreate perceptions. • musical: Sensitivity to pitch, tone, timbre, and musical

Teori-Teori Inteligensi

Page 2: Teori-Teori Inteligensi · •spatial: Ability to perceive the world accurately and to transform and recreate perceptions. • musical: Sensitivity to pitch, tone, timbre, and musical

TEKNIK PEMBUATAN

TES INTELIGENSI

• FAKTOR ANALISA

• Penelitian ini dimulai dengan mengkorelasikan nilai2 yg didapat oleh orang yg sama dalam beberapa tes kemamp yang diikuti oleh orang tsb.

• Setelah itu, dianalisa dgn statistik dlm rangka mencari faktor2 atau traits2 yang umum dalam tes itu.

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• Prinsip utama dari analisa faktor adalah membuat

data menjadi sederhana dgn cara mpkecil

variable2 atau dimensi2 penting yang ada di dalam

tes.

• Dpl, mencari “tema” utama (atau “payung” tema)

dari tes2 yang ada tanpa harus mengorbankan

data2 yg banyak di dalam tes!

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Theories of Intelligence 1) Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory

2) Thurstone’s Multiple Factor Theory

3) Structure of Intellect Model

4) Hierarchical Model of Intelligence

5) Cattell's Two-Factor Theory

6) Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

7) Information Processing of Intelligence.

Page 5: Teori-Teori Inteligensi · •spatial: Ability to perceive the world accurately and to transform and recreate perceptions. • musical: Sensitivity to pitch, tone, timbre, and musical

Spearman’s Two Factor Theory

Charles Spearman (1863-1945)

• g (general intelligence): melibatkan tugas-tugas yang membutuhkan kemamp kognitif.

• s (specific intelligence): pengetahuan/informasi dan kemamp spesifik yang dimiliki oleh sso yg khusus digunakan untuk menampilkan tugas-tugas tertentu.

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Dalam suatu tes, faktor :

- g = faktor2 yg selalu ada dalam semua tes atau hampir semua tes bermuatan tinggi dan signifikan pd 1 faktor. Misal : Tes SPM

- s = hanya 1 tes yang memiliki muatan tinggi pd faktor tsb = ciri khas. Misal : tes ketelitian, tes numerik.

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Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities

– Primary mental abilities are independent of each other.

– His seven primary mental abilities are:

spatial visualization

verbal meaning

word fluency

number facility

memory

Reasoning

perceptual speed

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- “Primary Mental Ability” = group factor

- V = verbal compre = faktor2nya adl reading compre, verbal analogies, disarraged sentences, verbal reasoning, dll = it is most adequately measured by vocab test

- W = word fluency = rhyming, naming words in a given category (eg. Sebutkan nama anak laki2, atau sebutkan kata yg diawali huruf S)

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- N = number = kecepatan dan ketepatan dalam penghitungan aritmatik sederhana.

- S = space = geometric relation

- M = associative memory = menuntut kemamp mengingat = misal diminta menyebutkan gambar yg baru saja diperlihatkan

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- P = perceptual speed = misal diminta untuk

menyebutkan perbedaan dan persamaan

gambar

- I = induction (general reasoning) =

penalaran induktif dan deduktif.

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Structure-of-Intellect Model

- Berangkat dari keinginan para ahli faktor

analisa untuk membuat hub trait (dari

begitu banyak trait yg terukur dlm 1

battery tes) lebih simpel.

- Dgn cara mengorganisasikan trait yg ada

ke dalam skema yang sistematis

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- Operations = apa yg dilakukan oleh si testee. Termasuk

didalamnya kognisi, memori recording, memory retention,

divergent production (creativity), convergent production,

dan evaluasi

- Contents = sifat dari materi2 yg digunakan untuk

mengukur kinerja sso dlm tes tsb = simbol2 (angka, huruf),

semantic (kata2), tingkah laku, dll

- Products = output = bentuk informasi yg dihasilkan oleh

testee – units, klas, dll.

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Hierarchical Theories

- An alternative schema for the organization

factors

- Burt, Humprey, dan Vernon

- Lihat hal 316 Anastasi atau Sattler hal 49

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Cattell’s Two Factor Theory • crystallized intelligence (CI):

Includes abilities such as reasoning and verbal and numerical skills.

• fluid intelligence (FI) : Skills such as spatial and visual imagery, the ability to notice visual details, and rote memory.

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• CI : memerlukan kemampuan dan pengetahuan dari masa lampau yang sgt tergantung budaya.

• CI melibatkan fungsi kognitif dan pembelajaran berulang kali. Erat kaitannya dengan mental product dan prestasi.

• Contoh tesnya : vocab, general information, abstract word analogies.

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• FI : merujuk pada kemampuan mental yang

bebas budaya dan minim verbal

• FI melibatkan suatu kemampuan yang

mempermudah sso belajar hal-hal baru. Erat

kaitannya dengan mental operation dan

proses.

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• Contoh tes2nya : figure analysis, figure

classification, number and letter series,

matrices, dll

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Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

• linguistic: Sensitivity to the meaning and order of words, as well as the functions of language.

• logical-mathematical: Ability to handle chains of reasoning, numerical relations, and hierarchical relations.

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• spatial: Ability to perceive the world accurately and to transform and recreate perceptions.

• musical: Sensitivity to pitch, tone, timbre, and musical patterns.

• body-kinesthetic: Ability to use one’s body or to work with objects in highly differentiated and skillful ways.

• intrapersonal: Ability to understand one’s own feelings and use them to guide behavior.

• interpersonal: Ability to notice and make distinctions among the moods, temperaments, motivations, and intentions of others.

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Pendekatan Informasi-Prosesing

dalam Inteligensi

• Inteligensi terbagi menjadi dua sistem, yaitu :

1. Architectural System

- ialah : propertis yang didapat sec genetis yang fungsinya sebagai tempat pemrosesan informasi, seperti kapasitas memori, retention of stimulus traces, efficiency (or speedof encoding and decoding information)

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• Terbagi menjadi 3 :

a. Kapasitas (memory span)

b. Durability (retention of stimulus traces)

c. Efficiency

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2. The Executive System

- ialah : komponen yang dipelajari melalui

lingkungan yang dapat menghantarkan

indv u/ problem solving

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• Terbagi menjadi 4 :

a. Knowledge base : pengetahuan dapat memberikan informasi kepada otak, jadi otak tahu info mana yang harus disimpan atau dibuang

b. Schemes : Struktus kognitif yang abstrak, mengasimilasi atau mengakomodasi info baru

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c. Control Process : strategi dan peraturan yang

berguna sebagai alat untuk mengingat,

memahami, dan aktivitas kognitif lainnya.

d. Metacognition : thought about thought or

awareness of one’s own thougt processes and

strategies of thought.