UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLÓGICA DE EL SALVADOR

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE

TEACHER´S NAME: MR.WHITE

SUBJECT: GRAMMAR I

STUDENT: JACQUELINE VANESSA

ZÚNIGA COLORADO.

The simple past

Expresses an action in the past taking place once, never, several times. It can also be used for actions taking place one after another or in the middle of another action.

To make the past simple tense, we use:

Past form onlyAuxiliary did + base formHere you can see examples of the past form and base form for irregular verbs and

regular verbs:

The structure for positive sentences in the past simple tense is:

subject + main verb past

The structure for negative sentences in the past simple tense is:

subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb did base

The structure for question sentences in the past simple tense is:

auxiliary verb + subject + main verb did base

The auxiliary verb did is not conjugated. It is the same for all persons (I did, you did, he did etc). And the base form and past form do not change. Look at these examples with the main verbs go and work:

Use

1) action finished in the past

I visited Berlin last week.

2) series of completed actions in the past

First I got up, then I had breakfast

3) together with the Past Progressive/Continuous - The Simple Past interrupted an action which was in progress in the past.

They were playing cards when the telephone rang.

Signal words

yesterday, last week, a month ago, in 2002

Form

- with regular verbs: infinitive + -ed - with irregular verbs: 2nd column of the table of the irregular verbs

Examples

Affirmative sentences:

regular verbs irregular verbs

I played football. I went to the cinema.

We visited Alaska last year.

We were in Rome yesterday.

Negative sentences:

You must not negate a full verb in English. Always use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do) for negations.

I played football.

I didn't play football.

He didn't play football.

Questions:

Use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do). Did you play football? Did he play football?

Simple Past

1. Simple Past: Form

Regular verbs: base+ed e.g. walked, showed, watched, played, smiled, stopped Irregular verbs: see list of verbs

Simple past, be, have, do:

Subject Verb

Be Have Do I was had did

You were had did

He, she, it was had did

We were had did

You were had did

They were had did

Affirmative

• I was in Japan last year • She had a headache yesterday. • We did our homework last night.

Negative and interrogative

• They weren't in Rio last summer. • We hadn't any money. • We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower. • We didn't do our exercises this morning. • Were they in Iceland last January? • Did you have a bicycle when you were a boy? • Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?

Simple past, regular verbs

Affirmative

Subject verb + ed I washed Negative

Subject did not infinitive without to They didn't visit ... Interrogative

Did subject infinitive without to Did she arrive...? Interrogative negative

Did not subject infinitive without to Didn't you like..?

Example: to walk, simple past.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative I walked I didn't walk Did I walk? You walked You didn't walk Did you walk?

He,she,it walked He didn't walk Did he walk? We walked We didn't walk Did we walk? You walked You didn't walk Did you walk? They walked They didn't walk Did they walk?

Note: For the negative and interrogative form of all verbs in the simple past, always use the auxiliary 'did''.

Examples: Simple past, irregular verbs

to go

He went to a club last night.

• Did he go to the cinema last night? • He didn't go to bed early last night.

to give

• We gave her a doll for her birthday. • They didn't give John their new address. • Did Barry give you my passport?

to come

• My parents came to visit me last July. • We didn't come because it was raining. • Did he come to your party last week?

2. Simple past, function

The simple past is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. Duration is not important. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past.

• John Cabot sailed to America in 1498. • My father died last year. • He lived in Fiji in 1976. • We crossed the Channel

yesterday.

You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with certain past time expressions

Examples

• frequency: often, sometimes, always;

• a definite point in time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago.

• an indefinite point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago etc.

Examples

Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva. She finished her work at seven o'clock. We saw a good film last week. I went to the theatre last night. She played the piano when she was a child. He sent me a letter six months ago. Peter left five minutes ago.

Past Continuous tense It is used to express a continued or ongoing action in past, an ongoing action which occurred in past and completed at some point in past. It expresses an ongoing nature of an action in past. For example, “he was laughing.” This sentence shows ongoing action (laughing) of a person which occurred in past. Past continuous tense is also called past progressive.

The past continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the past. The action started before that moment but has not finished at that moment. For example, yesterday I watched a film on TV. The film started at 7pm and finished at 9pm.

At 8pm yesterday, I was watching TV.

past present future

8pm

At 8pm, I was in the middle of watching

TV.

When we use the past continuous tense, our listener usually knows or understands what time we are talking about. Look at these examples:

• I was working at 10pm last night. • They were not playing football at 9am this morning.

• What were you doing at 10pm last night? • What were you doing when he arrived? • She was cooking when I telephoned her. • We were having dinner when it started to rain. • Ram went home early because it was snowing.

We often use the past continuous tense to "set the scene" in stories. We use it to describe the background situation at the moment when the action begins. Often, the story starts with the past continuous tense and then moves into the simple past tense. Here is an example:

“James Bond was driving through town. It was raining. The wind was blowing hard. Nobody was walking in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a telephone box..."

Past Continuous Tense + Simple Past Tense

We often use the past continuous tense with the simple past tense. We use the past continuous tense to express a long action. And we use the simple past tense to express a short action that happens in the middle of the long action. We can join the two ideas with when or while.

In the following example, we have two actions:

1. long action (watching TV), expressed with past continuous tense 2. short action (telephoned), expressed with simple past tense

past present future

Long action.

I was watching TV at 8pm.

8pm

You telephoned at 8pm.

Short action.

We can join these two actions with when:

• I was watching TV when you telephoned.

(Notice that "when you telephoned" is also a way of defining the time [8pm].)

We use:

• when + short action (simple past tense) • while + long action (past continuous tense)

There are four basic combinations:

I was walking past the car when it exploded.

When the car exploded I was walking past it.

The car exploded while I was walking past it.

While I was walking past the car it exploded.

The structure of the past continuous tense is:

subject + auxiliary verb BE + main verb

conjugated in simple past tense present participle

was were

base + ing

For negative sentences in the past continuous tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past continuous tense:

subject auxiliary verb main verb

+ I was watching TV.

+ You were working hard.

- He, she, it was not helping Mary.

- We were not joking.

? Were you being silly?

? Were they playing football?

The Past Continuous Tense

The past continuous tense is most often used for actions happening at some time in the past.

For actions happening at some time in the past

When we want to talk about an action that was happening over a period of time in the past, we use the past continuous tense. Look at these examples:

The past continuous is very often used with the past simple to say that something happened in the middle of something else. In each of the following examples, the single event (past simple) happens in the middle of a longer action (past continuous).

Ø At this time last week I was lying on the beach in Florida. Ø My mother was working in the garden so she didn't hear the telephone when I called her yesterday. Ø Ø I had my car fixed because it wasn't working properly. Ø Sorry, I wasn't listening. Can you say it again please? Ø What were you doing at 8 o'clock yesterday? Ø Why were you talking to John when I saw you in the cafeteriayesterday? Ø I went to lunch too early. The food was still being cooked. (passive)

Ø You phoned while I was having a bath. Ø When I got home yesterday, a cat was sitting on the roof. Ø It started to rain just as we were getting ready to have our picnic. Ø The boy was standing on the table when the principal came into the

room. Ø Many people were shopping in the market when the bomb exploded. Ø I saw Noriko in town yesterday. She was wearing a pink dress and an

orange hat! Ø When I went to bed last night the sun was already beginning to rise. Ø It was lucky we weren't sitting under that tree when the lightning hit. Ø What were you doing when the lights went off last night? Ø Were you watching me when I showed you how to do it? Ø How fast was she driving when she had the accident?

Using the Past Continuous

(Or past progressive tense)

1 A continuous action in the past which is interrupted by another action or a time: I was taking a bath when the telephone rang. At three o'clock, I was working.

2 Background information, to give atmosphere to a story: It was a beautiful day. The birds were singing, the sun was

shining and in the cafes people were laughing and chatting.

3 An annoying and repeated action in the past, usually with 'always': He was always leaving the tap running. (In the same way as the Present Continuous)

4 For two actions which happened at the same time in the past: I was watching TV and he was reading.

Past Continuous / Past Progressive Structure Positive form

Subject + was/were + (-ing) + Complement Examples: - Michael was watching the World Cup match. - They were working all night long. - Josh and Silvia were talking about getting married. Negative form

Subject + wasn’t/weren’t + (-ing) + Complement Examples: - John wasn’t eating because he was feeling sick. - Jeff wasn’t watching TV. - My parents weren’t having a good time because it was very cold in Canada Question Form

(Question Word) + was/were + Subject + (-ing) + Complement - What were you doing last night at around 8:00pm? - Was Jim doing his homework? - Were they sleeping all morning?

The complete structure: (TABLE #1)

Past continuous is very similar IN STRUCTURE to the Present Continuous tense. The only difference is that in the present continuous we use the verb to be in the present (am/is/are) but with the past continuous we use the verb to be in the past (was/were) Compare (TABLE #2) Present Continuous Past Continuous

They are writing They were writing

Pedro isn’t eating Pedro wasn’t eating

Where is he staying? Where was he staying?

- We do not use the auxiliary DID with the past continuous. USE We use the past continuous to talk about an action that was in progress at a certain time in the past, an action at some point in the past between its beginning and end

Example: He was working in the garden at 7 o’clock this morning.

The PAST PERFECT TENSE indicates that an action was completed (finished or "perfected") at some point in the past before something else happened. This tense is formed with the past tense form of "to have" (HAD) plus the past participle of the verb (which can be either regular or irregular in form):

I had walked two miles by lunchtime. I had run three other marathons before entering the

Boston Marathon .

Singular Plural

I had walked we had walked

you had walked you had walked

he/she/it had walked they had walked

Singular Plural

I had slept we had slept

you had slept you had slept

he/she/it had slept they had slept

Singular Plural

I had been we had been

you had been you had been

he/she/it had been they had been

Past perfect

We use the verb had and the past participle for the past perfect:

I had finished the work. She had gone .

The past perfect continuous is formed with had been and the -ing form of the verb:

I had been finishing the work She had been going.

The past perfect is used in the same way as the present perfect, but it refers to a time in the past, not the present.

We use the past perfect tense:

for something that started in the past and continued up to a given time in the past:

When George died he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years. She didn’t want to move. She had lived in Liverpool all her life.

We normally use the past perfect continuous for this:

She didn’t want to move. She had been living in Liverpool all her life. Everything was wet. It had been raining for hours.

for something we had done several times up to a point in the past and continued to do after that point:

He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager. He had written three books and he was working on another one. I had been watching the program me every week, but I missed the last episode.

We often use a clause with since to show when something started in the past:They had been staying with us since the previous week. I was sorry when the factory closed. I had worked there since I left school.

I had been watching that program me every week since it started, but I missed the last episode.

when we are reporting our experience and including up to the (then) present:

My eighteenth birthday was the worst day I had ever had. I was pleased to meet George. I hadn’t met him before, even though I had met his wife several times.

for something that happened in the past but is important at the time of reporting:

I couldn’t get into the house. I had lost my keys. Teresa wasn’t at home. She had gone shopping.

We use the past perfect to talk about the past in conditions, hypotheses and wishes:I would have helped him if he had asked.

It was very dangerous. What if you had got lost? I wish I hadn’t spent so much money last month.

The Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect tense is most often used for the following:

- For actions that happened before a past event - In reported speech - In if (conditional) sentences

How to form the past perfect | Past perfect continuous

For actions that happened before a past event

When we want to talk about an action that happened before a past event, we often use the past perfect. Look at these examples:

• When I got home yesterday, my father had already cooked dinner. • I didn't want to go to the movies with my friends because I had

seen the film already. • My friend offered me an apple in class yesterday, but I wasn't hungry

because I had just eaten lunch. • I arrived very late at the party. All my friends had already gone home. • As soon as she had done her homework, she went to bed. • I was very tired as I hadn't slept well for several days. • Had you seen the film before?

Notice how often words like already, just, never etc. are used with the past perfect.

In reported speech

The past perfect is common when we report people's words or thoughts .., as in the following examples:

• John said that he had never eaten sushi before. • She told me that she had finished, but I knew she had not. • She wondered why he had been so unkind to her. • He told me he hadn't done his homework, but he was hoping to finish

it on the bus. • I thought I had sent her a birthday card, but I was wrong.

In if (conditional) sentences

The past perfect tense is used in unreal or hypothetical stituations, as in the following sentences:

• If I had known you were in Frankfurt, I would have called you. (but I didn't know you were here so I didn't call you!)

• If I had had enough money, I would have bought you a better present. (but I didn't have enough money.)

• I would have been very angy if you had laughed when I got the answer wrong. (but you didn't laugh, so I wasn't angry.)

• She wouldn't have been able to finish, if you hadn't helped her. (but you did help her and she did finish.)

• I wish I had studied for my exams. (but I didn't study - and I got bad grades!)

I

The structure of the past perfect continuous tense is:

subject + auxiliary verb HAVE + auxiliary verb BE

+ main verb

conjugated in simple past tense

past participle present participle

had been base + ing

For negative sentences in the past perfect continuous tense, we insert not after the first auxiliary verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and first auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past perfect continuous tense:

subject auxiliary verb auxiliary verb main verb

+ I had been working.

+ You had been playing tennis.

- It had not been working well.

- We had not been expecting her.

? Had you been drinking?

? Had they been waiting long?

When speaking with the past perfect continuous tense, we often contract the subject and first auxiliary verb:

I had been I'd been

you had been you'd been

he had she had been it had been

he'd been she'd been it'd been

we had been we'd been

they had been they'd been

The past perfect continuous tense is like the past perfect tense, but it expresses longer actions in thepast before another action in the past. For example: Ram started waiting at 9am. I arrived at 11am. When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two hours.

Ram had been waiting for two hours when I arrived.

past present future

Ram starts waiting in past at 9am.

9 11

I arrive in past at 11am.

Here are some more examples:

Ø John was very tired. He had been running. Ø I could smell cigarettes. Somebody had been smoking.

Ø Suddenly, my car broke down. I was not surprised. It had not been running well for a long time.

Ø Had the pilot been drinking before the crash?

You can sometimes think of the past perfect continuous tense like the present perfect continuous tense, but instead of the time being now the time is past.

past perfect continuous tense

present perfect continuous tense

had | been | doing |

>>>> |

| | | |

| | | |

have | been | doing |

>>>> |

past now future past now future

"I am angry. I have been waiting for two hours."

Later, you tell your friends:

"Ram was angry. He had been waiting for two hours."

Singular Plural

I had been walking we had been walking

you had been walking you had been walking

he/she/it had been walking they had been walking

Singular Plural

I had been sleeping we had been sleeping

you had been sleeping you had been sleeping

he/she/it had been sleeping they had been sleeping

Singular Plural

There is no past perfect progressive for the "to be" verb. "Had been being" is expressed simply as "had been": "We had been being successful before, but we somehow lost our knack."

The Past Perfect Progressive Tense

1. The past perfect progressive, to refer to the action that was in process

2. The past simple to refer to the action that happened after the first action

1. Ben had been working for three hours when Rachel came home. 2. By the time Sam found an umbrella, it had been raining for ten

minutes. To form the past perfect progressive, use the auxiliary (helping) verb had + been + verbing (present participle).

Subject Have/Has + Been + Verbing

Rest of Sentence

I / You / We / They He / She / It

had been talking for two hours when he got up and left

had been texting her long before they met

Note: The order of phrases may be switched, but the meaning will stay the same.

1. By the time Catherine got to the office, the client had been waitingfor an hour.

2. The client had been waiting for an hour by the time Catherine got to the office.

Past Perfect Simple or Past Perfect Progressive (Continuous) When you begin a sentence with a time expression, put a comma (,) after the first part of the sentence.

In general, use the past perfect simple when the first action started in the past and ended before the second action began. Use the past perfect progressive when that first action was still in progress when the second action began. Remember, both actions ended in the past.

1. I had fed the dogs before I tripped and fell. 2. I had been feeding the dogs when I tripped and fell.

Negative Sentences in the Past Perfect Progressive (Continuous) Useful

Time Expressions in the Past Perfect Progressive (Continuous)

• Use since with a specific hour, month, year or a period in the past > since 2002 /since Tuesday

• Use for with a number of hours, days, months or years > for twenty years

• Use already between had and the verb > had already been flying • Use before, when and by the time before the past simple

> when they saw the boys When creating negative sentences, we use the auxiliary (helping) verb hadn’t (had not) + been + the ing (present participle) form of the verb.

Subject Auxiliary Verb

Been + Verbing

Rest of Sentence

I / You / We / They He / She / It

hadn’t (had not)

been sleeping when you arrived

1. I hadn’t been feeling well, so I sent him away. 2. Simon had not been expecting a positive answer when he got a

job. 3. The hikers hadn’t been walking long before they got lost.

Yes/No Questions in the Past Perfect Progressive (Continuous) To create a question that will be answered with a yes or no, use Had (or Hadn’t for a negative question) + been + the ing (present participle) form of the verb.

Auxiliary Verb

Subject Been + Verbing

Rest of Sentence

Had I / you / we / they he / she / it

been working when she called

Hadn’t been assisting you

1. Had he been drinking when you found him? 2. Had the manager been complaining about Jim before she fired

him? 3. Hadn’t the snow been falling for hours before then?

Wh-Questions in the Past Perfect Progressive (Continuous) Wh- questions are questions that require more information in their answers. Typical wh- words are what, where, when, why, which, who, how, how many, how much.

To form a wh-question, start with the wh-word, then add had, then the subject (a person or thing that had been doing the action), followed by been and the ing (present participle) form of the verb, and only then add the rest of the sentence.

Wh-Word

Auxiliary Verb

Subject Been + Verbing

Rest of Sentence

What

had I / you / we / they he / she / it

been doing until then

Who been dating before me

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do. Examples:

Ø I play tennis. Ø She does not play tennis. Ø Does he play tennis? Ø The train leaves every morning at 8 AM. Ø The train does not leave at 9 AM. Ø When does the train usually leave? Ø She always forgets her purse.

Simple present, third person singular

1. he, she, it: in the third person singular the verb always ends in -s: he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.

2. Negative and question forms use DOES (=the third person of the auxiliary'DO') +the infinitive of the verb. He wants. Does he want? He does not want.

3. Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies: fly flies, cry cries Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y: play plays, pray prays

4. Add -es to verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch: he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes

See also Verbs -'Regular verbs in the simple present', and 'Be, do & have'

Examples

1. Third person singular with s or -es

• He goes to school every morning. • She understands English. • It mixes the sand and the water. • He tries very hard. • She enjoys playing the piano.

2. Simple present, form

Affirmative Interrogative Negative I think Do I think ? I do not think. You think Do you think? You don't think. he, she, it thinks Does he, she, it think? He, she, it doesn't think. we think Do we think? We don't think. you think Do you think? You don't think.

The simple present is used:

1. to express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes: I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large city (general truth)

2. to give instructions or directions: You walk for two hundred metres, then you turn left.

3. to express fixed arrangements, present or future: Your exam starts at 09.00

4. to express future time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon as, until: He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.

Examples

1. For habits He drinks tea at breakfast. She only eats fish. They watch television regularly.

2. For repeated actions or events We catch the bus every morning. It rains every afternoon in the hot season. They drive to Monaco every summer.

3. For general truths Water freezes at zero degrees. The Earth revolves around the Sun. Her mother is Peruvian.

4. For instructions or directions Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water. You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.

5. For fixed arrangements His mother arrives tomorrow. Our holiday starts on the 26th March

6. With future constructions She'll see you before she leaves. We'll give it to her when she arrives.

1: First, we use the Present Simple when something is generally true:

• The sun rises in the east. • People need food. • It snows in winter. • The sky isn't green. • Plants die without water. • Two and two make four.

2: We also need to use this tense for a situation that we think is more or less permanent (see the present continuous for a temporary situation - one which we think won't last long):

• Where do you live? • She works in a bank. • They love coffee. • She has three children. • I am married. • I don't like mushrooms.

3: The next use is for habits or things that we do regularly. We often use adverbs of frequency in this case (also see the present continuous for new, temporary or annoying habits):

• Do you smoke? • I play tennis every Tuesday. • We often go to the cinema. • She gets up at seven o'clock every day. • At the weekend, we usually go to the market. • How often do you study English? • I don't travel very often.

4: Four, we use the simple present to talk about what happens in books, plays, or films:

• The hero dies at the end of the film. • A young woman travels through Europe, where

she meets different people, and finally falls in love. • In this book, an army invades Britain. • The main character is very pretty and works in a bookshop.

5: We use it in the first and the zero conditionals:

• If it rains, I won't come. • If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.

6: Strangely, we can use this tense to talk about the future. When you are discussing a timetable or a fixed plan, you can use this tense. Usually, the timetable is fixed by an organisation, not by us:

• School begins at nine tomorrow. • Our train leaves at eleven. • What time does the film start? • The plane doesn't arrive at seven, it arrives at seven thirty. • When does the class finish?

7: We also use it to talk about the future after words like ' 'when', 'until', 'after', 'before' and 'as soon as' in a future sentence:

• I will call you when I have time. (Not: 'will have') • I won't go out until it stops raining. • She'll come as soon as her babysitter arrives. • I'm going to make dinner after I watch the news. • I'll give you the book before you go.

8: We need to use this simple tense with stative verbs (verbs which we don't use in continuous tenses), in situations where we'd usually use the present continuous:

• This soup tastes great. • You look fabulous. • I think she is very pretty. • I am cold. • I promise I will help you.

1. We use the Present Continuous Tense to talk about activities happening now.

Examples The kids are watching TV. I am sitting down, because I am tired. I am not learning German, because this is an English class. Who are you writing to?

2. We can also use the Present Continuous Tense to talk about activities happening around now, and not necessarily this very moment.

Examples Sally is studying really hard for her exams this week. I am reading a really interesting book now. How are you brushing up on your English for the trip? We aren't working hard these days.

3. The Present Continuous Tense is also used to talk about activities happening in the near future, especially for planned future events.

Examples I am seeing my dentist on Wednesday. Polly is coming for dinner tomorrow. Are you doing anything tonight? We aren't going on holiday next week.

The present continuous tense

El tiempo presente progresivo

Take a look at this example

situation:

Observa este ejemplo ilustrativo:

Albert is in his yellow new car. He is on his way back home. He is driving now. He is driving and waving....He is smiling....He is happy....He is driving, waving and smiling......

Alberto está en su nuevo auto amarillo. Está regresando a casa. Está manejando. Manejando y saludando...Está sonriendo...Está felíz....Manejando, saludando y sonriendo....

This is the present continuous tense. We use the verb to be with the corresponding pronoun: (see unit 2)

Este es el tiempo presente progresivo. Utilizamos el verbo to be con el pronombre que corresponda: (ver unidad 2)

I am yo estoy he /she / it is el / ella está you / we / they are etc

And we use a following verb with an -ing ending.

Y utilizamos el verbo que sigue con la terminación -ing

driving manejando

waving

saludando

smiling etc

sonriendo

Uses of this tense: Usos de este tiempo verbal:

1)To indicate that an action or situation is happening now, at the time of speaking. This very instant....

Para indicar que una acción o situación está sucediendo ahora, en el momento de hablar...En este instante....

He is reading a book now...Make silence!

Está leyendo un libro ahora...¡Haz silencio!

Peter is listening to the radio

at this moment.

Pedro está escuchando la radio ahora.

It is raining at present....Let`s

stay at home!!!

Está lloviendo en este momento...¡Quedémonos en casa!

Carina is dancing with her new friend now. They are practising for a tv programme.

Carina está bailando ahora con su nuevo amigo. Están practicando para un programa de televisión.

2)

We also use the present continuous tense for changing situations:

También usamos el tiempo presente progresivo para situaciones cambiantes:

This plant is growing very fast....We need another pot

Esta planta está creciendo muy rápido..... Necesitamos otra maceta.

Maradona is ill. But he is getting better now.

Maradona está enfermo. Pero ahora se está mejorando.

3)

To talk about something happening around the time of speaking, but not necessarily at the time of speaking:

Para hablar de algo que sucede cerca del momento de hablar, pero no necesariamente en ese preciso instante.

Now she is having a bath. But she is an important writer. She is writing a book on global warming

Ella ahora está tomando un baño. Pero es una escritora importante. Está escribiendo un libro que trata del calentamiento global.

Now he is on vacations...But he is

building his own house next to ours...

Ahora está de vacaciones...Pero está construyendo su propia casa cerca de la nuestra...

Present continuous

The present continuous tense is formed from the present tense of the verb be and the present participle (-ing form) of a verb:

Use

Negative forms: Formas negativas:

To turn all the previous sentences into negative ones, you simply have to add ''not''

Para cambiar las anteriores oraciones a negativas, sólo tienes que agregar ''not''

We use am not ( 'm not) driving Utilice no estoy ( 'm not) manejando

is not ( 's not ) playing no está ( 's not) jugando, tocando etc

are not ( 're not) studying etc -depending on the pronoun-

no estamos etc ( 're not) estudiando etc -depende del pronombre utilizado-

Examples: Ejemplos:

He is not studying. He is

sleeping....

No está estudiando. Está durmiendo.

She is not reading. She is writing.

No está leyendo. Está escribiendo.

He is not laughing. He is crying....

No se está riendo. Está llorando....

1. We use the present continuous tense to talk about the present:

• for something that is happening at the moment of speaking:

I’m just leaving work. I’ll be home in an hour. Please be quiet. The children are sleeping.

• for something which is happening before and after a given time:

At eight o’clock we are usually having breakfast. When I get home the children are doing their homework.

• for something which we think is temporary:

Michael is at university. He’s studying history. I’m working in London for the next two weeks.

• for something which is new and contrasts with a previous state:

These days most people are using email instead of writing letters. What sort of clothes are teenagers wearing nowadays? What sort of music are they listening to?

• to show that something is changing, growing or developing:

The children are growing quickly. The climate is changing rapidly. Your English is improving.

• for something which happens again and again:

It’s always raining in London. They are always arguing. George is great. He’s always laughing.

Note: We normally use always with this use.

2. We use the present continuous tense to talk about the future:

• for something which has been arranged or planned:

Mary is going to a new school next term. What are you doing next week?

3. We can use the present continuous to talk about the past:

• When we are telling a story: • When we are summarising the story from a book, film or play etc.:

Present Continuous tense for the future

We can also use the present continuous tense to talk about the future - if we add a future word!! We must add (or understand from the context) a future word. "Future words" include, for example,tomorrow, next year, in June, at Christmas etc. We only use the present continuous tense to talk about the future when we have planned to do something before we speak. We have already made a decision and a plan before speaking.

I am taking my exam next month.

past present future

!!!

A firm plan or programme exists now.

The action is in the future.

• We're eating in a restaurant tonight. We've already booked the table..

• They can play tennis with you tomorrow. They're not working. • When are you starting your new job?

Present Continuous or Present Progressive Verb Form

The present continuous of any verb is composed of two parts - the present tense of the verb to be + the present participle of the main verb.

(The form of the present participle is: base+ing, e.g. talking, playing, moving, smiling)

Affirmative

Subject + to be + base + ing

she is talking

Negative

Subject + to be + not + base + ing

she is not (isn't) talking

Interrogative

to be + subject + base + ing

is she talking?

Examples: to go, present continuous

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I am going I am not going Am I going?

You are going You aren't going. Are you going?

He, she, it is going He, she, it isn't going Is he, she, it going?

We are going We aren't going Are we going?

You are going You aren't going Are you going?

They are going They aren't going Are they going?

FORM

[has/have + past participle]

Examples:

• You have seen that movie many times. • Have you seen that movie many times? • You have not seen that movie many times.

Complete List of Present Perfect Forms

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:

Ø I have seen that movie twenty times. Ø I think I have met him once before. Ø There have been many earthquakes in California. Ø People have traveled to the Moon. Ø People have not traveled to Mars. Ø Have you read the book yet?

Nobody has ever climbed that mountain. A: Has there ever been a war in the United States? B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

TOPIC 1 Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:

Ø I have been to France. THIS SENTENCE MEANS THAT YOU HAVE HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF BEING IN FRANCE. MAYBE YOU HAVE BEEN THERE ONCE, OR SEVERAL TIMES.

Ø I have been to France three times. YOU CAN ADD THE NUMBER OF TIMES AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE.

Ø I have never been to France. THIS SENTENCE MEANS THAT YOU HAVE NOT HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF GOING TO FRANCE.

Ø I think I have seen that movie before. Ø He has never traveled by train. Ø Joan has studied two foreign languages. Ø A: Have you ever met him?

B: No, I have not met him.

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

Examples:

• You have grown since the last time I saw you. • The government has become more interested in arts education. • Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the

university since the Asian studies program was established. • My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

• Man has walked on the Moon. • Our son has learned how to read. • Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. • Scientists have split the atom.

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.

Examples:

• James has not finished his homework yet. • Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate. • Bill has still not arrived. • The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:

• The army has attacked that city five times. • I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester. • We have had many major problems while working on this

project. • She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but

nobody knows why she is sick.

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

Examples:

• Have you been to Mexico in the last year? • I have seen that movie six times in the last month. • They have had three tests in the last week. • She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has

worked for three different companies so far. • My car has broken down three times this week.

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.

Examples:

• I went to Mexico last year. I WENT TO MEXICO IN THE CALENDAR YEAR BEFORE THIS ONE.

• I have been to Mexico in the last year. I HAVE BEEN TO MEXICO AT LEAST ONCE AT SOME POINT BETWEEN 365 DAYS AGO AND NOW.

FORM

[has/have + been + present participle]

Examples:

• You have been waiting here for two hours. • Have you been waiting here for two hours? • You have not been waiting here for two hours.

Complete List of Present Perfect Continuous Forms

USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous.

Examples:

• They have been talking for the last hour. • She has been working at that company for three years. • What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes? • James has been teaching at the university since June. • We have been waiting here for over two hours! • Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three

days? •

USE 2 Recently, Lately

You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning.

Examples:

• Recently, I have been feeling really tired. • She has been watching too much television lately. • Have you been exercising lately? • Mary has been feeling a little depressed. • Lisa has not been practicing her English. • What have you been doing?

IMPORTANT

Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or "recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as "Have you been feeling alright?", it can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly.

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Present Perfect.

Examples:

• Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct • Sam has had his car for two years. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You have only been waiting here for one hour. • Have you only been waiting here for one hour?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• Recently, John has been doing the work. ACTIVE • Recently, the work has been being done by John. PASSIVE

NOTE: Present Perfect Continuous is less commonly used in its passive form.

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

FORM Will

[will + verb]

Examples:

• You will help him later. • Will you help him later? • You will not help him later.

FORM Be Going To

[am/is/are + going to + verb]

Examples:

• You are going to meet Jane tonight. • Are you going to meet Jane tonight? • You are not going to meet Jane tonight.

USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.

Examples:

• I will send you the information when I get it. • I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it. • Will you help me move this heavy table? • Will you make dinner? • I will not do your homework for you. • I won't do all the housework myself! • A: I'm really hungry.

B: I'll make some sandwiches. • A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.

B: I'll get you some coffee. • A: The phone is ringing.

B: I'll get it.

USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise

"Will" is usually used in promises.

Examples:

• I will call you when I arrive. • If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure

everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance. • I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party. • Don't worry, I'll be careful. • I won't tell anyone your secret.

USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan

"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.

Examples:

• He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii. • She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii. • A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?

B: We are going to meet at 6 PM. • I'm going to be an actor when I grow up. • Michelle is going to begin medical school next year. • They are going to drive all the way to Alaska. • Who are you going to invite to the party? • A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?

B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.

USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction

Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.

Examples:

• The year 2222 will be a very interesting year. • The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year. • John Smith will be the next President. • John Smith is going to be the next President. • The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards. • The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.

Future Continuous has two different forms: "will be doing " and "be going to be doing." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.

FORM Future Continuous with "Will"

[will be + present participle]

Examples:

• You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. • Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? • You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

FORM Future Continuous with "Be Going To "

[am/is/are + going to be + present participle]

Examples:

• You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

• Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?

• You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

REMEMBER: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Continuous with little difference in meaning.

Complete List of Future Continuous Forms

USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Future

Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

Examples:

• I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. • I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives. • I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if

anything happens and you need to contact me. • He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see

Jennifer when she arrives.

Notice in the examples above that the interruptions (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.

USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption in the Future

In USE 1, described above, the Future Continuous is interrupted by a short action in the future. In addition to using short actions as interruptions, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.

Examples:

• Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner. I WILL BE IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER.

• At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert. WE WILL BE IN THE PROCESS OF DRIVING THROUGH THE DESERT.

In the Simple Future, a specific time is used to show the time an action will begin or end. In the Future Continuous, a specific time interrupts the action.

Examples:

• Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to eat dinner. I AM GOING TO START EATING AT 6 PM.

• Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner. I AM GOING TO START EARLIER AND I WILL BE IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER AT 6 PM.

USE 3 Parallel Actions in the Future

When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions will be happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

Examples:

• I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner.

• Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.

• While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television. NOTICE "IS READING" BECAUSE OF THE TIME CLAUSE CONTAINING "WHILE." (SEE EXPLANATION BELOW)

USE 4 Atmosphere in the Future

In English, we often use a series of Parallel Actions to describe atmosphere at a specific point in the future.

Example:

• When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and several people are going to be drinking beer. They always do the same thing.

REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future tenses, the Future Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Continuous, Present Continuous is used.

Examples:

• While I am going to be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Not Correct

• While I am finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Correct

AND REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Future Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Future.

Examples:

• Jane will be being at my house when you arrive. Not Correct • Jane will be at my house when you arrive. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You will still be waiting for her when her plane arrives. • Will you still be waiting for her when her plane arrives? • You are still going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives. • Are you still going to be waiting for her when her plane ar

Future Perfect

Future Perfect has two different forms: "will have done" and "be going to have done." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Perfect forms are usually interchangeable.

FORM Future Perfect with "Will"

[will have + past participle]

Examples:

• You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

• Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?

• You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

FORM Future Perfect with "Be Going To"

[am/is/are + going to have + past participle]

Examples:

• You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

• Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?

• You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect with little or no difference in meaning.

Complete List of Future Perfect Forms

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Future

The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future.

Examples:

• By next November, I will have received my promotion. • By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the

entire house. • I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock. • Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before

she moves to Beijing? • Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the

time he leaves this afternoon. • By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests. • How many countries are you going to have visited by the time

you turn 50?

Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.

USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Future (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action in the future.

Examples:

• I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave. • By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week.

Although the above use of Future Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect, Present Perfect is used.

Examples:

• I am going to see a movie when I will have finished my homework. Not Correct

• I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You will only have learned a few words. • Will you only have learned a few words? • You are only going to have learned a few words. • Are you only going to have learned a few words?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• They will have completed the project before the deadline. ACTIVE

• The project will have been completed before the deadline. PASSIVE

• They are going to have completed the project before the deadline. ACTIVE

• The project is going to have been completed before the deadline. PASSIVE

Future Perfect Continuous has two different forms: "will have been doing " and "be going to have been doing." UnlikeSimple Future forms, Future Perfect Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.

FORM Future Perfect Continuous with "Will"

[will have been + present participle]

Examples:

• You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.

• Will you have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives?

• You will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.

FORM Future Perfect Continuous with "Be Going To"

[am/is/are + going to have been + present participle]

Examples:

• You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.

• Are you going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives?

• You are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.

NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect Continuous with little or no difference in meaning.

Complete List of Future Perfect Continuous Forms

USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Future

We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday" are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous; however, with Future Perfect Continuous, the duration stops at or before a reference point in the future.

Examples:

• They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives.

• She is going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally closes.

• James will have been teaching at the university for more than a year by the time he leaves for Asia.

• How long will you have been studying when you graduate? • We are going to have been driving for over three days straight

when we get to Anchorage. • A: When you finish your English course, will you have been

living in New Zealand for over a year? B: No, I will not have been living here that long.

Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because

these future events are intime clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.

USE 2 Cause of Something in the Future

Using the Future Perfect Continuous before another action in the future is a good way to show cause and effect.

Examples:

• Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for over an hour.

• Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany because she is going to have been studying English in the United States for over two years.

Future Continuous vs. Future Perfect Continuous

If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday," many English speakers choose to use the Future Continuous rather than the Future Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Future Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Future Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the future. Study the examples below to understand the difference.

Examples:

• He will be tired because he will be exercising so hard. THIS SENTENCE EMPHASIZES THAT HE WILL BE TIRED BECAUSE HE WILL BE EXERCISING AT THAT EXACT MOMENT IN THE FUTURE.

• He will be tired because he will have been exercising so hard. THIS SENTENCE EMPHASIZES THAT HE WILL BE TIRED BECAUSE HE WILL HAVE BEEN EXERCISING FOR A PERIOD OF TIME. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT HE WILL STILL BE EXERCISING AT THAT MOMENT OR THAT HE WILL JUST HAVE FINISHED.

REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Future Perfect Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before,

after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect Continuous, Present Perfect Continuous is used.

Examples:

• You won't get a promotion until you will have been working here as long as Tim. Not Correct

• You won't get a promotion until you have been working here as long as Tim. Correct

AND REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Future Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Future Perfect .

Examples:

• Ned will have been having his driver's license for over two years. Not Correct

• Ned will have had his driver's license for over two years. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You will only have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives.

• Will you only have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives?

• You are only going to have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives.

• Are you only going to have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished. ACTIVE

• The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished. PASSIVE

• The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished. ACTIVE

• The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished. PASSIVE