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GMSC

The Gateway Mobile Switching Centre(GMSC) is a special kind ofMSCthat is used to route calls outside the

mobile network. Whenever a call for a mobile subscriber comes from outside the mobile network, or the subscriber

wants to make a call to somebody outside the mobile network the call is routed through the GMSC.

In practice, the GMSC is just a function that can be part of a MSC.

A Mobile Station Roaming Number(MSRN) is anE.164defined telephone number used to route telephone calls

in a mobile network from a GMSC (Gateway Mobile Switching Centre) to the target MSC (seeNetwork Switching

Subsystem). It can also be defined as a directory number temporarily assigned to a mobile for a mobile terminated

call. A MSRN is assigned for every mobile terminated call, not only the calls where the terminating MS lives on a

different MSC than the originating MS. Although this seems unnecessary since many vendors' VLR's are integrated

with the MSC, theGSMspecification indicates that the MSC and VLR (Visitor Location Register)do not need to

reside on the same switch. They are considered two different nodes as they have their own routing addresses.

i.e.the MSRN is one of the returned parameters into SRI_Response message. In particular the MSRN is used into

an MNP scenario (in this case it can be modified as 'RgN + MSISDN').

Another temporary address that hides the identity of a subscriber. The VLR generates this address on request from

the MSC,and the address is also stored in the HLR. MSRN contains the current visitor country code(VCC), the

visitor national destination code (VNDC), the identification of the current MSC together with the subscriber number.

If we have all the MSC working as a GMSC like the latest technologies so what would be the states of the MSRN ?

we can use it only for test to route the calls to a specific MSC otherwise we don't need it to use it.

The Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number (MSRN) is a temporarily telephone number assigned to a mobile station

which roams into another numbering area. (This is usually another country). This number is needed by the home

network to forward incoming calls for the mobile station to the network it visits. It is stored in the Home Location

Register (HLR).

This number can be assigned by the visited network upon initial registration, or it can be assigned on a per call

basis. In the latter case the number has to be requested by the home network (HLR) for each incoming call before it

can forward the call to the visiting network.

When an MS roams to another MSC service area, the MSC will allocate a temporary roaming number for routing. The

roaming number format is the same with the MSISDN format of the visited area. When the MS leaves the area, VLR and

HLR will delete the roaming number so that the number can be re-allocated to other MS.

Example of MSRN allocation process: local call subscriber can send MSISDN to GSMC and HLR through PSTN. HLR

requests the visited MSC/VLR to allocate a temporary roaming number and sends this number to HLR after allocating.

HLR sends to MSC such relevant parameter of the MS as IMSI, at the same time informs GMSC of the roaming number

of the MS, then GMSC can select route, and complete the task: local call subscriber ->GMSC->MSC-> MS connection.

MSRN adopts E.164 numbering plan.

With 2Go

With GPRS(General Packet Radio Service), you have a theoretical transfer speedof max. 50 Kbps.

o With EDGE(Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), you have a theoretical

transfer speed of max. 250 Kbps. With 3G or UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), you have a theoretical

transfer speed of max. 384 Kbps.
http://www.telecomabc.com/m/msc.htmlhttp://www.telecomabc.com/m/msc.htmlhttp://www.telecomabc.com/m/msc.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.164http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.164http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.164http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Switching_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Switching_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Switching_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Switching_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_Location_Registerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_Location_Registerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_Location_Registerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_Location_Registerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Switching_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Switching_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.164http://www.telecomabc.com/m/msc.html


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Groups II, III, IV, and V contain a block of four J-bits (justification control) and 484 T-bits transporting data.

Group VI contains a block of four J-bits, a block of R-bits (justification opportunity), one per tributary, and 376 T-

bits. To check whether R-bits have been used, the J-bits are analyzed in each of the groups II, III, IV, V, and VI

(there are five per tributary). Ideally the R-bit does not carry useful information on 41.9% of the occasions.

The PDH hierarchy, with four levels from 2 to 140 Mbit/s. Higher rates are not standard.

Level Standard Rate Size Frame/s Code Amplitude Attenuation

E1 G.704/732 2.048 Mbit/s 50 ppm 256 bits 8,000 HDB3 2.37-3.00 V 6 dB

E2 G.742 8.448 Mbit/s 30 ppm 848 bits 9,962.2 HDB3 2.37 V 6 dB

E3 G.751 34.368 Mbit/s 20 ppm 1536 bits 22,375.0 HDB3 1.00 V 12 dB

E4 G.751 139.264 Mbit/s 15 ppm 2928 bits 47,562.8 CMI 1.00 V 12 dB

OCS

As the network is leaning towards convergence and the telecom services are rapidly developing, the

operator's business model gradually shifts from communications-centric to service-centric. The

operators, while reaping handsome profits from the ever-increasing cornucopia of offerings, are

pressured to come up with a new charging platform that supports various charging modes (e.g.,

content-based charging and volume-based charging), and provide real-time control of chargeable

services.

The traditional offline charging system which only collects charging information after a service is

rendered is unable to prevent the huge revenue loss caused by service overdraft. Intelligent Network

(IN), which provides online charging capabilities, features poor market adaptability, though it is

popular in the telecoms industry.

In the traditional IN-based system, prepaid users can't enjoy the same service packages and tariff

plans as the postpaid users can due to the technical limitations. However, they also demand for the

same services that the postpaid users have. As the current charging system falls far short of the new

charging requirement, operators need to find a solution that gives them a greater pricing flexibility

which naturally gives birth to the Online Charging System (OCS).

Traditional IN system

Before looking into the advantages of the OCS, the article will first look at the traditional charging

mode and its inherent defects.


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In the prepaid charging mode, the IN system performs real-time charging. The IN-based prepaid

system authenticates the user's identity and checks the account balance before giving authorization

to use the relative service; immediately deducts related fees from the user account; and terminates

the service upon expiration of the user's account balance. Therefore, the IN-based prepaid charging

is actually a type of online real-time processing. The IN-based prepaid charging mode features

excellent real-time revenue control, but lacks the flexibility to support more complex tariff plans and

service bundles. It is hard for a carrier to frequently change the tariff policies with the IN platform.

Advantages of OCS

The OCS is to provide unified online charging functions separated from all network elements (NEs)

such as service control point (SCP), short message service center (SMSC), and multimedia message

service center (MMSC). It has the following advantages:

# Support the prepaid services development

The prepaid services are popular among mobile users as it is a low-risk option. As the online

charging system gives prepaid users the access to more services, it will undoubtedly facilitate the

development of prepaid services.

# Enable effective risk mitigation

The mobile services run a greater risk for revenue leakage than the fixed ones. With the

development of high-value, high-risk, and high-credit-limit services, guaranteeing that operators are

paid for the services delivered is critical. The OCS enables real-time traffic monitoring so as to help

operators to effectively reduce the possibility of revenue leakage.

# An effective way to attract customers

Since the charging is independent of the service control, it is possible for the prepaid subscribers to

enjoy the services that already exist for the postpaid subscribers. The OCS allows prepaid users to

have high credit limit and gain access to high-risk but attractive services (e.g., international

roaming), helping operators develop their markets.

# Convergent billing platform, lowering CAPEX and OPEX

When new tariff packages or service bundles are launched, it is necessary to upgrade the traditional

IN SCP that is integrated with a billing engine. The OCS, as the basis of convergent billing platform,

only requires small investment at the initial stage, enabling operators to dramatically reduce the

capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operation expenditure (OPEX).

# Improve customer loyalty

The new generation of charging solution is a great marketing tool that can help operators attract

customers with its flexible service bundling and pricing capabilities, enhancing customers' loyalty.

# Provide opportunities to optimize network structure

The IN-based prepaid solution doesn't have a well-optimized network structure which requires large

investments. It also can't expedite the offering of services and meet the challenges of the market. In

addition, it is also defective in terms of stability, for example, in the IN mode, the call will not be

connected if the SCP breaks down. The OCS can avoid such a problem by switching to the hot billing

mode as they share information such as customer and service profiles.

# Meet industrial development trend

The OCS solution is compliant with the 3GPP standard. It represents the inevitable trend of the

telecoms network, making it a necessary choice for operators.


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# Python script

With the memory database technology, and the basic operating system that supports the task

distribution function and the telecom-level information communication system (ICS), ZTE's OCS-

based convergent billing system can analyze and execute 500,000 command lines per second with

the IBM P550 (4x1.65CPU) cluster.

As the traditional IN-based prepaid solution lacks the flexibility to support different business models

and payment plans, operators can't offer prepaid users with the same services that the postpaid

users enjoy. To maximize the potential of the enormous prepaid market, operators need to shift

from the legacy systems to the online charging system in order to provide enhanced charging

capabilities for today's advanced services, as well as of the future's

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