Temporal scales of climatic changes and paleodiversity ... · Insolaon cycles Eccentricity shape of...
Transcript of Temporal scales of climatic changes and paleodiversity ... · Insolaon cycles Eccentricity shape of...
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Temporal scales of climatic changes and paleodiversity patterns
in the Atlantic rainforest
Marie‐Pierre Ledru
Workshop Dimensions US‐BIOTA São Paulo A mul>disciplinary framework for biodiversity predic>on
in the Brazilian Atlan>c forest hotspot
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Climate during the Quaternary
2.7 Ma
Temperature
cold warm
Maslin 2005
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Quaternary and specia>on in the rainforest
Ribas 2011
Amazonia
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Paleodistribu>on models
Not sa>sfying !
Atlan>c forest
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Insola>on cycles
Eccentricity shape of the Earth’s orbit changes Spectral peaks at 96, 125 and 413 ka
Obliquity >lt of the Earth’s axis of rota>on Spectral peak at 41 ka
Precession Earth’s rota>onal ’s axis, spectral peak at 27 ka Earth’s orbit, spectral peak at 105 ka
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Wang 2001
Precession and wet season in Northeastern Brazil
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Seasonal monsoon
100 150 200 250 300 mm
15°S
0°
30°S
100 150 200 250 300 mm
15°S
0°
30°S
Ledru & Carnaval 2014
Rainfall distribu>on in December Rainfall distribu>on in June
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Insolation cycles
Precession and monsoons
Braconnot et al 2008
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Atlan>c rainforest
0
20
40
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760
810
860
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960
1010
1060
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130
atlan%
c forest pollen %
insola%on
W/m
2
cal x1000 yr BP
Insola%on and Atlan%c rain forest expansion phases
Ledru & Carnaval 2014
SAF
NAF
Changes in precession cycle during the rainy season
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Precession and floris>c changes
Maslin et al 2005
Every 11 000 years Change in seasonality Re‐organisa>on of the forest
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Ledru et al 2009
Precession and floris>c composi>on
Tree pollen frequencies
Tree pollen frequencies
Colônia SP pollen record
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Insola>on cycles
Wilson 2000
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insola>on and glacial cycles during the Quaternary
Paillard 1998
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Earth’s energy during the Quaternary
400
500
600
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000
W/m
2
yr x 1000 before present
mid‐month insola%on 15°S for January
2.7 Ma Berger & Loutre 1991; Ledru 2014
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Molecular clock in Amazonia
Ribas 2011
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400
500
600
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000
W/m
2
yr x 1000 before present
0.48 0.76 1.25 1.79
2.74
0.53
Berger and Loutre 1991; Ribas 2011 ;Batalha-Filho 2013; Ledru 2014
1.17 1.56
1.85 ; 1.91; 2.02
2.24
Molecular clocks
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Species richness and solar energy
Willis 2007
insola>on
Palynological Richness (number of taxa iden>fied)
The majority of diversifica>on events occur within intervals of low variability in the energy signal
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Atlan>c and Amazonian rain forest specia>ons are paced with the 400 ka cycle
400
500
600
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000
W/m
2
yr x 1000 before present
0.48 0.76 1.25 1.79
2.74
0.53
Berger and Loutre 1991; Ribas 2011 ;Batalha-Filho 2013; Ledru 2014
1.17 1.56
1.85 ; 1.91; 2.02
2.24
Molecular clocks
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Fischer 2011
Orbital forcing during the Holocene
Linear trend in mean seasonal amplitude in °K per 1000 yr
Linear trend in annual mean surface temperature in °K per 1000 yr
Difference between mid Holocene and present
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Atlan>c forest in Nordeste
Montade 2014
Pollen record of Maranguape
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5°S
0
5°N
10°N
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Drier
Wetter
4200 - 3700 yr BP : a Pacific / Atlantic contrasted influence on the continent
Fire in Amazonia
4.2 ka event
Holocene abrupt climate change
Lim 2014
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Insola>on changes during the Holocene
Bond cycle 1500 yr
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Secular scale
What would be the impact of the Bond cycles in the Atlan>c rainforest ?
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Future tasks To fill a gap in our knowledge about links between Earth’s energy,
climate and specia>on we need :
*more long term and con>nuous fossil records
*to improve molecular clock chronologies
* To re define the Holocene
in this project……