TELUS WILLIAM FARRELL BUILDING, VANCOUVER BC · building, a double glazed outer skin envelopes the...

.The William Farrell Telus Building is located in the downtown core of Vancouver, British

Columbia. This building is located at 49.11 N latitude and 123.10 W longitude. The altitude in

Vancouver is 3 meters above sea level. The mean monthly temperature ranges between 3 to 17

degrees Celsius. Vancouver's downtown street grid is skewed at nearly 45 degrees off the north

south axis; the William Farrell Telus Building complies with the governing grid of the city. The

building holds approximately 500 employees of Telus Corporate, located within the Telus

Complex. This building renovation was started in 1997. It opened in 2001-2002, with an updat-

ed gross floor area of 12,193 m² to make it a comfortable and sustainable environment.

Traditionally, the architect is responsible for initiating environmental awareness in a

design. If a design is to be "green" - sustainable elements must be explored at the preliminary

stages of the project. Often, the client has to be convinced of the positive environment and finan-

cial benefits of constructing a "green" building. In the case of the William Farrell building, the

client, Telus Corporate Telecommunications mandated that the renovation to their head office be

renovated to make it a sustainable, environmentally conscious design. Considerations to improve

the work environment were to be incorporated wherever possible.

Telus, as a company, adheres to strict environmental ideologies. Their Environmental

Policy enforced by the Telus Investment Recovery operations, in 2001, generated revenue of over

4.8 million and differed over 17,024 metric tons of waste from landfill sites. This was achieved

through the sale of used and surplus equipment, the recycling of lead acid and dry cell batteries,

the recycling of phone directories, and through the use of video conferencing, which saves on

travel costs and CO2 emission fumes reducing greenhouse gases. Their environmental respon-

sibility and awareness as a company is unique - Telus is the only North American

Telecommunications company to be included in the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index which

tracks the leading 10% of sustainable companies in terms of economic, environmental and social

T E L U S W I L L I A M F A R R E L L B U I L D I N G , V A N C O U V E R B C

1940 ORIGINAL BUILDING, 2001 RENOVATION

TYPE: OFFICE BUILDING, 8 STORY

OWNERS: BC TELEPHONE ACCOMMODATION SERVICES

ARCHITECTS: BUSBY + ASSOCIATES ARCHITECTS

STRUCTURAL ENGINEER: READ JONES CHRISTOFFERSEN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERS: KEEN ENGINEERING CO. LTD.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS: REID CROWTHER & PARTNERS LTD.

Allison Boyes, Kerri Henderson, Andrea Krejcik and Bronwyn Sibbald - 3A Environmental Design

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criteria. It is part of the communications Environmental Excellence Initiative; a North American

group focusing on promoting sustainable environmental practices within the telecommunications

industry. Clearly, Telus is a company that is aware of its environmental responsibilities and the

economic advantages to building and operating sustainable practices.

In the reconstruction of their downtown Vancouver head office, the William Farrell

Building was completed by Busby Architects and Associates, Keen Engineering as well as strong

participation by Telus' own architectural department. Telus decided that they would keep the build-

ing's original infrastructure, however modernize its appearance to reflect the company's vitality

and positively contribute to the urban streetscape. The modernization while revitalizing the inte-

rior, also provides a safe, efficient, healthy, productive workplace for its employees and customers

alike. The building was to be recycled and reused, rather than rebuilt, believing that restorations

could create sustainable modern environments, rather than waste energy and material involved

in the destruction of the old building. The structure of the existing building was preserved and left

essentially unchanged, and a new skin of double-glazed, fritted and frame-less glass was sus-

pended off of the existing structure. This groundbreaking system made the William Farrell build-

ing the first triple-skinned building in Canada.

Generally, double skinned buildings consist of two layers of glass cladding, creating an

airspace separation between the two layers ranging between 10" and 30". This airspace, or

plenum, acts as insulation for the building deterring extremes in temperature, wind and sound.

(Land and Herzog). Sun shading devices are commonly located between the two skins, reducing


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the heat gain in the building. Double Skin façades may fall into one of four types: The Buffer

Façade, The Extract Air Façade, The Twin-Face Façade and the Hybrid Façade.

The building employs the Twin Face Façade as its Double Skin. The Twin Face Façade

involves either a curtain wall or mass wall system with an outer skin of single glazing. For this

building, a double glazed outer skin envelopes the existing masonry wall along the South and

West facades. The entire system is considered to be a triple glazed system due to the double

glazed windows on the exterior and the single glazed windows on the existing structure. This

makes it Canada's first triple glazed building. The new glazed skin is suspended 900mm above

the existing building structure, and runs from the second story up the full height of the building,

creating a plenum. The width of the plenum allows for human access between the two skins for

both maintenance and cleaning purposes. In the winter, the interstitial space acts to insulate the

building, while in the summer the plenum allows for the heat to escape through the vents at the

top of the curtain wall. As the hot air rises the cool air falls naturally creating a pressurized air

space. This phenomenon is due to the Stack Effect, where the constant upward movement of air

lowers the temperature of the existing building's perimeter wall, cooling the interior environment.

Operable windows located on both the new exterior skin and on the existing building's masonry

façade allow for natural ventilation to enter and cool the workplace. During the summer months,

both sets of windows are opened at night to exhaust the entire building, while taking advantage

of night cooling. An under-floor

plenum is connected to the glazed

wall plenum through a flexible duct

connected to a forced air filter which

pumps the air through the work-

spaces providing the main distribu-

tion of ventilation to the interior envi-

ronment. Each workstation has a

control damper, an "in-floor diffuser"

connected to the under floor plenum,

allowing the individual to regulate the


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airflow within their interior work environment.

The existing windows are double hung and

are easy for employees to operate. The exte-

rior skin has windows that may be operated

utilizing an electronic control from within the

office. The plenum, as a result, becomes a

temperature regulating façade. Motorized dampers at the top and bottom of the glazed curtain

wall are monitored by electronic thermostat sensors, situated at varying points along the mason-

ry of the building surface within the interstitial air space. They control the entire ventilation system

of the William Farrell Building. The dampers automatically open to vent warm air out at roof level,

and take in new fresh air from below when the air temperature in the plenum reaches 17.3

degrees Celsius. During peak daily traffic hours, only the top dampers will open to reduce the

amount of pollution entering the building. As the building is located in urban Vancouver, the bot-

tom dampers remain closed, eliminating much of the emissions of nearby vehicles. This attention

to site and detail creates a healthier work environment for all of its employees. Photovoltaic cells

are integrated into the glass banding along the top of spandrel the new glazed skin, which pow-

ering the motorized dampers.

To reduce heat gain from sunlight,

ceramic fritted glass was applied to the exteri-

or skin and acts as a solar shade. The por-

tions of fritted glass are strategically located to

block out the steep sun rays and to control

heat gain in the summer, all the while allowing

for lower rays to provide maximum light pene-

tration into the building and thermal radiation

in the winter. The ceramic fritting on the glass

has a horizontal pattern that varies in density

depending on orientation. Originally the archi-

tect's intention was to frit the entire façade.


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This would have created an obstructed view of the city, therefore only a portion of the curtain wall

was fritted. The fritting also prevents glare while allowing sunlight to penetrate the building.

Natural sunlight is maximized through the daylight bounce created by light shelves. These are

applied to both the interior and exterior sides of the existing masonry wall and to the interior side

of the new glazing system along the South and West facades. These light shelves, made of

stretched white cloth, reflect low-level light into the interior spaces in the wintertime, and act as a

sunshade to steeper summer rays. Whitewashed concrete ceilings and walls help reflect the inte-

rior light evenly throughout the floor. With only half the intended ceramic frit applied to the build-

ings' façade, coupled with the light shelves and white walls, the interior environment of the William

Farrell Building proved to be very bright. These efforts worked so well that blinds had to be

installed after the renovation to further reduce workspace glare. The underlying concrete structure

was stripped of its plaster and terra cotta tile treatments, exposing it as much possible. This con-

crete is a good material for thermal heat gain and also acts to regulate the interior temperature of

the building. While the exposed concrete slab works efficiently as a thermal sink, it also creates

an acoustically resonant workspace. The work floors are currently being retrofitted with acoustic

paneling on the ceiling, negating the thermal sink. The exposed concrete created an environment


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that was noisy and provided little privacy, a lot of time and effort were put in exposing the concrete;

it now has to be recovered to make this a useable space. Despite the post-renovation alterations,

the energy savings accumulated through the double skin façade, the use and deterrence of natu-

ral light provided by the fritted glass, the light shelves/shades, along with the thermal mass pro-

vided by the exposed concrete, are said to be "real and quantifiable" by Telus company analysts.

The new glazed skin allows the building to operate at an energy performance target of 55% of

ASHRAE 90.1. The energy consumption level for the building is about 35% more efficient than lev-

els stipulated by Vancouver's energy by-laws.

The Photovoltaic Systems are a clean and efficient approach to producing electricity.

Having little negative impact on the environment, photovoltaic cells are becoming a popular

method to gain energy in a sustainable and renewable way, these are being used in green build-

ing designs and as well as other consumer products.

First used in 1890, photovoltaic cells convert light energy into electrical energy, called the

Photoelectric Effect. Semiconductor materials absorb light energy that is directly transferred to

electrons in the material's atoms. Electrons move from the semiconductor material to an electric

circuit as a current. The current is created by two semi conductive materials, one having a nega-

tive charge, and one of a positive charge placed on top of each other. As electrons move from

the positive plate to the negative plate the flow of electrons acts like a battery. And from there the

current moves into the electrical circuit creating usable energy.

Three types of materials are frequently used as semiconductor material. They are: silicon, poly-

crystalline thin films, and single- crystalline thin film. The actual assembly of a cell consists of an

antireflection coating, allowing the most amount of light to be used, a top cell, tunnel diode which

is the route electrons take between cells, and a bottom cell and substrate which holds it together.

Two main types of photovoltaic systems used today are the flat plate system and con-

centrator system. Flat plate systems can be used on roofs or anywhere where thin panels are

optimal. Concentrator systems use plastic lenses and metal housings to amplify light energy

needed over a smaller area. These are generally more expansive to construct. In total, a com-

plete system includes PV modules or arrays, which are cells in varying combinations and sizes,

electrical connections, mounting hardware, power-conditioning equipment, and batteries to store

solar energy.


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Each 1 to 2 inch cell produces 1 to 2 watts of power. Failure of photovoltaic systems are

quite low, yet if they occur it is usually due to cells cracking, short circuits, glass breakage and de-

lamination or electrical insulation breakdown. To combat this, multi-cell interconnections, series

and paralleling, and bypass diodes are being implemented.

The William Farrell Building most likely implements the flat style of Photovoltaic Cells. Since they

are set between the glass panels of the curtain wall it was necessary to use thin elements. This

required thin cells to remain flush with skin, rather than using bulky, thicker Photovoltaic cells. The

thin cells are generally less expensive and prove to be more cost-efficient to operate the fan and

dampers.

The William Farrell Building, was originally constructed in 1940, and serviced the cities'

telephone systems, housing analog communication equipment, administration and technical staff.

The original structure consisted of cast-in-place concrete with exterior brick cladding and punched

windows. The windows were single glazed wood sash, and were covered with adhesive reflective

solar film. The interior walls were treated with plaster and terra cotta tiles. The building cooling

loads were handled by a central chilled water system while heating was provided by a central

steam system to perimeter radiation units. Each space in the building was provided with an equip-

ment room containing room dedicated chillers and radiators. This layout proved to be an inefficient

use of space and energy. Waste heat from the adjacent telecommunication equipment buildings

produced by their large chillers is gathered and fed to into the Telus building to meet any heating

requirement the building may have. With the renovation, typical floors now have only one main air-

handling unit per floor maximizing space and energy efficiency.

When the building was gutted and stripped of its suspended ceilings to expose the con-

crete structure, high floor to ceiling heights were achieved. Because of this high floor to ceiling

height, a raised access flooring system was incorporated with an under floor air and wiring plenum.

The floor air plenum distributes fresh air to the spaces from the glazed air plenum. The fresh air in

the interior space warms due to human and machine activity, and rises to be exhausted through

vent back into the glazed air plenum where it can then be exhausted to the exterior. The operable

windows provide natural ventilation while an under floor air plenum supplies the occupied space

with a constant airflow. The optimum temperature for this building is 17.3 degrees Celsius. Two-

pipe fan coil units draw air from the pressurized air plenum to the workspaces and return air from


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the stratified level to be exhausted through the louvers. The heating in this building is primarily

generated through heat recovery from a year-round process load.

The overall embodied energy of the building is low due to extensive use of recycled and

reused materials. While the exterior shell of the exiting building was maintained, the interior of the

space was gutted, and through this process, ultimately provided an overall increased air quality to

the interior spaces. The majority of the material removed from the building was recycled and

reused in the renovation or sold as recycled product to local industries. Any material removed from

the building that was not reused was either toxic (i.e.: contained asbestos) or proved to be of little

economic values to local industries, as in the case of the terra cotta tiles.

Any materials not either reused in the building or sold, were kept by the client and stored

in a warehouse for future use. As for the reused materials, the ground floor Andersite stone and

Granite was re-cut to fit new windows openings. Excess stone was salvaged and resold. The inte-

rior renovation occurred one floor at a time so that salvaged doors, door-frames, lighting fixtures,

mechanical equipment and furniture could be move to a completed floor while work was being

done on that floor. Existing handrails, stairs and windows were retained. Marble toilet partitions

were reused with the building along with the existing fluorescent light fixtures, which were relocat-

ed to the basement. Copper bus ducts were modified and reused as guardrails. Two existing air-

handling units were relocated and reused along with lift shafts, cabs, and operating machinery that

was modified where necessary and retained. Recycled materials contributed to 75% of total mate-

rial mass. From what they demolished, 30% of total waste by weight was salvaged. Because the

structure of the building was not demolished it therefore was considered re-usable material and in

conjunction with additional recycled materials, combine to total the recycled building materials as

75% of total building materials by mass.

The new curtain wall was designed so that it may efficiently be disassembled keeping the

framing and glazing intact. As well, many interior components such as the suspended lighting,

electrical conduits, sprinklers, raised access flooring and carpet tiles, floor mounted washroom fix-

tures, sinks, mirrors, steel studs, electrical equipment, concrete blocks, interior doors, frames and

washroom cubicles were left exposed so that they may be easily disassembled and reused.

Any new material used, and any adhesive components used in the renovation were chosen as

being non-toxic materials and compounds, to reduce green house gases and ensure healthy build-


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ing standards. The new concrete used contained 25% recycled fly ash, a post-industrial product

and recycled steel reinforcing bar. Finishing materials used focused on low volatile organic com-

pounds emissions, such as low VOC paint, no VOC linoleum flooring, and water-based adhesives.

The carpets installed in the building were low pile, tight weave with low emission backing were

used and the maintenance cleaning supplies are also low volatile organic compound cleaning

agents. These healthy building materials improve the indoor air quality of the space contributing to

increased productivity and health among employees - which also increases the economic value of

the building in terms of real estate value ensuring a longer, flexible life span for the building. To

ensure that this building has a long life span, the original concrete structure was designed and

strengthened where necessary to carry machinery loads so it will be flexible for future occupancy.

By recycling the existing building and materials as much as possible, the renovation to the

William Farrell Building diverted over 16,000 tons of solid landfill waste. The triple glazed skin as

well as other environmental and energy efficient considerations employed in the redesign saved an

estimated 15,600 tons of greenhouse gas emissions (CO2) and in the future, the building is pro-

jected to save over 520 tons of greenhouses gas emissions a year. With this calculation, over a 75-

year life span, the building will save 54, 600 tons of greenhouse gas emissions.

Vehicular considerations:

A bus stop is located in front of the building. The building is located 100 meters from a

major bus station and 200 meters from the "sky train", a Light Rail Rapid Transit station. The "West

Coast Express" train and Sea Bus terminal is located four blocks away from the building. The com-

pany supports an active carpool program and a cycle park located adjacent to the building. There

are shower, changing rooms, and fitness facilities located in the basement of the building.

The original building was built to the property line thus there was not, and is still, no veg-

etation on the site, other than a few trees at the perimeter of the building. A green-planted roof

would help compensate for the building's footprint on the environment.

Feasibility:

As compared with traditional cladding systems in North America, double skin systems

may cost up to four or five times in price. This increase in price is due to additional engineering

costs, and increase in material (special glass) and labour costs due to unfamiliarity among the

trades, as well as generally higher maintenance costs. If the initial cost can significantly reduce the


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overall ongoing operating cost of the building than the initial capital investment can be justified.

Telus put forth an up-front financial commitment that will pay for itself over time. Their primary moti-

vation was a dedication to environmental sustainability and a healthy workplace. This is impact was

immediate: the first year helped reduce green house gasses significantly. Telus proves through their

environment policies and beliefs that they are a responsible company dedicated to the well being

of their employees and the environment. This building was successful in many ways, the environ-

ment and people benefited greatly from Telus' environmental goals. In the past, there had been

health-related complaints by some employees, which were perceived to be the result of "sick build-

ing syndrome". These employees have stated that as a result of this renovation they feel much bet-

ter and healthy in the updated William Farrell Building.

Overall, the environmental considerations for the building were received with great suc-

cess. Currently, the building is in the preliminary stages of adding a "green" atrium addition to the

north façade in order to incorporate more sustainable elements into the Vancouver Building.

CONFERENCE AND EXECUTIVE OFFICELOBBYGYM AND SHOWERINTERSTITIAL SPACE


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PROJECT CHECKLIST - TELUS WILLIAM FARRELL BUILDING REVITALIZATION

LEED ASSESSMENT RATING

SUSTAINABLE SITES

Credit 1: Site Selection

1.0 Yes The building is located on an urban site. The building did not develop on farmland, above 5 feet from the 100 year flood line,

no habitat for species of threatened or endangered animals, not within 100 feet of wetland, previously not public park land

Credit 2: Urban Redevelopment

2.0 Yes Conformed to existing density goals

Credit 3: Brownfield

3.0 No Not located on a Brownfield site

Credit 4: Alternative Transportation

4.1 Yes 100m from bus stop, 200m from light rail stop

4.2 Yes Cycle park lot, showering facilities for more than 5% of occupancy

4.3 No No alternative refueling station located on site

4.4 Yes Carpooling is used as an alternative method of transportation

Credit 5: Reduce Site Disturbance

5.1 No No earthwork or clearing of vegetation was done as building footprint consumes the entire site

5.2 No The new renovation maintained the existing footprint of the building

Credit 6: Storm water Management

6.1 Yes No net increase in the rate and quantity of storm water runoff

6.2 No Does not apply because the building id located on a urban site

Credit 7: Landscape & Exterior Design to Reduce Heat Islands

7.1 No Since the building takes up entire site, and since the building has an asphalt roof there are no none-roof impervious sur-

faces to consider

7.2 No The parapet roof does not comply with ENERGY STAR high reflectance

and high emissivity roofing standards

Credit 8: Light Pollution Reduction

8.1 ? Building foot-candles are unknown


WATER EFFICIENCY

Credit 1: Water Efficiency Landscaping

1.1 No No high efficiency landscaping on site. No captured rain, no recycled

site water, no reduction in potable water consumption

1.2 No No potable water consumption reduction for irrigation (less then 50%)

1.3 No No potable water consumption reduction for irrigation (more than 50%)

Credit 2: Innovative Waste Water Technologies

2.0 No No reduction of the use of municipally provided potable water for building sewage conveyance

Credit 3: Water Use Reduction

3.1 No No strategies were employed to reduce the water in aggregate as compared with the baseline calculated for the building

3.2 No No potable water reductions

Energy and Atmosphere

Credit 1: Optimize Energy Performance

1.1 Yes 10% reduction of energy cost




1.5 No Less than 50% reduction of energy cost

Credit 2: Renewable Energy

2.1 Yes 5% renewable energy produced by photovoltaic panels

2.2 No Less then 10 % renewable energy produced

2.3 No Less then 20 % renewable energy produced

Credit 3: Additional Commissioning

3.0 ? It is unknown if there was any additional commissioning for the project

Credit 4: Ozone Depletion

4.0 ? Unknown whether HVAC system contains HCFC of Halon

Credit 5: Measurement and Verification

5.0 ? The specifics of the buildings operational systems are unknown

Credit 6: Green Power

6.0 No The company did not in engage in a two year contract to purchase power generated from renewable resources

MATERIAL AND RESOURCES

Credit 1: Building Reuse

1.1 Yes More than 75% of exiting shell and structure was maintained

1.2 No 100% of the building shell was not maintained due to the extraction of

exterior and interior cladding to expose the concrete structure

1.3 No 100% of shell and 50 % of non-shell were not maintained

Credit 2: Construction Waste Management

2.1 No Only 30% out of 50% by weight of demolition and land clearing debris

were redirected as recyclable material

2.2 No An additional 35% of salvaged material by weight was not achieved

Credit 3: Recourse Reuse

3.1 Yes Over 5% of building materials were reused

3.2 Yes Over 10% of building materials were reused. A total of 75% of the

buildings materials were reused or salvaged

Credit 4: Recycled Content

4.1 Yes Over 25% of the building material contains in aggregate the minimum

weighted average of 20% post consumer recycled material

4.2 Yes Over 50% of the building material contains in aggregate the minimum

weighted average of 20% post consumer recycled material

Credit 5: Local/Regional Materials

5.1 ? Since the majority of materials used were recycled from the original

construction of the building in 1940, it is unknown where the materials

5.2 ? Since the majority of materials used are recycled from the original

construction in 1940, the origin of the building materials is unknown

Credit 6: Rapidly Renewable Materials

6.0 No Less than 5% of building materials are rapidly renewable materials. Low

VOC linoleum was used

Credit 7: Certified Wood

7.0 No Less than 50% of wood base materials were certified in accordance with

the Forest Stewardship Council Guidelines.


INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

Credit 1: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Monitoring

1.0 Yes Carbon Dioxide monitors are installed within the building

Credit 2: Increase Ventilation Effectiveness

2.0 Yes Due to the twin façade air is constantly moving throughout the building

Credit 3: Construction IAQ Management Plan

3.1 No No information regarding the construction process is known

3.2 No No information regarding the construction process is known

Credit 4: Low Emitting Materials

4.1 Yes Adhesives meet low VOC limits.

4.2 Yes Paints and coatings meet low VOC limits

4.3 Yes Carpets meet low VOC limits

4.4 No It is unknown if the wood composite material used in the building

contains urea-formaldehyde resins

Credit 5: Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control

5.0 ? It is unknown whether design considerations were taken to minimize

cross contamination of indoor chemicals and pollutants in regularly

occupied occupancy areas

Credit 6: Controllability of Systems

6.1 Yes A minimum of one operable window and one light control zone per 200

square feet was provided

6.2 Yes Individual airflow controls were provided at each workstation

Credit 7: Thermal Comfort

7.1 ? No information is known about the humidity control in this building

7.2 ? No information is known about the humidity control in this building,

however temperature monitoring within the glazed air plenum is

electronically controlled

Credit 8: Daylight and Views

8.1 Yes The building achieves a minimum daylight factor of 2 % within 75% of all

space occupied for visual tasks (from pictorial analysis)

8.2 Yes A direct sightline vision from 90% of all regularly occupied

spaces is achieved



INNOVATIVE & DESIGN PROCESS

Credit 1: Innovative & Design Process

1.1 Yes Triple skin glazing used on south and west of building

1.2 No

1.3 No

1.4 No

Credit 2: LEED Accredited Professionals

2.0 ? It is unknown whether anyone on the project team was LEED

accredited

PROJECT TOTALS

Total 26 points

Therefore LEED Certified 26-32 points

Busby and Associates performed a mock LEED analysis. In this analysis, the Telus William Farrell building ranked for LEED GOLD

status.

From our student analysis, the Telus William Farrell building achieved LEED certification. With additional specific information on build-

ing it is possible that the building would have achieved LEED GOLD certification.

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IMAGE CREDITS

1 www.city.vancouver.bc.ca./aboutvan.html

2 www.globalairphotos.com/large/bc/vancouver/downtown3,4,6-9,12,15,18-20,22-24,30,36 Images courtesy of Busby and Associates Architects, CD ROM5,28,29 www.fes.uwaterloo.ca/architecture/faculty_projects/terri/125_W03/fenuta_telus.pdf 02/03/0410,21 www.tc.bcit.ca/pv/projects/telus.shtml 02/03/04.11 www.advancedglazing.com/glazc_suns_bctelus.htm13,14,16,17,25,31-35 www.fes.uwaterloo.ca/architecture/faculty_projects/terri/telus-ga.html 02/03/04

26 www.eere.energy.gov/solar/pv _cell_light.html27 www.eere.energy.gov/solar/pv_systems.html37 www.vanvr.com/vanvr/Gallery/VancouverLookout2003/VancouverLookout2003-Images/2.jpg 02/03/04

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cole, Raymond S. and Sherry McKay, Access to Architecture: Intentions + Product, Busby and Associates Architects, School of Architecture,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1998.

http;//oee.nrcan.gc.ca/awards/build_telus.cfm. 02/03/04.

http://about.telus.com/publicpolicy/environmental.html 02/03/04.

Kelly, Patricia, Telus Corporate Architect, email conversation 08/03/04.

McMinn, John, "Sustained Discussion", Canadian Architect vol 46, No.1 January 2001.

Rossi, John, Telus Corporate Architect, telephone conversation 14/03/04.

Werner, Lang, and Thomas Herzog, "Using multiple Glass Skins to Clad Buildings" Architectural Record July 2000.

www.advancedglazing.com/glazc_suns_bctelus.htm

www.automatedbuildings.com/news/mar01/reviews/gbldg/gbldg.htm 02/03/04.

www.city.vancouver.bc.ca/vanmap/ 02/03/04

www.busby.ca/9805telus/index.htm 02/03/04. 02/03/04

www.eere.energy.gov/solar/photovoltaics.html 14/03/04. 02/03/04

www.fes.uwaterloo.ca/architecture/faculty_projects/terri/125_W03/fenuta_telus.pdf 02/03/04

www.fes.uwaterloo.ca/architecture/faculty_projects/terri/ds/telus.pdf 02/03/04

www.fes.uwaterloo.ca/architecture/faculty_projects/terri/telus-ga.html 02/03/04

www.fes.uwaterloo.ca/architecture/faculty_projects/terri/ds/theory.html 02/03/04

www.globalairphotos.com/large/bc/vancouver/downtown 02/15/04

www.keen.ca/projects.cfm?action=details&id=11 02/03/04.

www.nrel.gov/ncpv/ 03/15/04

www.usgbc.org/LEED/LEED_main.asp 02/03/04

www.tc.bcit.ca/pv/projects/telus.shtml 02/03/04.

www.vanvr.com/vanvr/Gallery/VancouverLookout2003/VancouverLookout2003-Images/2.jpg 02/03/04


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