CENTRE OF

aARCHAF;.0LOGY - PUBLICATIONS 2

YTE

ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICA Vol. 76;1, 2005 ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICA SUPPLEMENTA VI CENTRE OF WORllJ ARCHAEOLOCr (CWA) - PUBUCATIONS 2

LIGACOPPER AGE STRATEGIES IN BULGARIAFieldwork carried out under the Auspecies qf Vends/av Gergov, Ttlish Museum & Klavs Randsborg, Universiry

"

of Copenhagen

Edited by Klavs Randsborg

INGA MERKYTEwith contributions by

S0REN ALBEK,JESPER S0RENSEN 0STERGAARD & PETAR ZLDAROV supported byMaya Dimjtrova, Rumen Peykov & fieldworkers

K@BENHAVNBLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD

2005

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Translation Peror Zidarol'

I. INTRODUCTIONHistory ml!)' be a myth, but artifacts, which are historit:al events, are /lOt. ThI(Y are signifiers, becomin.g myths as we interpret them with our words. J.D. Prown 1996:26, rephrased.

THE PROJECT The Liga-project originated in 1999, when the core Danish archaeologists of the project from the University of Copenhagen were guest students at Sofia's State University, Bulgaria. The supposed "Transitional period", covering the gap between the Chalcolithic period (or, rather, the Copper Age) and the Bronze Age, was one of the issues then discussed. Lack of finds and excavations, confusing C-14 dates, etc. did not help in finding an answer to the problems. For a scholar with Scandinavian background this seemed to have an extra dimension, since the "Transitional period" in Bulgaria was also a transitional period in Danish prehistory - the transition from foragers to farmers, indeed from Ertebolle to Tragtbd loess :\"'eikm' 2001). i\loderately It:ached

IIchernozems prevail. These have good waleI' retention and humus contents ranging between 3.00 and 3.55%; they are basically considered highly fertile so ils (Neikov 200 I). The leached form of chernozcms was mOSl likely also easily accessible with prehislOric ploughing techniques. The immediate vicinity of the Lig-d site is characterised by twO types of soils. The site itself is silllated on an area of the forest soils, which arc considered tOO heavy to lill with prehistoric technology (Denndl & ''''ebley 1975). It can be assumed that this area would have supported forest vegetation and been used for browsing and acquisition of winter fodder (Denndl & Webley 1975). The soils to the West of the site, across the stream, had a higher sand component and \\"I::re superbly suited for prehistoric crop cultivation.

or

CU:\t,\TE. The climate ill Bulgaria is shaped by two a(ljaccllt major water basins - the Black Sea and the ~It'ditf'r ranean Sea - and, by the ranges of mountains. Il"hi,h direct or block the movement of ail' masses. Thl' Black Sea and especially the :'vlediterranean SC(\ ha\e great water heat accumulation capacites (Issar 2003 . This enables [he basins to act as temperature regtl lators of the overall region (Issar 2003). Telisb bt:IOIl(!' to the Danubian billy plain, which encompa"t"' heights between 30 and 200 m above sea Inel. btll i, cm off from these favourable effecls by the range of the Balkan Mountains. Compared \l"ith other H'~()Il' in Bulgaria, the Danubian hilly plain is the coolt"! one, open to chilly Continental winds/air ~tn-a1l1' from NOlth and Northeast (Dimitro\ 1979 . The lowest winter temperatures are reaching lllil1l1' 3O-35C, the mean temperature in January beinc around minus 1 (GHCN). By contrast. summer tcmperatttres are the highesl in the cuuntry. Due to thl'"' low altitude, spring is coming early (0 the region ill mid-i\'larch the lemperatun: of the soil is more th.1ll 5C 5-10 cm below surface, and by tht' 10th !It" April - above 10C) (Dimitl'O\' 1979)..\utumn i~ "I,., arriving at the same extended pace. In lerms of winds, the \illagers of Tdish are nuticing that I\~nd direclions are aflecting the dilllatf': tilt;' population has e\"Cn neated a loeill etymology 1(1 describe the cold western \\'ind and the I,'arm somht'l"ll

12

Acta Archaeologicain a chain of events thal caused the termination or the Copper Age culture.

onc ,:Neikov ~won. In \villlertimc, western \vinds prevail. In the summer, winds arc mostly blowing From the 'Vest or the ~()Ilh. The etTcct of the ""inds is more extreme on the plateau \Vhel'e the archaeological sites are situated than in the modern village, lying in the depressed plain. Indeed, plotting temperallllT data collected during tlw period 1951 1990 (GHCN:, it can be demollstrated that the regions of PleVf'l1 and Vrac-.t with the largest concentmtion of sites of the Krivodol-Salcuta-Bubanj Hum la culture, to which Liga belongsarc making up Cl veritable "depression of cold" in the winter. The fCf:.. iOIlS have the 100\'('sl mean January r temperatures in the coulllry l:001y 100vL-lnds were considered, belmv 400 III in altitude,:, namely -O.9C and -1.0C, respeuivdy. The situation onlv improves South ofS()ia and East of Ruse/Osam, where tlu: meanJanuary tf'mperarures are abovf' freezing. To what extent tbis inlormation can be lranstCrred 10 the Copper Age is too early to say. The pattern \vas perhaps similar, but tlw dleCls of generally \varmer climatic ("(llldilions - peaking during the climatic ()ptimum around 3800 BC might have made the dillerences less perceptible :e.g., in terms of h'TaLing potential during \Iinknime:. .\Iore dramatic to Copper .ARe peoples were the ('(lllsequcnces of the Black Sea transgression:Todorova 19391. By the end of the Copper Age ,:Phase Vama Ill" the level orthe Black Sea was lower than at present. H. Todorova's excavations in Durankulak at the Bulgarian coast have thus demonstrated that the 'I'ater level there \vas 1 In lower than todav. Further to lhe south, at SOLopol and Ropotamo, still on the coast, water tables \\'ere between :3 and ::> meters 100vrr than loday I'odorova 199R:. Sueh differences 'ITn:, supposedl')', rdated to tectonic movements caused by rapid IlleiLing of the Arctic iee ITodorova19~1Ir:.

According to H. Todorova, the highest water table compared to the present one is dated to the cnd of .'ith millennium BC and Ialer, reaching a maximum around 3500 HC'. Gradual climatic warming tram[armed the favourable conditions, expetienced by the early agricultural communities in the Balkans, into cmironmental ddtTioraLion by drought~ and floodings of the fertile plains :Todorova 1998:,. Thus, changing climate is seen as the first "Domino piece"

THE COPPER .AGE AN]) ITS GCLTURAI. AFFILTATIOl\'S Lse of the term "Chakolithic" !:rathcr than "i\eneo1it hie" or "Copper Age \\'hen describing roughly the time-span l.wtwf'en SOOO and 4000 HC, has become common in Bulgarian writings. Still, the term "Copper Age" seems a slightly more handy onc and will be used here, \vhile the notion ofChalcolithic culLures is also accepted - semantics none\,vithstanding. In a publication of 1948 byJ.H. Galll, \,vrittrn aher his research in the Balkans, mainly Bulgaria, in 19381939 (and published after his death in 194;"), when shot by Germans as a prisoller of W,u\ this author argues in favour of llSf' of the term "Chalcolithic" as opposed to "Late NeoIithic" :'(';'aul HHR, 79). Gaul was basing his arguments on the presence or natural copper in l3ulgaria and on Ihe plf'lltiful copper implements in the Gumelnita culture :or '"Bulgarian IVlound CultUI1:":'. During the late 194o.~, knowledge of sites which later became attributed to the western Krivodol culture was still limited. Caul was mentioning Okol Glava, northwest of llie village of Cnilyane and finds !i'om the caves of :\lorovica and Devetaki ,:l)evctashkata:'. At the time, material from these sites was treated as being pan ofthe "Bulgarian f\fonnd CuIture", but intuitively Gaul had f-,'Touped the repn:sentative finds in the same plate ,PlaLe LXIV) of the publication. Staying in the Balkans, he also became acquainted with finds i'om Bubanj, stored at the museum in Ni\-c the tin'r. is hi~hcr than the southern onc. Due to this natllnll [01111. aeolithic sand fonning the occupation layers only accumulated on the solllhem pan. Thus. the 1l0nhcnl pan remains uncoI'crcd by

'-I

Liga

2]

Fil\. LID. Soullwfl] [Tellch al Sado\'cc-Ezl.To.

Rrm~in'

of r.ate Copper Age m"ell. lhree times n:built nnd brO'\Dlme..\ Total Station 1\~1.5 used in mca~urinL::. Thc s.lid tr;IlI:lll."C1 \I"'iI.:I subclil'ided illlo smaller ulli!.'> of2X5 Ill. To "-II'C timl' .lIt(l m.IIl'p(mc... Ihe dl'Cisioll 1'':1'' 1,Iken to c"C:tI~ue " onh elel) sceone, wnt. ""1' '" .",. 'lCl up "ith help of lhe Total Surion and rom~ orient:alt'd ::-;..s. In ~me ea..-.eo. the U"'.UL-et:t alimmolI was diet.llW h\ the natural oricm:arion of the 6dd. All ancfaclS .. cre colltttw pcr 10 rn, then ba~ :U1d coumed..\I1~thcr. an arca ofapprm:. 1500 m' w:e; imensi\"ch of lhe area. Durin~ Ihl' :"'rohthic and tht Earh Copper .~t Ihl': In~CT Iyin~ are:u on lhl' Idi bank of l!ll' fonner "lKam "en: prd~.....hik durin~ Luer pcricxb tllC hil..!lrr him! .md rathl':r more: dr.ulUtil pLuCJ.u was ra, ,rnI tor toMtkmmL lbc propIc of thr Earh Iron

~. as al:;o those of dlC subsequent period:. dat;l availabk umil thc 6th ccntun' .-\0 . mOl cd b.1ck lO mc plains at thc stre:lIn. ICa\;;lg lhc highland for rilua.! arulitiCli and cro..'Ction of tumuli. Differing lraditions of scttling arc of great int:rc,~. sincc lhe\' demonstratc that continuolls occuP:lllOI1 LS nOl nceded 10 creatc ~palial allac!lI11cnt". Ctlhu~l memories may lakc a gcneral fonn and hence 1l1:~11I' fcsl themselves lhrough recognition ;l1ld IC!o::l1lific;JllUll of human :tItemliolls in a land~capc. such as [k:lL~III[t' . .. 1 1 1 1 'illl cui aCU\1lLL'S or Ihe pn.'scncc of p anls oac e( " lUra! ~it,'1lifiC:l1I[c. nll: ~eolithi[ and E:uly Copper Age scldeII1Cl~" . . . . arc found on rclauwly hgll1 sOIls. ~III1:1b 1.,or IlrchL" c 1 . . -' I~)b-,Lb' LOnc ulbgc er. abovc. Such 3rcas "en' P _ 11 -'-uc.aJl'(\. 101l~ before lhe Wltc Coppt'r A~l' oco 'Il.\\10 r .:", \( [nU.)I"';'I ~1lI. -S '\. ",tl'1"!U" ,,.,, 'lI~vnb Ul .....I1l01 "lU!od J,:I,\I:I llO!1 " ",'TUt..."p "1f1 III J.lilrw .1!ui:luo JO IU;lllIOJ 111I!11 l' pUt (l"U"ll'W ;tmpl1I1q i11l'Ul .llp n.>I Wl:) '.1:11';) IU,'lfll1()o; .llfl Ir p.lJ.HI1.....!P .\J;)II 'iU!l:Ul.lJ 11:JnJ]IUI' ,"H!ll:lUJOJ -t11 I'UIU "4.t 'lUJW;)PI>- 1U"n~lh ;llll JO J"OI[1 U"fl P.'!"I'd,\PP!--" .lJOW ;UJI\ ";>;llOI[ ;llll '3" OI.\\S JO utlnnu . u,) fY.J.lu.ll'l t: pt:IJ lUJIU.)lll3> I l:2ln ,"I4.L unumn.).,u./" l.".lJl." ,"11{1 i1l1!Jllt:2ul 'llns:u .l\lsnpuo;)~po.td lU P'P "uU!fi!JP :ltfl .l.'tII' P"II'!I(It:h.l .l,f'I{ 'lU.)IX.l 'I! ''Q!WII 'U.lI!Hl'\ .141 '\jUl:d 'JIt11! W.;l\flOl>'l ;l1J1 JOJ 1w:n:::-l ,..lJ1' p"lran...HIll ;'Il{l JO nnd UJ.>1cr-.l pm: w.llllnos .l1f1 UI ~'lp.lI"OU'rw \1110 ~'" IU.JW.:>flI..... 1~ ;)U .(; 1U"W.lpl.n II\.lnb.lwq.:l.U~IPJO IUlIOIUl:: 1Ilt::l -!J!lill~ C reil ;)UO J,lVCp pu~ JJ 1\01 :lILL p.lIIS!I~II!1 -\!P Jq 1II~ 1!05dol Ip!-'-snumll JO s.JJ\l:1 0\\.1. 'snumll .10 J:lWI 'tJ!111 ~ l):)uUOJ .:l.\~11 1I0!1t:.\!I[ID Pllcl JO spo!-';)d 'SIl!I'IIl;IJ ICJ~OIOJCIPJ~ Jlp JO UO!I;)IUI5:lP Ipnlll p.l5nt::l "\1'11 S-.lU!-'1 :JU!IU~ld JOJ Slip SJlpU.l.IJ. pJl:.bu!-\ l' Olll! JpCIU 51'\\ :)I!S Jlp '\'111111:1,) IPGI ,lIp JO pll.'l ;lIp 1\' 'ICOS pUC cl:):lIIS JO SPJ:lII lCll1lU1I110,) JO .liU!7t:.L.'l JOJ pJSll pUt: P:JIt:.\!1InJllll ,\I:POI ~! I! 'S,")!ldlll! f,5PP!~1 Rl1!ZI:'IQ"l ,"IlUt.:U ;)IP SV tSI:d .11p 11! S')!I~\!I')I'\lll'UI JO .1U:lJS ,11[ I 1I.1:lq SI:II din .10 :l1!S ,1IU.S:)IIV\~NAO

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~ "! p.'I'.Q! .>I{I 'l'IllIrlrlrlll j"I p .....l \111'11"1'1'.1

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lJ';jn

\round HOO ne ralibr:lI;lrti, u1ar 1),I!lem, "","('pl Ihal Ihl' hit:he', llulllbl"T. 1ll,'1I' IhlTt" ,h.nd. 1'.\' li/lmd ill Ih, "."ll" ,Ill'" .11 I/nu... l. ...-" '11ll(1U1l"o I'" f,,.lIuT\'"' 1.1ll I.. l'd,w:d III Ihi.. I"rind. 1111' ,-.id ,h.ln!- ,Ill h.I\I' ,ran'_ "f ........ ,.Il;' " ... ",K!.'f\ bun,illll. '" Ih,' mO1 ,Ipp.mm "'I'I.lI1.11i,," ._ Ih,ll Ih('\ IHr>.- blUUt:!H ", tl1l' 'lit' h\ Ill\" Lil.!. ! inh.,hu,UIl-. p.,:rh.,p' .1' e,nli..... du,' 11' tlu'ir t1i_llllt,i,, om.untl1I.Hion .1I1d e(lnH~"lil1t: uril:hl ll'il u,louL 11,, .1'......... 1 ~llkl11l1I1 "f 1,:,.rI\ COPI""1" \lll" ..1.'1" .- ..i'Il.u... l ill" .lfTU"_ d,,' ,m:.lI11. 1111" !'....lnlil. .ill' .ol..., lidd ..... 1d"nu' "n .1 n.nll.lllr.II .....1 (iT:.d.... lmu'"' ...uklll..I1I. .\p.lTI from Ih,l1. 1111'1'1' i, ullh "m' m

indhid_ i. ,,;t!, !l.In], IIwrl"llllinl\ th,- t'a!llo;Ol lirnil, of lht;

U~a 2 ":Il]cmrlll. ,-iLion. \'en' recorl[\ 'U~ I .. d"r.'llnll "f eb.CIlPIM."r \l(" .,f !I1111 '1(11) \'-Ir 1'111111 ,a.-1I1 !l11I' '1'1111111(: 1,,1 (;"""1,,,,1& n"J... lJin I'''''. 'n..,hrr p,,,hl,,,", tlt,u ('.1 I ,lw' h.. j",,,n ,11"lIlt ',~,I)I) "nd '4l1li'11(' wnd r., ,Iu'l"r III IIr'f1INi.., ,. 1'1lu""'M."n,'n .. huh " 11'" rd"I...1 u, ',Ihl'r"",,n ,"" r elll' IM".lIlunlf "Ihllr,'II"" I UI\I' ch pt.. no nil.. ,un "pl.ufi>nn'- "r rh .. 11~.. nu .u lX'' "" dUI' U, ", \"1 uI1Ln, ..... pll\uc.tl f,"l"r hue " ..m' Il~dl r.. ch., mlhu""r "I ......1......1 ' 1 l,hullKk lll'ill~ COll-iell-red lIlt" hill'"",1 ""1"tl1~" nUl"(," 'IC"JccWd "'''l1pll"s 1\l"I"C "_,,,,,-i,m.. l "-11h (",Il h of Ilw lh... ("W,ll,llt'd hou,..", l".,_:..Ifk,(l7 mu'uk lh,' L

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....rlht' IIll\" unC~l\rml. p..nh p~",nt huu "'-lic:o I i., 7.li m. Ih.. (',mll.II"1 illlrnul 'J'-Kr brmt 39-.fOtlI~

1

.\ 111II1h {In-pt:r lIt'llthl h.t.> llt"t"lI .uhin"1 .I11Ot.11 lhr IL..... {'I' 'IMl"r in Ih.. Li~ ! 'I ' .mmh,r lhrrc hl\lI...', 111.. 1,1(".1\1011 of Iht' 'lm,tu"", in lh. "1l1.'mClIllontinnrd dll: Oh"..",.llit'n llw' Ihl'lr di~lribUliol\ ,md otirlll,lliull ''l'!"C pn'(ktcnllin''ll I" thl"r \lf Iht lil'l ph." .. rh.. hilln.l dl{l""ll ror ll\l' C{lpp"r ",:... '("nit III\'IllS .11 Iht: rd~l. .ll " pblt'.lU h." [>Ilt. limilrd dd~lI,i\r pn'peni.... \-lSlhili" 10\,.11\:1:, Ill\" w.'t t' limit..d h\ r"i'1I1'>: Icrr.tin. lol\,lrtl- Ih\' \',,,,1. tit.lidd 1'1' \i'lhilll\ nlflltb ""I~r. l,..i"l: 7 R lo.m I... ",ltll- X\\ ..i Lm !tll\"rrl' \\ .md.i i . \.m ''''''.Irtf!; $\\' P.rh.'I>- lhl' hdd ilKIic.lIC'- the dim 11"\1 1>1 " ...'.a! mOHm.. m' .llId n.. I....lI'\.:,. "'lh lIt.l 1M""lilJflrllt.T ,>I' l'>fl"'!t'd \,n

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("{II:'." 1.1 the I'blr.lU "..., 11'11 unhulil I"h,. i'>t.l Ill: "..., tklimu.-d lJ\ .J'>J- m lht' \\""'1 .Ind "'''' ut' Itou_ in c.LqCm .h1T\ 110"1 \.' 11,",", liunrd. Ilutin\: U\:.l '!. lhe .,Jope," "t'1T nl.lJr o.l...,.,b, .1 ,h.lU"" dill h t'r llTlIlh .,,,n ll,8 III dCT!, n.., di...:'I\ ,,1'.1 Ik"lh,>!,' I.i ....."ml.... n'inl.l Ih... Irr-n. It \\ h1"' .... "1 ,It Ill\' ,'.1'1,'111 ,t!t.:e Ill' Ih. .... nl.lIlt111 \I", 11th.... \ 'lit...

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. N., di'llIrhill,>: 11... nlll.llth I,),. 1. 1.' ".11...1.,,-,. 1\ 1',omc"h;lI im:gul:tr shape i,like!\ ., 1\lk'Clioll of eOllSu~lim due IQ lhe lerrain ,er. du' o.ielllalion of lhe ,'.I_lcm wall. "erhall" ;\ChicI emCIII of par.llk! COllrse~ of Ihe wall. W;lS hindert't! h} Ihe cin;ulII,I:m{'l's "en' "clo:>t'd" h)' lh" \\~,Il, of ;ulj.lfelll '"1I('lU"e~. 1I:lscd OIl the, av'lilahl.. ,1.lla ,.. "I .1~'Ul1lilll: ., llllifl'rm di'lI'ihU1l11ll "f thc tIH,elUl'n. il i~ 10 pr,.(li'1 ,lUll lh"

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Fi~. JII.t. S"~"'d ........"m..,ioo ","Illo. "hich 110''-'; prO\id\.'tI full-"e;t1c infon1l:11ion on I;l\-(.Itu~ of'lrnelUn;jI IGcll."O\. pen. oon1l1l.. $e'cr.,1 .,cli';I~ .m::Li h:l\':,n' ,,,r,,,ulld;n~ Iht hotl\Cs. Nu fOIlIl:,1 oUldoor d;,i,i,'", fmtld hI.' n ..... ~-

hQu>chold. .\lowm;ICl'" lI~"d for n:ftl't:. di'llo;l'o11 hdd the .. n~"~ ,Inrim:: both Illnte,. nle 'uppon re"t ...11\1(' JllI ,.. ..... ",Ih rt1~,ll('l1 (kpo..i" of fn....lm ,lIe~ mUSM:I .. of the '\ IKn......... ntl, l.ll,l COlllPn-"\o1 I,' '\.l~ disc;lrClcd in pits behind Ihe ho"',... "In::,d) fmrn, d 1'1.1 dUI: 10 procure eb~ for buildinltS. Such pil'. althoul;th witholll dj,tinet referenccs to their COlllcnt:>, art: s,"lid 10 h,I'e ~n found at 7_"llIlincts :lIul Gr.ld......hni".. thr ult.ll mal" of rtfwc- pn>dun:d In OUo:' or t"'Q Xil..oIQ\ Illi4; 19i5. :-:0 'uch pib "cre disco'cred h..u......htW,k O\'l'r ....... ~ Umt". Oonk"tk .lnimal-. like :11 UI;.l. hOt'C\-er. and neither .11 fulh c):e,lt';tl,-d &~.utd pi~ "'en 110\ .... '10lK" of Ihe ~:r.lin bius eomaincd ;"l~' gr.t.ill.\. dC"pilC Aomtion applied on Iheir (onICIl5. In6dcm 1I~. Ihc IIl.1JOril) of .....np[es wen.- rejecled b) not being c;,lcin.ncd. and Ihen:fol'e rc,;:an:lo.d as unreliabk. Are.s of produelion are more easil~ recognized.\ cle"r eoncellll,nion of flakes .md - prep'Il,:d for prodllClioll or borls,d IOall1 19111, NClcrIlwlcss. lIw ,UllOlllll of .tI'ail.,blc: d:"., un :>('ltlc:lllClll p"ucrns, Il't' of 'p."c. and tJlhcr' ,r rr ,mgcllwlll, ",ilhirr ,I .cllll'nlhrd. bill IIr, ,ill' lr,,, ,ill,e ,llrm"l diMppo..u"{"d ,I> IIH' h"..ll loo'c." h.11 I.' d,llWd il ,. illr ("'C'p .lIld e~I"n>i, ,. In:ndle. >(ullt'lirnc, ,'wn '1111'10' illl( he.I'" r'I.,.II,rtion m,,chillel"l. Funl,..nmm:. Ill lIl\'C'lmh~ h.-tl.C"C1l

I~_, .lnd 1.._

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QIH

~>\ 1118;: 19"l~.:a; 19!.l::!b: 1994: lQQt.i; Coibilil\ I~\~ . ~ Ih.. \\l"'I than U\Col. TIlt moorm \1lb~ Ilflrhsh" l\im: .'1 il' fool. "hcre .1,11.0 ran .1 'Irc.nn frd b\ numc-m\l~ ouu~. ,'m ".ill rh.. 'trttb " ..!"t. ,boUl 3 n, \\id... \,lninl; h..'" 1I !.b ,md 3_1 Ill_ hi ,hI' 11\"\1 la\nut. Ih.. di,';Ul lk"t",... n 1111: hnu>('!, "J.! on" 1k"1"""1I 0.6 ,Lud 11_8 m. bUL th(' di,t.ll1L(' Il'!"t.." h;I:~"r in Ih,' l'"C!lL1".e (Jf ,rhuildinll' \\l,... n n,'" htlu~, ''''Il' huilt in pl:lc... of ,~d U1W\ th.. d,stanc," b"I"wn ho"...., l"uuld t'xll.lnd w Ut 1.3 m. '"~ moll'. ilL,"", Ilnx-.. dLlt..... for buildilll: a '1ruetu,.. 1Il ,h....II.,"('.. d\ c mam ,." 30 33 hOIL ma~ ha\"e CXI~tl-d. but dLlrin~ the fin,ll ph.lsc of thc M:ukm('1!t onl) 23 25 hou~ ocrupil"fl thc silc. '!1IC imem:ll hou!>C 'I),lce :It Rt"fILllilC I1 i> :17 m~ on tI,c a"cra!;,'C, hill ir the .malln ~nd gcncmlion hOl1't:!i arc ,Ideled, olll\" -, m-.

3-'

-n,....

1"""

Rcdutilc 111. of mOl 'I; Ihall 2500 Ill~. "~IS c~tah[ishcd on 111oral dincn;nec, Ihis plHl'e .1[50 folio,,", both Ihc Il....hnologiea[ :llId Ihe archileetuml trcllds of the ])1't.\;OUS OIlC in lenns off cohel'CIII con ttntr:l\ion of hOLlSC5 .t~ "cll as a fix...-d spalial division of th.. scn!c'llCllI. RL"fILuit(' 111 also h:td :; Il)WS of hOLl~ bill th(' ;\I"("a OCCUpil-d b) buildillb'S ""3S SOIlIC"hat di,pl.1c,"{1 to\,.Im" th.. SoUlh. as cornp,ln."d ,,;th Ih.. Rcdutilc 11 'iCnlcment. TIlc houses pn."SCn'l"fl :11I XS oricnulion \\;Ih a sli~llI dC\;:tlioll 10\\~lrcls the E.. bUl Ihrir is smallcr. '1u; 3\"cragc illtemal arc.1 r.ul~ Ixt\\cclt 2i.60 and 28.00 1lI~_ 110 doubt re.. flcclinll' a dimilli,hin(: famil\ size. "111t:d to :.uTan~n1 "rtl' Ollell. Daub \\.IS onL~ ocf:lsiollmain., Hf thl Ue;t I (OClUIl.lUOll had not di,.;lppcan:d ~L\ f~ul\d hcre and ollL; :IS ,I thin ht)'er poiuling to .:\1 thc Ullle nf thc fOllndltioll of U\i-l 2, Timber lIltell~IIC poositioll:1L d~'U1IClioll. Built on the fran".... .Ind puk... ({Juld '\clL h,I\C been \-isiulc elen orih'inal surface of lllc hillock with limitcd levelLing rc-t1'.uf..'nnnl fie IIIN t;... u1I \I$l-d 10 inIC'l)f('1 Ihe "n elf< 11\"(" ..... ut..1l'l \U the' t'llI: .,1 ", .. nn ul.luon. I ndrllty In-.rn. ;In'hMt*~ ,11 ,1.1\.1 h,.,I)l;'Cn mudl pn-.cn,'l' of tI,11 hm''''lOl1c< wilhin tl\l' hU\I\C' of Ui\lO.-.:nurn:. Itlt- n.lturr "I l'rrhl,,,.n\ ""hnn:lurt'. l)omr lde,IS ,lhoUl ho,,~ l"OlI>ln":lio1l. likt "1}:;1I1i~. haikimt; In:hniqllir", b'-;IIt; "IKllllt.n.... er.tlb. 1;'\\, .\llOn III 1.II)\lur. fOllSlllUPliou of b"i1dilll: m.lItrial,. 11....,...11 1'1l,1 I~.l 1'1141., '\nmhr""'.... tht' "!Ir of It'o,,,~ md .. 1.'11 li,i.\\!o: conditium. (",Ill .,1", h,' " I".. p.u'.J1rl. IU till" ml.l 1".11 UI:..t "rr h)UIKlm ~ ~.tS\Jol'(I 1"'lII lh. '''\''-'rh 'Urczno e.spclimC1I1' cl.,, 'I'm Bu1~.uUJl ,-i11..~ "tlt"rt' ,lm\)",,1 lltltl'nhrd. hw lhrir __ill .h.a'llI"lrr,

n'Mlndllll:" \\rll' nollIIIC 111'11'. nit' tkllll '1),llTI"'hll1d tl1l' "'Cll... hit.:h ".r, pl,lLI'd {luCIII, nil Ih,' tlo"r, "'l1hll11{'d .old .. h,n Ih, hn' \\,1' hI. \1 1Ir.lll", 11 ".I~ .,1"1.1 ,.... I.lh li,I"'d 1l,.11 I'H' .,dlll" .md Ihl"" Ihild""'1I "IIUItl nc.-.:l :1.0 :I..i 111~ pt 'p.UT lill Ih,,r ,In'plllLt .m.lllI:cmCllh

1

l'\IlRIl1R ....

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\11 h.,II._ III I..I~I "rn 'U11..:"'.nMIflw-t1 1I"",-nt"T, thr illlt'nl.11 '1"1'-1' \\.1' ,uhcll".I lllU" .. l.L L lIJIIrI 1-1":. III III ~,It;h ~ "rl I"U"'....lth.. "'-'qJ'fnf u;,diu....m.1I llll" ,i,,1O" blll \\.1' .u......"Ltpl"') I" IM l...n ,it!u.Ll 110'1"11, "I ".H h h"'h"h"ld Oo.\,.l)"'luIh." rMt~

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(l'I"in"I'", ,I l'IUhl. 1\ "'ri," ill l'Iilll,lh' "'lwlinwlIl' ,.,ni,cl tllll .tt 1Ill" l~'i'" F.., ]",rllUt'lll.d C"III1)', n,\1I1I.u'k ill l'I!1ll 2()O,l ,"uli"," Ih" 1i11ltill~' nill11 Ilk"", N.A. ~Il!lkl'. C:~'l' "ullal"'1I 1I11i, "I",il'. 11"'....,,11.11 , '1111111.\. \, I~:il'C. il \\.L< dt'lil,,,,,,, .,ut! IIt,ll rill' IIl'.lllll~ dkl'l "t I.,kllll.: .1I1111Mb itll":' \1111,111I'" j, lilllill'lt, illn,,~,in~ Ih,' Il!Om 1"111p"I,Illll" "llh Oil em: thr """,nin~ ~'IfJ"'~rd t~ roc.m. :J\m> "'''''"' ........ in ~..oo doJlllt"d. unin~ w~ ;o.n abu I 'f do-illl1j, th.. O\ClI hole(Iil flot.llion did lWl produrc .m} p"la,-obotanK;;,I,e'idm. 11,, 'IOl'lg, ront.line,", III l-IuuSC" 3 "ere ftlUml ill tht "'llIU' IJ.lI' ofllw house .IS "I)O\e, i.c.. do,,' 10 ,he C.I'lt'm ""ll (I;'j~. 1Il.91. 0111) 01lC mil(ln ha\'r IX"II dUI; illl') Ihl' \Oil. '" i" hasc ".I~ .llon(l~1 fOllr dmn 'Mm)\\e!" tlmll ,hI:' opening. the In:ight heing ca. 75 1'1ll. TIL(' I"'m:tillinl( \'eMel~ in Ihi~ dU'le," at I!-a't 1:1 lien' '1\'1 ......'IIj.\ed i" p.lrtieu[;,, l),(t1ll"Il. 011 till' ''''\lnll ,i(1o- ufllie 0\'1'11. ill the N\\' con"," nfthe h'llI,t, \\.I~ .1 Ill'nu:melll ill~lal1nliun 1l1l' grindillf:: .1 rlITlIl.lr p1.'lfilllll, C.1. I nl ill di:uIII.:lcr "II"lo.ed tolI.ml, lIlt' "'om hy .1 10 Cm hif:h .Ind .cl 1I till Ihid; ...1I1 1'10\, I11 la TIlt; pl:.ltfonll " ... left "pcn .It th,

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"r 1'''10", ",,10 .,tlio(c'" , ......1.on lhC'C.\ bC:lnl .J1)(I\l' the: O\t:n in lIowc ~ mu.'1 ha\c heen ckcor:llcd with .J dol\ amhmpomnrpAA fil;\lnne. 'Inn~ up Ihrnu\!h ruspet1>I(IIll h,*, in tM Item Fi\!_ \'1,2, llul .Jp'ln from .ill odttor tind'I "elT found dirccth on the 11..01' with no .Jpp.uTOl II!II:' of pl,"fonns. t.;lbk",. or the Jiloe. 10 f-1nu."" lno=" al.\() llH) lilllt"lOlle roe"" .1 tnam.. d.lr IlII Ollt" .md .J " ,m.tller roundl-U om- 'h,'pt-"tflO fil e,teh other. Thl'ir ,Loci,uioll \,ith lilt" ,,:roup of \t:W;:6 ,Il thl' emr.lllce m.,} illdi.:lle lh.1l lh.,\ IIt'n: mt:.Jl1l 10 ,it on. liloC'!\ \IIot'n ..lIint: Fi~_ IIL10, nil" l110'0t f."l\ourahlt: condition. of p.........-n'aliull "cr,' met in HOtl........ :.! .md 3. -nl........ multi-limo:uoru.l buildinlr\ "C'n; 'Irut:lUIt'd -olllC\\h.Jl dilfeR'111h Illl... rn.oIl\. bul folJo"cd thc 'um Ii,r /;\>lI'I";uu. >lI :uv;I ril .ill'. ,r' ...:ell ill lhl' p;.ni, ul.lr illl nll fud to h.Jl.. t/W' .1.1\ [O.l Il~dcklll'tl ,I.nt' Sll"\ .lntl\ i, 19:!17 B."tc! (Ill till" nl",'n.,llitlll_.>;'\ Ut:.1 :!..I riIU.t! r~; ,n tor lhl" nllltl.ll,'T:uinn. "hi,h [cnnin,ll,; ut ortill~..1 ,ilU.lli.m .;imil.tr [., [he- ,>ne 1'1.'" Jrdcod:u lhe full\ .. \.-.1\.11,,,\1 R..-dullll" ...'ttlell1rlll t;.,l.:"\ 99.:Ik.lrim: in rlllm"! Ihe hi,,-h mUllhn... 01 , >,;,:.tooncion,"(I'"('

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K"n

Ind."M1. Ihl' fin... _hould rnthrr Ix- rcll;,micd ;1.'> ace; denh. ko=d .md ""3I. .lS rn."ribro In \itnn;lB. ~uckau:d ..ntknul1l'> Clllcmtnt. e]lcciall) durin~ th.. ummcr "hen the hoU';c "all, "en: drinl(Jf "iJltn humidit\. ),Iodem th.-lIdl!T'. ad\Tni;illt: Iheir roolinj( -;Cf,it,-..11"''-1\ conl~nt> ..\1 U~ ..

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1111'

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i1l\e1\luri~"

modetim:llion can .llso be m,lC!l' on hl1maIL I'C)u~ emplO\cd. 11 has Ilttll general!> accepted th:.l lhe sUlalle . ,ilflliti,.1I11 -1.11('0 IIlem .Ib/,nl _01:;' b.:h.l\iour (If .1 Cupprr \I:t' pOpllJ.lliurI, lI1di'-.llin~ Ih,u the ,lpp.m:1l1 /.Id Ill" huri.tl, 1I1 Ihe I",-,!::iun. il1l1udin~ dlt, rhr:.ci.Ul pl,lin. "jlh tfl"~l\ 11 .!.t; )CItlemelll Ollld thc: l10mc can mlb be \i~\cd a.-. ;an 'l2'CIl1 of communal Klc:nti'Y.

er.

m:m

Ill-a. 61 & >,. ~.I teduIiQl QUDoo for mabne-

~ i:l, mono dosc:k- rc:6ted 10 ~ than 10 the ant. trdmiqut. \'4 ~ .IJId 0'0-etU in T l'IfXIIT "'ere: ~ ..;lb dr u>c of "Olttline: and cbab. boooe-tt Cham1lh 1%5; ~L I~. 8. a... ciJ.~ ~ Bcjkkchi 19;8. 01 & b: Ik:anne: all tlm in mind.. il i" -lOIfe 10 conclude that the hou:o in ~tilC "'nT daub houx-o "'lh a rclati\~ Iirllt. but dcme "'lluJ.: cnllltl"UCtion. This i!; :Wo india.loO ~ !he fr.uunmb cL walb from Rcduule of burned lUub "'ib a hiclt COIllt"'l1t of cb\ C'Xhibitcd at me- H~qfonal ~1u. matUd '" 1\llJc' in 1_\11"' .\miquil\ IAIl,.r .111. rh., ,ill" ".1' Il'\, Ill.un of the 'f"ulf'mrllb in Iht' Tdi,h ~,ln IH'T\" i"Onu'Illp::Inem depelldint:l 011 lht: dt'J>lh: incbcaLinll UI"I lhe ~'l:rnl~III"(1 arca h;ul undert:onc Iimllcd po('o\crctl undcr un: flJ:c: 01' ~ll. \IIJls

n \II'1.lIl:\'(; :\1 \1'1.111 \L

G"llc,~Ll CrUdClll'" of ,ht' pollef'l erc.lled Ihe Itn-

pl'CS>ioll Ih.u il 11.1\ rd.lled 10 Ih., 1.11.."1 ph....... of Ih... Copper. \J,!c. ,uppo.ctIl, m.lrked b\ .m Ul.lIIdtd ... h,," ,harm!\( -.cl, \\eft' rul!lrd ,me:! I~~~. and ....,iened indi,idual numl)(" of lotaI St.,lion n'H:.15UKmenL Soil from thl" \"t" I, abo I'.ill ,h.o' ,,,". wcl ","11' "m \1 k.l-'t ,I h . I m\fl.lU-- Inn.- ,>T"" lit 11.. hUI ,. ammllU f ~ noo.pLl.'11C n'llntu."tll' \.,l.' Ibc ,llIltlUm I I ..-nI II~rih1tIt"Jn-JI(' llIIITquc",'" ~ ,..m"hn1 r< . , iJlro .-......'ldnTd .... inu~tlUt..wh .addc-d

, n-JI nl,IN f"'III.... . ,lurd, n.-hh trrnpet'l"d \11th .'1\l,hrd Ibm l -I mm _.. _.. .It.!.nu qUolTU' ,mu. 'och 1.-.n1'l "ould call bolh fonns b;.rhOline I ] mm. the mlN. fl't'qucm inclUStom $Ue lin arowld . tlOll u "ell lII\'",u~.l1cd ;md daleS to the Late CopJlt'r .\11Clinl.\ eombimlliOlll (1ll1illg Ug:L '1 i. :I rdl('("lion of o,(lCi,L1 plwlIomcll:! diM'"us.>cd in sceliml>

7

-un 1"IU01U(l11 q "mll'-.lO;);'p J" ;l(hl 1I0lUlUO-l ,.l.ldllf....:> lU~'U .'1' \C" ;"'U') :I'll "! 1'....11 ;>(1 PII1(U U:l111 'pHI" p.llU '11/1 :JU!W'U 1(11),111:1"..:13.1 ~ P1110.llU:l111 u;'a."Pq :I..lll1'!>!P aliI IUO,) I' Ill!" .1;>111'1:; . Wlp 1l1l!,llrlUl! '~IOP JO "'I!I"(I!JIJI .:>;I'!.pns 1'111 '. ;I!J(I':J .. ;'I!lldl'.J~) >II'~',)I':U' ",:.I 110 'p""IlI;lp lIP'U;I;I :l1I!~!I~' J,)U':I '''11 '1I0!I'!.l'O.,p IPIII!,'d ;l1!'1dl;.l,,'i' JOj :l11l1!1~111l~" SI'll;I:IS i>lI!I!,\..IIl;l .10 1':.I!d, 'Jllln;) 'J!J U! P;l!III':lJO ';lII!1 III!ofjo SIU:ll111d X:lldlllO J ''\POfI ;11011" ,1111 J,l,\O IU;'II"d X:lldlllO;) :uo'" ll! .10 S;ltI!1

"'/1 ~~)' "",.",1, ~,,,u,, d 1_"" 'lll"''''UtU'1' ~ .> " 'll!." :>JJl'lll ! 1l0!'FlU[ '(B9(;) P:IS!jll! S! UO!/I:.IO:l;l1' JO ;l(Li.1 IlUUJlllO;l lOlU ::1111 '(lill!I!t:JI Jaliu!J I'll': ::Ill!IOfjJl!l1 :lU!PJuj;US1p '! 1111111 ,u:l\lod 1),)11;.10 ,;131' p:l11l3UIfiI;.lJ JO 11l1l0Ul" ;11011 \\ ;1111 JO B,,!;(; 1l!111~\\

'0 ~. ~~>: =-. /(f ;

))/

~~I 1I0!1l:J0J:lP JO UO!lnq!JIS!p ::1111 l\" SU!llOlTI"~!I!IUllllb

IIn,,S ::>(1 ue:> s\: '!Pllb!1l -11;);11 1I0!IIlJOj,)P ;lII:.Ioql:[:l ;).Iom jO :lJ!oU;ld:u :UU. '::Inb!IIlIj,')l lU:llll -11':>.11 :I::ICJJIlS :>.\!It:..loaap " 51: tllllll J:llpt:..1 '[1l110!IJlIllj I: S,' P:l,\\;)!.\ U:I::I(I ;1,\1111 Ismu 1I0!IIl:l!ISlll .\..I:'IHod ll11puO!jdlllns~,' :lIp l1U!,\\OIlI: ';I.lt:..1 S! IU;lllt::lF' :'1110 llIl,!l

=

~

:"'0111 jO p:Jsodulo,) 1I0!IC.lO:l,lP '.llIC.l;>U:I:) fhl!!!':.Il J:li'! -II!J JO :l1I!IOftJ"(1 s;I'\lo.\ll! 1l0!IIIU!(IIUO:l jO :)(L{I -;lJj bOlll :Ul.J. I:lS1;.U :>111"\ lUOJj

w,mb

"Spur 01

p:>IIl:>S,IJ :1:1..11[1

.d;lJJ:lpun Iqnop 011 .\:lu:lnb:UJ 11 'SpJlll[S :lIp JO "BI: 110 punOJ '! SIIl:llll:lFl j,\!II;.IOj:>p (Ile U! pSI:a 1 [ Jul 0"1 jO 1I0!lllll!qUlOj V ',\poIl P:lW:I!IS1U :lIp IlIOJJ ll;):I"/ U1 !J Pjlllo()U1~ :llll S:lll;.llld:>s \I:1ijo uo!ss;udw! d!l- pt!" /.10 l!"IU:lllll!J JO uOI:UOJ 11 JO pm'q 1':III07.!J0ll \-' '.',,!;(; .\1110 dn ,1J{IlUl 1I0!It:..lOa:lp jO s;xHj llu!II!"UI':>.1 ':>11.1. "J;)(JoJd 3U1\O(jJl.'f1,l0

o,,~, pUl: ~lImCJI J:>:iu!J

jO S1'\\

.,.,oq

"I:UI''!s 1),')I~O;)'lP JO

:'nt

9,,1 UO P,lSI'j]

'(; u.'in)O 3111'j(11I1..... 'il' :1111 U! '1511It.... \ s! :ut.'." p.>lI'.l-!I"U jO lIf>l}JoduJd ':>11.1. "PL'fIUl! ,},\~I'-'ql' :iU!'!IIJ!UIUI PIJI' 'SPIo,,)\ :>lJI-1JOjUt.u '~:lt:J..Ins liu!dduii J:I\l,X!lIUlll' ':lU :"','.\ 1':.I:I\:l\ U! p:lll'f).')Jdd,' ;l(l 1II',l Ill;lUlll',UI ,')JI:J..Inlo 'l){'\ jO\I!IIUOll.llU!J :lIlt .. "ol,xI .1,1\ ' .. D..

;W!.\.L .. ~Il'>,lJnl ifU!1lI.."/dmllo,, .'>!UI))!11

pill' "1,"",1\

p:l(h'll\ PJJI'(I "1.'''''>1 JiJ":JOI'i a!q "! Will ',,:>11'" 111\.1

It

v:Jn

721.1111 'qUI'.\lt11 \\ilh ill\i,ccl lilll'. 1\.UillJ.:.I

hOIl"}'_

. .\ '\ ._\' "iftft "h;dl Jl"'""unn. wilh hn..,-m.II' .11l". 1111:< ,,1 ' - ' ('an hi" uoillim li"o.l!. Ill.m l'llhl'r 'Id,', III tl.,uhll...lim,n.,n.tl 11'" nlllll1ld\ 1I mi.:\ll,ll",1 he u...-d I., IrmliTWt{" h.\rl..,uIK' (IT Iin~r tr.\llioppcr Al;le ,ilCS I.ilh poor pn:scn~luon Todofll\.1 e::1 .LI 2003 ..\1 Ulf.I. Ihi.-l i~ nOI die:: C~. ~in(c tmIphlle:: paimins \\,~ done prior 10 bunlishinL!. "hich had .1 dur:lblc proll.'Cole nnl,..cl on pollcn ~urfJ("if is imporllLlIl IQ 11011', llt.U ~'raphirc l),ulL! ".l' nOl fCsel'\'l, ,molhcr imJlon,1I11 afier firing, :md as a rc~llh. the .wlid componelll of the solution Glrbollisc. cre;uing a d.lrL; SUn."lCC colour C.'rhon 2002,. l':'idence 011 firinl{ colldilions is also gained indirccd)' from gr.lphile IMimed poUel). Conlrary 10 :111 O1S'>UnlpliolU about pyl'Ok'Chnolot,';cal :ldltC!';;unlllc mal. 111"'n .o"'ll.ln-.oll' .unl SOIn.. 'Ilt.-cul,mon. . lot: ", .H

n,.

lh.. ill";""" hdirll h.ll It01-

lCr) .t~M:lllhla~,. Thl'> .L1lO Io;;nd 10 bc (1\ trn-pre~C:Ill('d in .1nh.lc:olol{ic.,1 rq>orts. ,incc a li'lnnall"t.'l"on. olo~cally robusl. since it i.\ ,II.\() \\ick:h reJlrc~lI1ed al Olher Ksn sites. prim,uil)' Rc dutile :lIId Sadovt:C. As a nlle. Ihe jugs .Ife dt:Cor:lIcd in Ihe mO-I protmding .trca. i.c.. lhe sliollldeT3. o Close!\ relaled 10 Ihe pn:\ious group arc bifiJnit CliJb. 'nu:51: .1Il: ,hallo" vascls u.lIal1y equipped "ilh 1.... 0 opposinl;l \Tnic;ll loop handles wnm:eting lhe shouldeT3 "ilh the rim. BUI repre;cnl:lI.i\1:5 "ilholll such handlcs OCl:IIfbJt fW''' "ilh irnmcd rim !i(:b.. The tuminl!; I>oint i.I exactly in the middle oflhe and me lumine poinl brinC in tilt middle of the lenn. lrmprr .md ,urf;\l,.Y treatfTlnu rrftn"1 .lnd at'( dt'1l"nmnC'd h\ function Ricr lo,l87. ~JfI C..n,oollJ... Qf thlllUcli -II' :md (TIl)r"".

h,'II'\\ hillhh ,llIllt'. rh.' n',I\tm;ll~ unh "Ild~ I\illl ,I _lllll-""Iioll .111d 11.'1 l\)IIlh"i\,' ,',l1nn,'m,. BUl I,h;\lI'n'r illlfll1l'l"I,lli,," i' Ih\"I'Il, it ,d\I,,,, h"s I'lIhllr.tl imll!iI:,IlHl11- ljd- 1'01 \IIO\..inl.: plll' 1","ld indic,ll,' .1 I\llt' "I clli,me h,I"l'lI ull _ICI",(I 1I1c"k CI,\\ IMm \\C'ulcl impl\ h"lin~ "I' Idll',ll bn,'.u!. I.lH;-kih. \lIch illICrpn'I,llil'n' Ill.l\ II(' ,,_1("(1 .\I,r-lill-l org:mic r('~iduc dU.II\-..("o. rill' ("'l,II11plc. ;t h,I' n-ce1l1h 11('el1 demon,lr.l\{'(\ Ih,l\ ,1 n'~,d l'llC, l,hil'lI for h.llf ,I ccmUl"\ h,1S bttn lnl111 n in SE [UI\lP" ,LS d "mill jUl( due 10 i15 fonn ,1I1d C"thll~lphic al1:1I~ .lppcars to bear no trace- of bein!!, Il",--d .b ;1 milk font:lincr rCr.li/o: ct al. :XI03 . In Icmt'> of lempcnllg nl.lltn:llS used in Ilonc~ production. Ihen' is a ~ro"in~ I)()(I) of Clidencc thal sdtttion of tempcnm;: nl.llcn.lls is go\'cmed by POlten function Stcponailh 1984: Rice 198i'. For example. cookinl!, pots :In' c:\.lx'Ct...-d 10 "idle. SO. the ...ll:c!llsi\l:ued Ihrough .,t;li"e u,e .md '''~l)()o "ilion "nd nOl :0.< p:Issi\"c exhibition OIL ,h... I\'(". lkllC"'. ,io. ,In(1 ickarUllclions .ltMU SkilXl (Skihu 1992) can 110' Ix: scp.'l';ued rrom IL"Chllofunnioll_ ($I..ibo 1992l, .1\ k.lsl nUl in the ,,;w: or the Lit.:', :! lll.llcri:t1. FUnt;lion.11 deductions I,n: pll:'!oSiblc UIl IWO Ic\"c15.

;ntcnd"d ,,,,d .1llLlollu\(' "lkil", I'.I"I:.! n,r 1 I rn.tl .. l~ ('on'Il1i,.lI('d w ,lrl,i"lr ...ilh"", uppl('mf'"nt...... mkn.....11I" ,m.ll)",.. _"rh .1< n:PCr .\I(~. 11", cannul hc " ...d ~ lill1l'-'Cn'ii_ "I'" .1IIt:! "R" "ith liquid,. Bo'h types havc hi,UlI;C

f""

or ..

Lign-Imp". ,.,p.mllin).: In .m .lnu-'1 ).:Iohlll.,r ,'ppl'.lr.lIlrt. In Inn" "I ~h . p,. 1111' 1,",'1\ .In I,pul",,"h .111) n'I,I1l'd III whl'f hi,Ulli, 'lW' iml'lI'. hUI ,,,hlllwtric,llI) Ih,,)' ,,n' 'Illl' h l,i).:I.['1 llnitiJrlll m ,h.,p,'. Ih,",' I)pn ((lll'r I'Hl rUlluioll.,1 (,lln:llli\'" 1I,m.f,r .md '1111 ).:,. H'",'I, I.ilh '111o"t1ll'd ,ud:\( ," "(Iuipp"d "il11 h.Uldtl' IX'inf( wen . ~ nU111e("lt'd \\ilh Il.lml(-r. I'urllwnnur(", h., d 011 ,I 1:(1111111011 ,thllo).:r,lphi, ."M11J~,,)', '"rh j.u ,rc i11l"lll,'("wd ;1' Ill'in!:" u"'d fur ...If!) iUI-: ".11,'1'. The hig_ !W.l onc, "ith wcll '111oOlhcd "'tcrior ,md iUll'rior cOlnp.,cIld b} deep ~lrbtiOIl" ,111(' '1 widl a corn". !lTOUp an' "ilhou( h..ndl~ bUI in,u::ad :lImO!ll 31"3'" cquippl'd "l,h IWO or four lnobs pbt'ro on tM \houllk" llK' _Urf3' l' rustic:U1:d u_ualI, b\ fincn-uailim:! "lOCh i.' "dl~~ and }u.) dor:l.UOO cff'L :.uch f;'I.lO:n"rlexlurinc-. "hich h.:a> alI:'- lUkl nn' 11l'OCIllcd. '\ltile !iOme or Ihe tin} \"ccI~. 'n'e funelion of SI11:tll ..essch Ihe .i1.e of n colk,' cup iJ, no, deal' eilher and G,n in fOCI CO"cr ., rmlg'

di""O\Trtd "i,h :mOlher ludic.

,,,,,.. found "illl ,u",ll,' hlaekmc"ll ill.

""\illh~ ~L:C of Ih.. rilll. 'll,i~ m:t) ~1Ili!:~\,

Ih~t, a jJTOCt".' ~nl\ll"r '0 '1,w'Khi"l; ".IS laking place:

h\.,hnll of" he"l OT a,,~ mhc, floll' 'OlI\"\)(mid ge. , n", ~I ..,UI'I.,'O('\ lU b.. dl .... lI:.sn! ;.. a caIC~OT) b,

ordilfe"Cll1111l11>O\oCS (1'1. 16:15-l9). Th" m:~ol';lr h:lS

m'cncd rim. which makes tlu;m "n."it.lblc 10 1)1,' 11.rd \ 'IS Clll)!;. '1''''0 ,.=Is allli!JUlcd 10 the gronl' 1\:,(

.,

1.1gauu 1'0111.: II 1I1l111il ,11 \1"'lm "ith . di,lI1H"ll"r "fO.; M:l, "hich IIo,dd lhcn rnimmize lhe ~uPJlI> 01' :Iir, kccpillg the emlJcr/oo.1ll:IOI,il1~ but not bUrTling. Surh I.\tt'd "ith d~ fire-\"("SI,cl.s 16 pr 3 on' 11... h."'" in _tr.UllCrt11. UK" n-n11l" to\\J.rd_ tht (lUll;r .Ulf~. "hik fire'T'SCI, LrdO\> the ..d~. "hilr thr c:d~ hfhll"-\'\"li...,1> hO\.\ J. band "iUlout

the O\~n and ell:>'''; ,\lid small jll,mmlilll; Hllllllorpltic he:,d" IllUst pn.)l/ .,hl) n\.tmhliIlK.m ox (1'1. \7:1). An ox rcpresenl:lllOll I\.~S .,I!lO found in IluuSl' 3. A rr;'~'11H'111 of.' ,phel;c:,ltlnn".llled \c>wl '''uill:llllp''?) Ill,d,I

I'.OO~10RI'llll'

IU.I'R t~"l.:-rr_\

rtO~:'

ll;;,llj" ....ll.'rlll":ld

Lign'qm''''n1,1I101l "r hom_-'-. ,I Ill,,, 1,,.1' "n 11ll" nn k .md illriwd ,Ill11ond-1'-~(:l.l ,upt:"ri"r, il\ GllH1{l1 he .l' 111111..1 011 Ih... bouU (If pon........ d...: "ralion .md ~urf.Kr U~.llmenL 'nlCC chirf dilrcn:ufr br1\\1'1"11 pLun ,,"d dclOl""dlcd polll:1"I is lho: lIl'NTm'1ll of limr. uumi>hcd t:r.lphilr p.timnl ",.urn lItt'tkd lhl: l(m~1 period or manllf!clurr. bUI " ....' no lL"Chnol....;c;" deIcnn;'n-d. as lhe\ drill bel"CCll delll.Llld, of the pmc, lic.,1 and cuhllr:1l COIlSlmcl5 "hi("h .11:.Iin (".1Il O'TrI"p). Telllper, dccor:uioll.I"d melhod uf Ill.,nulilllurc .d.,.l 1.lke " IW1lOO(" ('\;~ "lll h.l-' b,mr ;lI1d in p.anltul&r"oocku iltlm h~ I ,llll.hffl.md kit ;l 't'O undi"wrb.'d Unit) ,llId onl> two do nOI h,ll .. ,I prt "here me, fr::l.l;mml"~ t.... ll1d 1TllI\ ll1dicalC Uu.1 me, OUlm...h ,,'Cl'tC C 4, oM Iwth 1:Ua\"illcd. Cio!c 10 11"" agcm "....n. f..an\; tilt prt" '." placed a ~mi"!l ha,,1 0 - 10 cm with ,,1\,11 ,Il,e pc:ln:d 10 bl' ,I cla\ cRg in;1 Fi!l. VIA. '1'1 'e "00", , "hll ' "'" oflh~ 'h.l]"Ie of;1 funnel n;HTO"IIl~ 10 f of ",;

.

" r'

IIp\lt''T 11,lInclCT. " 1,c \lene",1 OUl, ':,ll( ,-t"OS lIle I , ..

Ilr.:" , ~r;" .11 Ihe ""rro"cT cnd lll~.!~C'1 I, I.ll,' ,d"in.,lIl, ' ' ". ,. , r ,,' (to cl \\'1I1r .'I I H, fa} .. lared Ih"l h"ir l.ouJd burn dnriut.: 1he filillt: proce>s. Ht'" 1','1'1'. J.lrer 0". (lIIe of ,h,' }O,"'t.: IlOllt.... rdle.lt..:1 0" ,hi:; limi,.nioll .ll1d I'rocluCO'd "HI Ii!"uri,,~ .1 le"'.,].. wiU. lont.: h.tir ".1> Jell unfirelL .. hile .' "",.It- fil.:urine '''L\ lirrd lot.:('lhcr

tOO

,,,lll'dru-h.-, "llh.. \ 111.11:'- Iml 1l..m!o: hll111.111 \'mhlldl' - l11rlllh.:r- "I .1 "l1l1lllUllll' ,'"uhl oh.'n dr111 aud l'ffif'hasi1.n1llha1h" ";u '>aid 10 rl'\lIT....m ll.,Il.l a Yorouban dril\ \lroll~tin~ die "holl' \ill.llt" all;'llnloll.,1 flgurinr iOU, ".IS disco\'en..-d in House '1. "h...re.." alrcad! m...miomd. i, muSl luI\'c 1}L"(;1l ,'Il"rhcd 10 0111' Oflhe lilllbt,!,> .,ho\'c Ih... 0\"1'11. For 1Il:\lluf:Il'lIl1ill~ lil.,'urincs. 1\10 u:",k lechniqucs ,,"'re "pplied. Al k.Isl . s:. _ , 1 '1I1rl du' lII0\C C"SI'S "l~lIn"C' \\1.'1'1.' mote Ic(11'roUl nu, .

:1

rommodit\ .

or

"'une lump or cl:II' (70-15. 9405. 9021. ~IOl\(). 'llmll '1 \ "1 '11' , '>Ccmm~, .,1.0 Ihe C:I'C \) r I1 lll, li",Il" .', I" ,s II.' ,1\ ., , f II lhre': Ulc (I lhe UIt-' 1 "'ul"ll\"l\l \80991. l11dclcllI. I ). of Ihe tl11.... hllnp.fi~\lrillC ... WCI'C rn.ld.: of UIIll'llll)\"r.l"d c\;l\ .9111~, 9llll6. 200111 '17 '. ,\nothcr 1"ch"icI"e Ill'

U"~(J,ol-t'd mdi,idu,11 mtldclill~ nl "'1>"1'.,,1;' h'l(I> po,n .md Ih.n .", di,CO"I.'red ill I-IOIl1 Kroho lIi1l~ 10 Ike .md ab.moon their be Innl:in"",llm'. "'oll111lllllil\ idol. can ,till he found .llmmc: th(' ruin~. hOll>C 1\.111- ;ll1d brok"l\ no _ Ii~t tint.. it rtt'l:i,--' ;U ,"~, ~ _ ;e:l\~l1ed arc;!, ,Il lhc SQlllhcrn slop'''> of thc SilC. Tllo fragmc1\(, of [WO crucibles werc rccon;rcd bc lIe.lllt Ihe S\\' part of HOIl": I. Tlll"r "cre in a dt'U'" bIer of shards .md other finc6 from Lig;l I. .. hiIn

,.! (1I. Cu

1louse I. This pill .tlst} h,td " (lu.ldr.lIl\tulnr CIU>o.'-cr Agc ,tt Tdi,h,

dcm.>II'ir.ltnl.1nl!;

.

lfw, pm ".I.> lTI.lde ~~ _ '" copper dtn\ diffro:m 'it)Urtc.. ;\ _ ..1 --,' ,c'wl pcrn;\n< ae Ul"\ed Ihmu~h Telndlin, of dtr., , l'~ ' eftl1l copper 111'11 Il hould bo:. mc"tiunoo that -n " ". ' le H llU>t- l \\'b f""nd a llOnl:'...-x:kt pt \\ e-tCnl ' waU 0 f 'I. _

,n,m

tlw

lWO

'

I

\'.-\RIOCS I\IINOI{ ITEI\ISSI'I:"OlJ: \\'11011.1)1

"

.I.(i ~tilIllQr.

The number of ~pindle \,horls i" limiled to si:(" PI. 17: 12.I:h b Splwric,ll: 'eprewllll'd hy Ulll' hni,llI'd .lIld (lI1l' unlini_ht'd "hor! 1'1,17:11 ,Cl 1"1,11: lll.lde of 'l'n lied PQlll'l) ,h,II",k "hith ,,(re ,h,'pl.'d into ,. mUl1(bl disc .md pierced. repre. scnted b~ t\\O itellls 1'1.17:1.'),. ,d ConiC;I!: ";111 ,I n.1I b;IS(', .epreIdm "md.lIlrK

.pI.......",oIn

bnm,

t

-m. I'bolo;

oF~, \"I

0

11:1 (;0,>1m t ,~111 ca, h tin t:"'1~hl1nl al thr Nali,'"al \1"..."", "fG ~. t nlrH",,, 1'",,~mMI

.. '

.Ill

T

~: ~ ,

' , ' *,,'

.!'-'

.

-

",

I, IIIhllll IIl1lullluIIllIIIlIIII IIIIIlullhl1l1ti~

\ '1.11

~h~rd

or .,,,r:,1t': nml~!!l~r "ith ittlIJ!'r~""" "f tnrd.

\\eu~tll of l":Il"h item j, al'tlund O.J ~l!.. \Xliminl!. co I'do,uwl\ Ihid. thread,_ \It loom weight> w("n' madr of umuuIlCn-d cla\ \\llh ,int!" UlC]u>irm, ufL1rt:C"r '-J.nd ~\irl' COl. 3 mm .

Cl'!!!ll~'~ ,Sl',' Ch,lpll'!' \:\.

UIT,l..;ionAl YTlall pC'llblr. and ochrc. In tt'm\!. of ,1.. ne. 111('\ do not differ from o;:ll\ 1I~ for d.lubinlt Ihl" ul'llot'T I.l\ t'I' , hou..c wall. TIle' .trilo;inch "man numbtT of l,lOffi weil!,ht> ~ pntup' an indir;lUon Uul th(-ot ,J.nefarl.' \\t"tT u~ unfiKd .lOO thu., disinu."(!,.:llro if not ~ 10 fire durinc ~I"'cmcfll ronlhl.!r.lli"n .\1 11)(' Qr!\( time. mr b,L of -1 .111 of ~XlCI qll.11i1\ m.lwrial Ih. JX'rcrru.ll('t' of 1001, i, Ull.1

u_u,llh hir;:h. 111(' find~ an' of a hl,ld.. induide of.L eU1"\ l'(l sh.lft ur c'vcn inlu lh,' llLirkUc

piece of .1 h.llldlc.\!an> sickle-bLlk< .I.", brook"n. likeh durinl; use:. nurir~ do 1101 enter chis ~mbl.lee: Ihe abon' End.o;cr:tpco. CIC. "en: proOObh used for \\orl.:inl: in bolh \\ood. 0011t. 23: I i ..md a hean poimed oblorll~ 1001 "ilh ....'Cond.Lf'\ ntOll(;he on 1"'0 ~urprisilllt. as is cco.linl\ Ihcir small IllllllUcI. Olher IIe.'pons Ihan lhe :Ioo"C Ont" ill nim .Irc UUkllOWll. C1. "hich IIHt) h.l\l" ....1"\"d as ,urnll hc.ub ,r Ch.tpler IX :md. of toUl"'e. Ihe Slone ...~e~. ,dllch .LL-o "en.: 1001< d Ch.'plcr \'11I. foln.tlll ..1 fc'" \lf lhr /linlS lllil:lll be: E.lfh 8nllr~e: .\I(c' in d.lle:. indudinlt Olle: of lhc .Lrru" hc.ttl> 1'1 23:18.

IH

_

....

_-- ----- ------- --OtherT."d\1I1 (....' )l~~I(llhl

I .... allk~h1ll11

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T,>/.II

1 a/4"'I JI&~

------- -----r

I ~1I1 ~1I' ) N\II\') .~.l

~111~i\':j.\

1711.1< I

Tm,l/ 333 2/8 /lJ165:!

~l't1,"1 ,In,1 ~1,INn,ht \.d", 1'1'1:! n/o:. \I\..')}. 1"pr.1 i~ '- n \..111 t,1 lh," "'luth. or I :h:,I: Plpt,1 I\;nt i, qnite

I, \ 11

..

allt l /

.-Id Irbilal:t' 1.blr ,-.r I"""'" at I~~',..

......~l~n ;1~'11

(.'Il't'

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,

R..-p.lIUJ 1-11 :!-1'"' I\lIt~'GI2.~c.1,1"1

Spau.

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...

:/'IIN"11~~ l~r. \

, ,

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-nrm

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:!J It:!'

."t,u'il

R.\\\ ~1.\11:Rl\L'l

Ibr ,,-pt'" ,,\ Ibm ('Olpk... 'C(\ "tTr nuinh dr:tmint'd IIlllllf' ba.lla~i, .\ ("('T'

lam rncmbbncc' 10 Lica L_ \1Otro Incidt'ntOllh, ,LI L"lrh Bronze .\~ TTO\. "ilh in du,lrie-. duminaled \y. "flalC'-", Ihere i!; a hill,h lIum bn of ~n....lChcd l"'lOb- \uppoocdl\ for 'Iud\ is follO\\ll1ll, d,"I.~ifil.tlion.\ orit_ own, Indrcd. oodt Lhe rdali\'cl~ high number of ilem, found 6'l2 and lhcir del'likd u~atmem and 'Iud\ rn.tln the Li~ !o'Ullpl(' quill' unique: and a highh \".tlu,.ble rcfen'nt:t: ll;\.'oe fOT the fumrc.

1"'1tllll. L"".",i"'l SdI,hullt, tinnl. Ilio" rrrdll~,ncl Ik-o.:rl' .0:: :)"fi" ,\rdl,lrn,,'bchn h"". I"L. U"lQri........ \ .... Or, l\i"",,-\OChdhrll \tePdm..... ,\. & D :>njoollori,,_m :md Ib"j~. ~ld'ldrro0 made of han:! '. u.ouJh l!>mllk'.... ......... di>co...rcd.1l l.ig;l_ "Ill" m;ljorir. ".b tound oulsilk lI,e hOIl._ or in u"......n.un ronll'\"b.. Hnn will. 3 nu.''!\"(" pcnn.ull:mhin'talled miDinl!; 'l{ln~ 45 xnr.... IR cm ".l' ,li-co\t:r ro in Iioll-.c 3. at lilt" o\t'n Fill_ 1II.1! _In dll' \irinil\"'.h found.1 ~nl.llkr 11lil1ill~ 'Ionl' \,ilh;\ Ibt lurfan:-, "hKh m'I"tlilch \\::11: u-NI:ll: J h;md _\011(" IO~lh("r with thl" ,rational" millml1. 'Iolle..\ third milhnl! 'lOu('

al....} corn" from th~ .lIT;!. hut Iht' ori~n.l1 (ontC'l.! ~ 1l11(("nJlIl found oUhid. ,h.. hou>e ne'l(\ In the ".111 Fill;_ 111 1\ Onh th...\.IIionan millinl!; .lOlle lMd tr.tcr on lilt: L-dges. Olher finds include a rounded quanzile pebble ,5AX3.6x3.3 CIll) (I'!. 23:201, Within House I. a fine-grainL'CI reddi.h f1al sallcblOlle WOU diSt;o'.-ered, rttlam;ubr in .hatx: \ I OX 12 Clll, ,,'hich could be identified :LS poli-scction. with :. nat dors;.1 edge. and a ground sun.1.CC 011 bolh ~ides of the edgc. 11le sh:J.l>C of such 10015 l"escll1blc~ POllC!)' shards, ., hich :,re also used for l>OlICI)' smoolhing (Fig. \ ',41. Two fiuds of hca.~I)' burncd fr:1b>ilc cO:J.l'se.gr:.inL"(1 sandSloncs should also be mClllioncd, perhaps prep:'rcd for crushing ,md US\ a.~ l>olICI)' ICIl1I>Cling Imilcrial.

Prehistoric citrpcmi) j,., a rrJali\d. un\r;.no)"n fidd. gnec liltle C\idcncc on the final prodUl'b has tunncd. Often, ~Ugll:OUOIUcan onh bt: mad.. on the:: baiUoflM lools idclltifitd as rdOlU1l1!; to "ood\\orltin\l: Wooden support and split-lo:tf\ ustd for cOJUtnlcUon Cl"h:'llS u.>L"(1 in produ.:tiol1 of colours ,md mcdicincs. Qunn-sf(}n1.1 "rc Ofl"O P;Il"I~: .1 ~Iccpcr ,urd .1 n\ll11t:r. The 0'';11 slL'q>c1' is 35 50 cm in Icnt:::lh. h j" ll>u,l1h nI;ult: of reddish ,llId grcri$h gf>lIIilc or "lIlrbWllt'. The nmllcr C,1I1 b.: rl"Ct,lllgul,lr. circul.Lr or Oldl. ',11'\ing ill sue frolll 35 10 I....., th,1I1 12 em. it b otir'1l III

Ground stonc implClIlcrlls ;11'i

IOl....hUn &.

:klrr.

'Otber T.....,hll'IallIQ.. llW: the knr,:th i~ ,ll>om 5 1'111, the1111'111'.

\\idlh I-:!

Clll.

T('tal

32/

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aJ.;,tJ :1.1'1'. lil.e 11.1111111('1"5 .md chi~ls. fineh mack, oftcu 1)()li~hllo th.. like of I1IClal. Twu driHinl: rort'~ \Iel'{' found hut no lt "'.

\1, Ptw-rm It "...

lhl.... klf;\ ~1' _ _.loh. III I'\,,~ Ikp;."",..,.,. f \n'~. L'"'" ,~ ... ~ l'nnt. 11 1968Thr C;"""", '>I, ""...." 1""" 0;."""" ~ld'l..""" '" f the obo,llt'(1 in h) l1u.'Ld ;11lpltnll'ntl IJ!l,I ~\ ,md cl11cibb (l.i~.1 I). cC Ch,Ipll'l' \'1.

...... r--..

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,

T1l \\ "hSumpti01\ thal the fonner wcre used :IS g'Ullillg pieces ancllhe lalll';l" :lIlthropomoq)hit: idols. Flaucning of phahtm;es has only oceHsion:llly bt.ell reponed. R. POl>O\ publi~hcd a A:l1lcllcd n.. :.I lb.1 bof)(' fi!Ztuine from Kableilil('I',1>),Iocih 7.Jdan:r. m 1'"" _ lhi. ,,~ hrol.:rn in t\Ccms 10 lm\c been custom:!r'" in UR" 2. rhe rrm"rlahlr flat fij.,'Ilnnc fl"'\eal5 hiRh work. Ill.m,hip ,kill~ COIllI,arro 10 UIC Ir~ Lardul work on mO_l UI.,'a I tools. 111e 'It'Cond.11''. ck'cor:uion of thc fil.,'Ilrin, leliufid 10 dt:\dopmcm in decor.lli...(: conC"pb ullvu~h time or acTO'" \,a(c. if imponcd and Ihe C........,xiMencc of diffcn:m perceptions. Ch.m!;c of O ,1C~lllp I> 51l~led b~ rclocatlon oflinC'S demart_ .... int: hod\ ~ll'!i on Ih~ S1fllC' fis:unl.... -Ille r.1lhn

G;a\-.bnb 11, ('l~I'"unJ.. \,,~do..... l.. Go"".. ~I. Y~'1C\. S :!IlUt Krcili,~. ~':al.ln~ ;a"d TOOi,,1f. 11... 0.,,1,1";>1: 1:.......I"h>f '0""""'1", lIo...,d .I,,"~" f1lJ:or-md tin , ..,,alllul;o....,, u"" .k< CI...llolilh,l""" '0'~hlnd'm

",.". nnb.::~_,

Sofi~: ''''~Iho,

131'" "h. 1"-,, .... 1,".11 ""n" ," "" 11""" I. 11 , 11, '~., /In"'''!, {",,,,h ~"" If,A,h, u" hI"":' {nJIf",.:"IIo,A," .'ud",,,,,,,,,,", l'r~I"" \,' I, ""I,m 1l,,1~.. n.a., f"'~ '!I IN JnI ,\/1rllR( of'" //(..I.J lI ..W 1'- Nn-rll ("..., .. /hod. .""~. I~l. rcP"'". B 1%, n9ncropll"CCI(0ll) ttll.IUtC 11 ."I PCZlynrTC npu c. TCJllUU. ",,'Nil .. " .......",,"UCIl ..Il .. p1. but nOl 100 . , lllRtly or dewlls of cxc,l\alioll techniquc\ ' 482Q bOllt: fra ~ X ' d ' see al)()\'C1. , ~" were 1 t:tlulird d I\"cd accordill" 10 S1anda..... 1.,.J, an an,, _. ., IU mCI lU ,\''1 N=UII

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Fig. X.5), Other Yugoslav (or ex-Yugosl;l\') ~itcs, like f:ltllOU5 Bubanj in eastern Serbia, has 0111)' )~c1dcd poor data (only the Earl) Bronze Agc e\~dellee is perhaps of some \';,J\lt:, including I I horse boncs; carly c\idenec of domeslicated horse in the B"lkans) f80koll)'i 1991), Also thc publishc:d Rom,lI\ian d.n;, :are: of Iow qualilY lCorn~ 19891_ A single KSIJ.cuJlUre: sile, ::11 Sfoge;l ncar Cuptoore in So\uhcnl Romania. has only 52 f"~II'''cnl> s. lknccl" '" l""""cn~' aJ :!OO1 Wild "",,,~-.4 af\" ('01""'01' P'500 f,.~", .. ".,,,,,1) "ild ho~r. 1'1u> - .... drn-. 'n1o,,~ 11... dO......llCl'..-d i""'uls 11 (""I(fflC1ll> of ..~,lllhe""'.....n... h,~h

,\daj>l;ilioo, '0 .. l",nlfuLu

n"",bc' of root. boo...........-

.......""'u:aboul ,hei

~nl' ~, l~.

li.sl of~ped""li (RibarO\' & loo 1997,. In nonh"eslcm Bulg:,ri;1 :15 a ,,'hole there ;lre fe'l published sludic:s; c,xceptiO/l5 :arc Brenils;l, Gr::ld~hnjb.l and KriH)(fol (\ 'asiJe\ 1978. Apan from thc finc I'ork of Bolwmi. Bocssn..-ck & Driesch. Ihere is ~ub5lal1tial variation in the quaJil)' of sludy ill 11\1: Balkans and GrttCc. in panicuJ;,r conccminl;" im~til\-'Lions before lhc mid1980-. \'cn uncenain .samplel are llOl indlldcd here. A gcnemJ trend is the decline of C1ltie in the late Xcolilhie and the Coppu .W, \\ hich :Wo Stt Il1OI"C old illdhidual~. Shccp/~ll is on ule rise in the sa~ pe:riods. bUI aho Ihesc indhidudU are older Iiun ~ fore. The: number of pi~ is the same. bUl moo ,,,;ore killed )ounl;" in Llter timcJ:lral ,lud'rJ. I"lf!t" if Ih, ,,"/wo. ~"""""'cJ ""'jn...." I !JU. MJ "I Ih, IJ,.I,.,jJr/I.... lrrh"",l~h ImM"U' .If JIir .'>Wt f 'ttI'!"t1 ".! (;"",,~. \""I".d.,,". ;enllr ~".c in V.... ,..1>0-...,.. huu:l.l '\nOlI",... 1_"" .l1lll9"'!7 I k5J (i5. Grn!,-,:,,,. OK 197'1. On ,h.. Qu.Lnlifl , f.- ' _'aiqr... I,,~.\aoBo:t.II_o nr"'" '" \rr"""""""

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Cunbridl:t-.

R,o,nf....... C . Gimbuw.. .\l oS: t:J.lrr.~.I~~

3 I l" 191 ~>()(). H"I'lut!. J> 19l19. 'n,~ ~ro"OI1'} h.:u" tlOfTTl,-U "'11""~ o: & OShraJ. 19l19,..m.. '1ad .T"'" ~v..: ",IN,. ".>poturJ ruA - ' ...",t.lo H,, ftI,eon-.. : til :05111'""". A lllgib pri ,. GtlIl",mo Ddd'n". I", r",I",,,,., ,., .11" l!li5. Scl"hl".,'a "">b~I., Gulp' tilt) Dd,h""". NJl~"pA, '''lU.fhm,,!l'l V: 215 ~O'!. Soli.,. . 1..."I""l",. K.. ,d.. 1'1'17..11""/;,, /1'!Jtr1. lit"'" m,h.,.,/op"al .'rol I'u/,,,,,, ,,1"'111 '\/,,,,Ua M"II"''''. ,,, Scullt 11.11:0".'. \'01. l. Sofia. I.idltud",.J. (..d.), 19!J I. J),t IrIlP),,~'1/ "b hul,,,,"N ':".!or. ~1"'f'UJ""" !""',b,.,Am all,l O,~nJwa,," 6. 1:1.1/.198/1. T"" 1 ...,Ull ,,, n'mu/"" 1961.: .11,'Itl ''''{r4.lI"#:"l,,, Irllfo;(lw-.I/.l:"1a. H>:' "", /laHh,. 'ki".L~r "or "". ""cl rr"h~"",h,tlttlod, ..n ,\,d...""",,", 11,11...,

"'\I~.

s..... Niknlo-.

In:

~'''''--'' \ Sofia. 100010\-:>, 1I 19l1ti. A ~ 1:p.N, lW(=.... :>ul..... ToOO"".... ~l. I"71l 7Itt "-'* J'ttwJ .. IAJ(tmr< '" /It; fY" -'fUbl"'" 11C. lI..\.I~. lnt,,,,....,,,uJ Srn", In1'182 A"".frr~nllvltt .w.J1wv:n< or \.... ~ :0. .... t.. n.,lt~" .ur ;\Il~",ci"Hn-d In ~lI.lt.\. the- fllII.lmilll! ;n ;!t.lI.l\ Thl" .1.,- and ..n .If tit1" the huriJ.! arr.,"~nl'o \I~ l-otnplicouC'd III th.. cllT"Um .. lance. that all e;r.t\"C'o I\Cl\" intnL'J\T; in rcLUloII 10 (".lrli..r C.Wr \~ dC'brn "ith \1~r. fit h rnall"riJ.! n-maim ni'l'd .1' h\11n,II1, ~1',I\l' pit \1,'" ,11-'0 ollh di\. t;ngui,tlt'1:1 ,.1 it, IlllHT len'l. Dl"pill' po."ihle Ill'" l,rinICJrlll,uion. thi.. bUli,11 COll\,lined Ihe li"IIl'~1 l..'1,ln ).:00. 11,e n;lsal bone or the child had a ~ni~h discolouratiOll indicming I>crhaps a vanished eopper item, It remain< a my,le!) \\ hcthcr the only gold find at the ~i,c ,. pcnd;tm \\;,h rolled up lel111in:ll5, :Illd hClItt interpretcd as a phallic symbol - C;lll be as-.ociah.-d I\;th the 1:,'I":II'e (Eg, \'1.17), Il \\~IS round in loo!IC soil clo!;!: to the gmve blll a reil' days aner Ihe burial was rcCOb'llicd, ,\11 the soil around Ihe skel cion in the dem.u'c;ued ;lI"ca or 2x2 III W;IS bcill~ colkcted scpamld) fOl' nOt:lIiOIl. 1'huI, Ihe ;lItcmioll im"CSled in Ihe Cxc;ll~l\ion or thc gr:wc and thc fact lhal il \\~IS only supedici;llIy cxe.tV;ued herore being laken OUI in Ihc mel;!1 rl':l11lC spc;!ks agaimt dif\.'(;l a~ialioll \I'ilh lhc gold filld. The pCl1d:UII has I~t~scd mall) speculations 1101 only dlle 10 ilS lIllcerlam a~iatioll, bUI abo ilS ullcnl. :'\Ollt of tit.. ~'1.riph.. . l) of du' gl~"I., Somc\' h.Ll hi~her .. m OCCLLl'r('lICC of \'l'Cn lhroulih lheir abl~ lhe Bbc\: Se,l doon'5 rrodoro\,;' .>.rl"!U1I'Clural uniLml\. h;ls al..o bct.'1I rulu\';llt::d ill 2002. In lhe ~J.,.-jOll of Plc\'cll ,.rc sewr:.1 OlllCroPS ;'\...\ Lul'UJ)C I'lli' (Iui,,~ ""mt lime :\lili..1.u~l..-as 19i8: .dlll fO!>loils of dincl"Clll l;cological periods \GI~\lI~h l'h>ddcI Ill1:\4; Illlll,l J:,idcnn' ofimcm:lalcdncss be. am\ 1999\. '\lIC most t'cadil)' .L\~lil:lblc dcposilS :n"l: ''' .....nl'('.lllm oflht' h.in!o\ and Ih.. dead l.lllllS fOllnd found :11 the \"illagc of Op:mels [widl a po.siblc Cop' 111 ~. Lumpl' (1)0, .11!K'il ill .1 r.llhcr circul1l,t.llIlial per Agc 'CUll-lII('III, "here fo.-silil.{'d dclllali,ulI (of 11I,UI1l\'r. :\lioccl1e dalC1 can be eOIlC('led 011 the ,"diKe (:15 rc' Gonncrl101l. lxl" ....." holl>\" ,md hurials havc poned I.>)'~, Zid:l\xw, Din:ctOl" oflhc lu.lilllle ofGe\,ueh Ix'l-n aUe"led ,'11 Dur.ml..ulak. "he~ Ihc ,lone olo!;). Sari,\I. This SOLI1"t.:C lics le... Ih:\ll 25 kill fi"Olll .lrclm('(lllfl" of 11", mulu-Iavel\-d >eIUCIll'1I1 "'":I> par_ .--, . C Ug;I. :\lallLcologir;11 'l1Ial),is has, hOWC\"l:l', proved:' , .1 {' "U 111 ~..I\t'~ Hl\t'n:d or frnmcd ";th '0 , .. ,Nl. Ill' sa.." rceenl m:11111C ori~lI of the dCl1l:I!illll1 shells, ,l"!o. lCTt;Un dem"n~ ofl1le do l1l("\uc lll\"emOl"l .. .\l1drcascn, Copcllhagcn and C,unblldgc Lllli\rcb uS lilt Romani.m hurial m,lt!'n." rclalcd 10 the K~8 l"Uhul"C L_ al-\"3 1999. 5, & 363

Rf.L\TIO;';S \\1n~ THE COAST In ~ner.U. the Lit!:! ~\"C demonstrate dose ties "ith the burial traditions blo...,-n in the coastal areas of Bul!!aria.. ~plle a lempor;U difference; the last Copper ~ burial!. in the f.asl bcinl; dated lO ca. ~200 BC, 3'i 3t Duranl.'Ulal. Todof'O\'a 2002. 61f1'. In all known burial grounds \'am3, Deo.1l\CS of :mdilcts..-\ dilTcrcllt situation prcscmcd it5Clf around Tdish. with an opponullit) to producc :lIld to piecc together e\idcllcc into coherent historical '\Cqucnccs. resembling those of the southem .m:'l of BulI;'lril with the illlpressin: tells'. In thi~ lil;ht. is\UCli sueh as 'p,llial organisation. changes in the planning of settlemcnt and its architcclUrc. dur.uioll and causes of .1b.lndonmCIlI. etc. could be set in :1 broader temporal and geographical pcl""pccti\'e. Il:\'ealing the "dialcctics" of a L:!.te Copper Agl: sculclllenl. 11le sitc of U~l is situated :11 the cdb't: of a bro..ld plateau. 20 III high. 195 m abovc sea 1t:\eI FiL;. 1.2 & 1.3). Thc Rcdutito,; site is locat('d 011 the S;llIIe pl'IIC'Ill. Towards southwo,;st and nonhc:bl the plaleau h;u a wali' . ppc:trancc. -nlc hillock chosen for Ihe Liga Sl:Ulemcnt is delirninatcd by ra\il1cs in the n. .-\l"OlInd +100 BC caJibr:l.lc-d a nCl. JC1demeTII Liga 2 \\;u eslablished al thc site. wd tl'rr:tl'n wen: en:a,c-d 011 Ihe remains of thc Liga I m.d1inll"'. t3using SC\'ere decilll,t 34.5 1lI~. Hou>c J """ Ihe klllt:e't amOllt: Ihl' ill\ e>rilt'llcd hou. l,nT oomulro ,5. uC'qH for House I. Ihe UlJro\~ ran",in, indi(.\lt Ihal lI!'ualh lhe entmort \\~ in ,,>UtlK'TIl wall. whik dlt' oven of the h"lL'" 'llld .11 11... nnnh..-m wall. Til.. "t"'Ir;m fIoln oflh l.ilf;l ~ilr "as Icfl UllO('Cllpi,od. nurin~ U~ 2. 1h ,J~lCl\ of th... hillocL "en: m.ttk 'C't1)CT hI a .It.lllO\\ dilch or trench 0.8 m del,l, an alr.llll:('l1wnl illl,:ndt-d (1) inhibit mOVClllcm ull and dUI' n \h... ,lnl)C', dIU' perhal'> made to llrot~-ct h\o:,IIO...1.. I..l1l! in the :tun jiO Ill! unOCCllpied area. SOlllldinl: "llh.. trrmm ,"\I.lbli.h...d Ihat the h()u~ of Ul:a 1 '\l're ,lqUIl\'inll,.m are" of C.t, .)OX;,)j m. The t"l.ll .Irea "ilh humed rcm;lin~ of buildin~ cXlcndcd

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GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHYA1cxandrw 1992/A.le":C3IUpoll. c. 1992: 0

KyJlbTypHOH

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CaJ:\OBCl\. Slutiia

&hm, j., De Lact, S., cds.. L'Europt u la fin dr /'iigt dt la pitrr&. Aries du Sj'mposium &Oman; au.Y problanlS du .Nioli/hiq/U. roropim.Prague-Libliee-Brno 5-[2 octobre 1959. Praha. pp. 101124. Berciu D., 19610: Les nouvclles fouilles de Slory: exclusion, in&orjJQrar!on and Mm/il)', London: Roulkdge. Banffy, E., 1997: Cult objects of the Neolithie Lcngyd Culture. Connections and Intetprctation. Ardllualingua, Series ""inor 7. Budapest. Ilankoff, I-I.A., \\'inter, EA., 1990: The Laler Aeneolilhic in SoutheaSlem Europe. ..olmeri,ml Journal of A"haro~1D', 9t: 2. pp. 174191. Bass, \V.1\'I., 1987: f1utrUlfl OsUO~!!J'. A w!Jqratory ond Field MaaWlI. 3rd edition. Missouri Archaeological Society. Columbia. Bejlekchi 1978/EcllJlcK'lH, B., 1978: PaI/HI/U 3'le0I1I1n1 HI/J06be6 npyma /I IlY/WH. KHWHHce. Berciu, D., 1961a: Chrono[ogie relalive du Neolithique du Bas

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Acta ATchaeologicaForenbaher, 5., 1993: Radiocarbon dates and ablolute chron%g'. of the ealtral European Early Bronzc Age, .... Ir!ipi!r 67. pp 218-220,235-256. GaraWiin, M., 1957: Ausgrabungen in Bubanj bei Nil (Serbisdle. ~lora\"lIgdJiet). Gmrrmri4,jahr. 35, Heft 3/4. pp. 198-207. Gara!anin, ~I., 1976: Zur Chronologischen und Kuhurdlen \\'ertung del' Bubanj-Funde. Jaltrbwh da !lmrU.IchGmtrarlisd"rI er and Faber, Uarvard Uni\ocrsity Press. E1slcr, E.s., 1986: Tripods.I'1anic Vessels. and Stands:" Fmgmcnlary Colleclion or Social Ceramics. Renfn:w Cl al. 1986. pp 303-344. F1eteher, R., 1992: Time I'erspeeti\;sm, :Inllnam, and the poten,ial ofarchaeology. Knapp, B., ed., ArrMm/ogJ\ Allnala, Ilnd ttJl1lol1iJlc1)'. Cambridge University Press, pp. 35-49.

1993. ColIlI. pp. 303

306.

Jiga.:.~.

191H\ (ro. 3500-2000 BC, folilJmUtl dous), pan 2.Projects, \'01. I, 110$. 2-4. SofIa.cr3TYCTKH

R..:-p',n- (>1 Pr,hi.lon,

?p.

jl~

3.:'2.B

',. :.:',' !l.llH/reproB

2000: KCpaMH'IHH

Ha CC.u.ll-

Ulll OOfUHlt OT TeilHUI - PCi\YTIlTe. TpaKUR U CbCtOHUmepmiQlfu IIp~J IfW.1I1mU1I XQ.II,,OJ/WTlu. Co4llUl.

pp. 101-105.1986:B cc..1Hw.e

',- r'o:'"

tl

at 1986/reproB B.. 11. rallOB.op1>J1lUlO'T

c. CHpaKo1l3.n.'1CBeliCKH

KpeJol"lo'lHlt

np3HCTOpH'lCCKOl'O

'tCCTHOCTTll PcnynlTe "Pll c. TCJlllw.pp. 11-20.

OKp"bf.

IIJlJfXlIl/lR HQ .(4)\Jt:llme om UtNpoJOTlQOHtl 5b.1lUpllM.

!O.

IUtsaroY, G., 2003: Earlier Chalcolithic Dc.corau:d Pottery from PIo\-dj..-Yasa Tqx: TdI. Nikoh-a. L, cd, &r!T ~ ~ .lis' e.-1IIlK"tiM in So.tNaJI~. Vol. I. BAR. ImtmationaJSeries 1139. pp. 209--239. 1981: litfolk {~alio.wt fj ceramiu.: IJ S4tJ':",{ wgmtiu Kempton, ~jJe.J. New York. Academic Press. Kirkby, A. & Kirkby, MJ., 1976: Ceomorphic proce~s and the surface survey of archaeological sites in ~cmiarid areas. David .son, D.A., Shackle}' ~I.L. eds., Gronrth(ll(Jw,;.,. &1Tth Scimu Md tIu PtllJ. Dudwonh. pp. 230-253. Kuunanoo.'. C., 1992: Die: lol:.alc Cdlisslteramik. Uenze, Syna, 1992: Die sp:itantiun bcfestigungen \"011 SadO'o'ec (Bulgaric:n\: Ergd>nissc dtr deutseh-buIgarisch-oMan:ichischen Ausgrabun~ 193+-1937. MiMJwr BafT. I;fIT IN' lUttI F~, 43.2 bd. MOnchen: Beck. pp. 201-219. 1..1lVn, .......G., 2003: Digital RtKOlUlruktion. Lrngstrom. H., Slorpard, B., !s., Spiokr.fta l;,nd/Q,lIslnr 1999--2003. K(lbc:nhavn: Insltitut for Arka:oJogi og Emologi, pp. 35-44. I..1"taro\'il, ~'I., Swfiutonl, I., 199i:!\ I'alaeooolllnieallnvtstigalion in Harmanli Region. MlJrilsa l'rojl. \"01. 1. Sofia. pp. 243-244. Lazal"Q\ici, G., La1.al'O\ici. M., 2003: Tht Neo-Enoolilhie t\rchill:C' tun: in Banal. Transrl\-ania and MoIda\ia. Cr,lmmcnos, OX., ai., 1lLrnI1 &setrrch in /h( I'rJtUitPy '1" IJre &lkJltU. Publications of the An:haeologicallnstitute of Northern Grtt'Cc, Nr. 3. Thr:s.sakmiki. pp. 369-386. La:tiC & Sladit 1997!na3Ilh. M .. Cn3,ilHh, M. 1997: EHeomrrc~o H3ce.n.e y WllOltP"HOM 1I000y KO;l KH.a:Al:eBJ.t3. l..1zi':, ~1. ed., ArtharollJfY ~ fAsIml &rhio. Spnposium. Iklgn;ng rituallX>Ltel)': lhe example of the so-l.

A., 1959: Arc/w%lP' o/"thr USSR.

~Ioscow.

Naroll, R. 196'1: n~r area and sctLlcmcn1 population. Ammean Anliqu;I)'. '17. pp. 587~589. Nciko,', H., 2OQJ/HcRKOB, H . 2001: npeJl.I1 7000 ro/llfHIl 11CJlelt TOBa - c. TCJlHUI. nlleBeIlCKo. n,lCBeH.

Nikolov 1961 /HI1KOJI08, 6 .. 1961:

rp1>H'l3pcK3

new upn c. AlI-

TIlMUp. I1pxeoflOlLUI, 4. pp. 51-53.

Nikolov 1970/HHKQ,10B, 0 .. 1970: HJlo.1Han Jl.1aCTHK3 OT c. fpanClllHHlta. ApxeoAOlwl, 1-. pp. 56-67. Nikolova, L., J 999: 77~ &/kons In LaIn Prthislo1)'. Pmodi;:ation, Chrono!og;' and Cllltllm! Dtt:flopmrol in Iht Fina! CfJpprt IlJld &1rl;' BronY npallcmopuje LlfNmpaJlN02 DaJlKalla. KpaJ)'jcB3u. pp. 105-111. Onon, C., Tyres, P., Vince, A.. 1993: Pollay in ardw(fJwgl'. Cambridge m;muals in archaeology. Cambridge. Pasck 1965/naccK. T .. 1965: HcroPIISl nJlCMell B V-Ill ThlCll'lCJleTlllt no H.3. Ha TepllTopll1l MOnnalllllt. KpamKue 0006U(eNltJI HNcmumyma apxeoAowl1 AH GCGP, IIblll. 105. MocKBa. Pasek & Chernysh 1963/naccK, T.. YCpHbIW, E" 1963: naMSITHHKH KynbTypl>J .1YHdlIIo-JlellTO'1H0~ KepaMIIKIt lla repltTOpllH CCCP. G600 apxeoJloU/'1ec/(l/x IIcmO'lIlIIK06 GCGP, EHI. Pcrniche\"3 2002/ncpllll'lCBa. fl .. 2002: CeAst1l.l1l :+:eHCKll cJlllrypKlt OT XaJlKOJlHTllOTO CCJIIlLLtC OKOJl fn;lBa (fHlIJISlHC). CoqJlliicKO. rOOllUlIIll/( IIa apXe0l10lU'IeCKuR IIIlcmllmym 11 My3eii - EAR 2,112-119. Pcrnicka, E., Begemalln, F., Schmiu-Slrecker, S., Todorova. H.. Kuldf, I., 1997: Prehistoric copper in Bulgaria. hs composition and provenance. tura;la .1/1liqua: ,(Jiischrififiir ArchiiQWgu, IxI. 3. Main... am Rhein. pp. 41-178. PetkOl' 1964/PcTKoB. H.. 1964: rp"bH'lapcKa new OT eHCOJ\HTHO'fO cenllutC lIpH c. r"bll"b60BUIl. Coq:IHllcKlI OKp"br. ApXeOJlOWR, I. pp. 48-60.

10.Sidcra, I., 1997: Rapport d'ctude de l'assemblage osscux dc Drama (Bulgaric). Bnlrhl drr Rlimis(h'(;mnanis(hm Komm;sswn. band 77, 1996.l\Iainz am Rhein, pp. 120-129, ShcrratL. A., 1980: Water, soil and scasonality in early cereal cuhi"ation. Wo,1d An:h,l(O/og;' I I :3. pp. 313 330. Sherratt, A, 1983: TIle Encolithic pcriod in Bulgalia and its Euro pean Context. Poultcr, A.G.. cd., AI/CUul Bll/gan'a. Nottingham. Shernut. A, 1987: Cups Thal Cheered: TIlC Introduction of Alcohol to Prehistoric Europe. Waldren W, Kennard R.C.. eds., Bd! Brakm '!Ithf [lhlml Mfdilrrmlltan. BAR Intcrnational. Seri~s 287. Oxford. Skibo,J."I" 1992: POll"} Fuu(/;ou. A liJt-A/lFralwtl Pmf!c(/;u. Ne\\" York: Plenum. Skibo,j. Butts, T.C., Schifler, HB., 1997: Ceramic Surface Trtatlllcnt and Abrasion Resistancc: An Experimmtal SlUdy. Journal cjAr(hlU'Owgi