Telecommunications & Telecommunications & NetworkingNetworking

• TELECOMMUNICATIONS: TELECOMMUNICATIONS: Communications (both voice Communications (both voice and data) at a distanceand data) at a distance

• NETWORKING: NETWORKING: Electronic Electronic linking of geographically linking of geographically dispersed devicesdispersed devices

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TELECOMMUNICATIONS & TELECOMMUNICATIONS & NETWORKINGNETWORKING

THE NEED FOR NETWORKINGTHE NEED FOR NETWORKING

• SHARING OF TECHNOLOGY RESOURCESSHARING OF TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES• SHARING OF DATASHARING OF DATA• DISTRIBUTED DATA PROCESSING AND DISTRIBUTED DATA PROCESSING AND

CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMSCLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMS• ENHANCED COMMUNICATIONS, ENHANCED COMMUNICATIONS,

INCLUDING ELECTRONIC DATA INCLUDING ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE INTERCHANGE (EDI)(EDI) AND ACCESS TO AND ACCESS TO THE INTERNETTHE INTERNET

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KEY ELEMENTS OF KEY ELEMENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS & NETWORKINGTELECOMMUNICATIONS & NETWORKING

• ANALOG SIGNALS: ANALOG SIGNALS: Continuous Continuous waveform, passes thru system. Example: waveform, passes thru system. Example: voice communicationsvoice communications

• DIGITAL SIGNALS: DIGITAL SIGNALS: Discrete Discrete waveform two discrete states (1-bit waveform two discrete states (1-bit & 0-bit, on / off pulse). & 0-bit, on / off pulse). Data Data communication. Uses modem to translate communication. Uses modem to translate analog to digital, digital to analoganalog to digital, digital to analog

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MODEMMODEM

• ABBREVIATION FOR ABBREVIATION FOR MOMODULATOR/ DULATOR/ DEDEMMODULATORODULATOR

• DEVICE THAT CONVERTS DATA DEVICE THAT CONVERTS DATA FROM DIGITAL FORM TO ANALOG FROM DIGITAL FORM TO ANALOG FORM TO BE SENT OVER ANALOG FORM TO BE SENT OVER ANALOG TELEPHONE NETWORK TELEPHONE NETWORK (RECONVERTS DATA AFTER IT HAS (RECONVERTS DATA AFTER IT HAS BEEN TRANSMITTED)BEEN TRANSMITTED)

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SPEED OF TRANSMISSION SPEED OF TRANSMISSION

• BANDWIDTH: BANDWIDTH: Difference between Difference between highest and lowest frequencies (cycles highest and lowest frequencies (cycles per second) that can be transmitted on a per second) that can be transmitted on a particular medium; a capacity measureparticular medium; a capacity measure

• HERTZ: HERTZ: Cycles per secondCycles per second• BAUD: BAUD: Signals sent per secondSignals sent per second• BITS PER SECONDBITS PER SECOND (bps):(bps): Common Common

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TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINESTYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINES

• PRIVATE, OR DEDICATED, LINESPRIVATE, OR DEDICATED, LINES• SWITCHED LINES SWITCHED LINES • SIMPLEX TRANSMISSIONSIMPLEX TRANSMISSION• HALF-DUPLEX TRANSMISSIONHALF-DUPLEX TRANSMISSION• FULL-DUPLEX TRANSMISSIONFULL-DUPLEX TRANSMISSION

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TRANSMISSION MEDIATRANSMISSION MEDIA

• TWISTED PAIR TWISTED PAIR • COAXIAL CABLE: COAXIAL CABLE: Baseband and Baseband and

broadbandbroadband• WIRELESS: WIRELESS: Cordless phone, cellular Cordless phone, cellular

phone, wireless LAN, infrared devicesphone, wireless LAN, infrared devices• SATELLITE: SATELLITE: Microwave, line of sightMicrowave, line of sight • FIBER OPTICSFIBER OPTICS

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ORBITING SATELLITESORBITING SATELLITES

UPLINKUPLINK

MICROWAVE MICROWAVE TRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION

DOWNLINKDOWNLINK

NEW SATELLITESNEW SATELLITES

• OVER A DOZEN NEW PROJECTS OVER A DOZEN NEW PROJECTS PROPOSEDPROPOSED

• LOW EARTH ORBIT LOW EARTH ORBIT (LEO)(LEO) SATELLITES: SATELLITES: Only 400 to 1000 miles Only 400 to 1000 miles above the earth, compared to above the earth, compared to geosynchronous satellites at 22,000 geosynchronous satellites at 22,000 miles above the equator. 1,700 miles above the equator. 1,700 satellites to be launched by 2006satellites to be launched by 2006

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NEW SATELLITESNEW SATELLITES

• IRIDIUM: IRIDIUM: 66 satellites offered 66 satellites offered mobile telephony, paging, and data mobile telephony, paging, and data communications. Bankrupt by 1999.communications. Bankrupt by 1999.

• TELEDESCIC: TELEDESCIC: Will include 288 LEO Will include 288 LEO to provide low-cost, high-speed to provide low-cost, high-speed Internet access, networking, Internet access, networking, teleconferencingteleconferencing

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TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRANSMISSION SPEEDSTRANSMISSION SPEEDS

• Twisted pair - voice telephoneTwisted pair - voice telephone 14.4 kbps -56 kbps14.4 kbps -56 kbps• Twisted pair - conditionedTwisted pair - conditioned 56 kbps - 144 kbps56 kbps - 144 kbps• Twisted pair - LANTwisted pair - LAN 4 mbps - 100 mbps4 mbps - 100 mbps• Coaxial cable - basebandCoaxial cable - baseband 10 mbps - 2 gbps10 mbps - 2 gbps• Coaxial cable - broadbandCoaxial cable - broadband 10 mbps - 550 mbps10 mbps - 550 mbps• Radio frequency wireless LANRadio frequency wireless LAN 1 mbps - 11 mbps1 mbps - 11 mbps• Infrared light wireless LANInfrared light wireless LAN 4 mbps - 16 mbps4 mbps - 16 mbps• Microwave / SatelliteMicrowave / Satellite 64 kbps - 100 mbps64 kbps - 100 mbps• Fiber optic cableFiber optic cable 100 mbps - 100 gbps100 mbps - 100 gbps

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TOPOLOGY OF NETWORKSTOPOLOGY OF NETWORKS

• BUS TOPOLOGYBUS TOPOLOGY• RING TOPOLOGYRING TOPOLOGY• STAR TOPOLOGYSTAR TOPOLOGY• TREE, OR HIERARCHICAL, TREE, OR HIERARCHICAL,

TOPOLOGYTOPOLOGY• MESH TOPOLOGYMESH TOPOLOGY• MORE COMPLEX TOPOLOGIESMORE COMPLEX TOPOLOGIES

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NETWORK TYPESNETWORK TYPES

• COMPUTER COMPUTER TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKNETWORK

• PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX)(PBX) NETWORK NETWORK

• LOCAL AREA NETWORK LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)(LAN)**

NETWORK TYPESNETWORK TYPES

• BACKBONE NETWORKBACKBONE NETWORK• WIDE AREA NETWORK WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)(WAN)• INTERNETINTERNET

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LOCAL AREA NETWORKSLOCAL AREA NETWORKS

• CONTENTION BUS NETWORK: CONTENTION BUS NETWORK: UsesUses CSMA/CDCSMA/CD protocol. Example: protocol. Example: Ethernet Ethernet

• TOKEN BUS NETWORK: TOKEN BUS NETWORK: Central to Central to Manufacturing Automation ProtocolManufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP)(MAP)

• TOKEN RING NETWORK: TOKEN RING NETWORK: Used in Used in LANLAN; ; unidirectional data flow unidirectional data flow

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NEW LAN TECHNOLOGYNEW LAN TECHNOLOGY

• FAST ETHERNET: FAST ETHERNET: Ethernet Ethernet operating at speeds up to 100 mbps operating at speeds up to 100 mbps

• FIBER DISTRIBUTED DATA FIBER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE INTERFACE (FDDI)(FDDI): : Token ring Token ring architecture delivered on a dual architecture delivered on a dual ring at speeds up to 100 mbpsring at speeds up to 100 mbps

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BACKBONE NETWORKSBACKBONE NETWORKS

• MIDDLE DISTANCE NETWORKS: MIDDLE DISTANCE NETWORKS: Interconnect Interconnect LANsLANs in a single in a single organization with each other and with organization with each other and with the organization’s WAN and Internetthe organization’s WAN and Internet

• EMPLOY HIGH-END EMPLOY HIGH-END LANLAN TECHNOLOGY, OFTEN OPERATING TECHNOLOGY, OFTEN OPERATING AT 100 MBPS OR MOREAT 100 MBPS OR MORE

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• HUB: HUB: Simple device connecting one section of a Simple device connecting one section of a LAN to anotherLAN to another

• BRIDGE: BRIDGE: Connects two LAN segments when the Connects two LAN segments when the LANs use the same protocolsLANs use the same protocols

• ROUTER, OR GATEWAY: ROUTER, OR GATEWAY: Connects two or more Connects two or more LANs together. Networks may use different LANs together. Networks may use different protocolsprotocols

• SWITCH: SWITCH: Connects more than two Connects more than two LANsLANs that use that use the same protocol into a backbone networkthe same protocol into a backbone network

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BACKBONE NETWORK BACKBONE NETWORK TERMINOLOGYTERMINOLOGY

WIDE AREA NETWORKSWIDE AREA NETWORKS

• DIRECT DISTANCE DIALING DIRECT DISTANCE DIALING (DDD)(DDD)• WIDE AREA TELEPHONE SERVICE WIDE AREA TELEPHONE SERVICE (WATS)(WATS)

• LEASED LINE: LEASED LINE: Most common, T-1 linesMost common, T-1 lines• SATELLITE: SATELLITE: C-Band, KU-BandC-Band, KU-Band• VALUE ADDED NETWORK VALUE ADDED NETWORK (VAN)(VAN)• INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL

NETWORK NETWORK (ISDN)(ISDN)**

VALUE ADDED NETWORK VALUE ADDED NETWORK (VAN)(VAN)

• DATA-ONLY, PRIVATE, DATA-ONLY, PRIVATE, NONREGULATED NONREGULATED TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKTELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK: : Uses packet switchingUses packet switching

• AN ORGANIZATION MAY CHOOSE TO AN ORGANIZATION MAY CHOOSE TO BUY SERVICES OF A BUY SERVICES OF A VANVAN TO TO IMPLEMENT ITS WIDE AREA IMPLEMENT ITS WIDE AREA NETWORK NETWORK ((WANWAN))

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PACKET SWITCHINGPACKET SWITCHING

• INFORMATION DIVIDED INTO INFORMATION DIVIDED INTO PACKETS OF SOME FIXED PACKETS OF SOME FIXED LENGTH, SENT OVER NETWORK LENGTH, SENT OVER NETWORK SEPARATELYSEPARATELY

• PERMITS MORE EFFICIENT USE PERMITS MORE EFFICIENT USE OF THE NETWORKOF THE NETWORK

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INTEGRATED SERVICES INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN)(ISDN)

• EMERGING SET OF INTERNATIONAL EMERGING SET OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDSSTANDARDS

• USING PUBLIC TELEPHONE NETWORKUSING PUBLIC TELEPHONE NETWORK• EXTENSIVE NEW EXTENSIVE NEW

TELECOMMUNICATIONS CAPABILITIESTELECOMMUNICATIONS CAPABILITIES• SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION OF SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION OF

VOICE AND DATA OVER SAME LINE TO VOICE AND DATA OVER SAME LINE TO TELEPHONE USERS WORLDWIDETELEPHONE USERS WORLDWIDE

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USES OF ISDNUSES OF ISDN

• CUSTOMER SERVICE APPLICATION: CUSTOMER SERVICE APPLICATION: Customer’s records automatically sent Customer’s records automatically sent to service representative’s workstation to service representative’s workstation when customer calls inwhen customer calls in

• SOLVES DIAL-IN PROBLEMS INTO SOLVES DIAL-IN PROBLEMS INTO CORPORATE NETWORK FOR CORPORATE NETWORK FOR TELECOMMUTERS, BRANCH TELECOMMUTERS, BRANCH OFFICESOFFICES

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NEW NEW WANWAN AND AND LANLAN TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY

ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE MODE (ATM)(ATM): : Switching Switching technology employing fast packet technology employing fast packet switching. Emerging standard for switching. Emerging standard for broadband ISDN. Speeds from 1.544 broadband ISDN. Speeds from 1.544 mbps to 622 mbps. Represents the mbps to 622 mbps. Represents the future for both LANs and WANsfuture for both LANs and WANs

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PROTOCOLPROTOCOL

RULES & PROCEDURESRULES & PROCEDURESTO GOVERN TRANSMISSIONTO GOVERN TRANSMISSION

BETWEEN COMPONENTS BETWEEN COMPONENTS IN A NETWORKIN A NETWORK

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NETWORK PROTOCOLSNETWORK PROTOCOLS

• OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTIONOPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION (OSI)(OSI):: Reference model, emerging standardReference model, emerging standard

• TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL / TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL / INTERNET PROTOCOL INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP/IP)(TCP/IP):: Standard Standard used on the Internetused on the Internet

• SYSTEMS NETWORK ARCHITECTURESYSTEMS NETWORK ARCHITECTURE (SNA)(SNA):: IBM standardIBM standard

• FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)(FTP):: Allows Allows file transfer on Internetfile transfer on Internet

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INTERNETINTERNET

• NETWORK OF NETWORKS THAT USE NETWORK OF NETWORKS THAT USE THE THE TCP/IPTCP/IP PROTOCOL, WITH PROTOCOL, WITH GATEWAYS (CONNECTIONS) TO OTHER GATEWAYS (CONNECTIONS) TO OTHER NETWORKS THAT DO NOT USE TCP/IPNETWORKS THAT DO NOT USE TCP/IP

• INTERNET APPLICATIONS:INTERNET APPLICATIONS: e-mail, e-mail, Usenet newsgroups, listserv, Usenet newsgroups, listserv, FTPFTP, , Gopher, Archie, Veronica, World Gopher, Archie, Veronica, World Wide WebWide Web

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CONNECTIONS TO INTERNETCONNECTIONS TO INTERNET

• PHONE LINE MODEMPHONE LINE MODEM• CABLE MODEMCABLE MODEM• DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL)(DSL)• T-1 DATA PHONE LINET-1 DATA PHONE LINE• SATELLITESATELLITE• FIBER OPTICSFIBER OPTICS

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INTRANETINTRANET

• A NETWORK OPERATING WITHIN AN A NETWORK OPERATING WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION EMPLOYING TCP/IP ORGANIZATION EMPLOYING TCP/IP PROTOCOLPROTOCOL

• ORGANIZATION USES SAME WEB ORGANIZATION USES SAME WEB BROWSER, CRAWLER, SERVER BROWSER, CRAWLER, SERVER SOFTWARE AS IT WOULD ON THE SOFTWARE AS IT WOULD ON THE INTERNET, BUT INTRANET IS NOT INTERNET, BUT INTRANET IS NOT ACCESSIBLE FROM OUTSIDE THE ACCESSIBLE FROM OUTSIDE THE ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION

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CONNECTIVITYCONNECTIVITY

MEASURE OF ABILITY OF COMPUTING MEASURE OF ABILITY OF COMPUTING DEVICES TO PASS & SHARE DEVICES TO PASS & SHARE

INFORMATION WITHOUT HUMAN INFORMATION WITHOUT HUMAN INTERVENTIONINTERVENTION

OPEN SYSTEMS: OPEN SYSTEMS: Software able to Software able to function on different computer function on different computer platforms. Nonproprietary operating platforms. Nonproprietary operating systems, applications, protocolssystems, applications, protocols

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