Telecom OSS/BSS: An Overview

1. Introduction

Before the initial 1970s, most of the support activities in a telephone company such as

taking orders, maintaining network inventory, provisioning services (for example, line

assignment and testing), configuring network components, managing faults and collecting

payments were performed manually. It was realized that many of these activities could be

replaced by computers. In the next few years, a number of computer systems and software

applications were created to automate these activities. Examples include TIRKS, RMAS, SES,

etc. Thus came the term Operations Support Systems (OSS). 

OSS are “network systems” dealing with the communications network and supporting

processes such as maintaining network inventory, provisioning services, configuring network

components, managing faults.

Business Support Systems (BSS) is a newer term and typically refers to “business systems”

dealing with customers and support processes such as taking orders, processing bills,

collecting payments, sales and marketing, supporting customer care agents in response to

service requests, trouble reporting and billing inquiries, etc.

OSS and BSS systems together are often abbreviated as BSS/OSS or B/OSS. The term OSS

was historically used to include both network and business systems. Some industry analysts,

system integrators and service providers still use the term OSS to include both network and

business systems, which sometimes causes confusion.

This article provides an overview of some of the core areas in OSS and BSS such as Order

Fulfillment, Service Assurance and Billing systems. The following BSS/OSS systems are

covered:

Order Fulfillment  – Order Management, Service Provisioning and Inventory

Management

Service Assurance  - Fault & Trouble Management, Network Performance

Management, Topology & Configuration Management, Planning & Testing

Billing  - Billing Mediation, Rating, Billing Systems, Interconnection Billing, Revenue

Assurance 

The article explains some of the basic functions of these systems. However, this article

doesn't intend to provide extensive details. For an extensive overview of business activities,

business process and functions, refer to standards such as eTOM and TAM

at http://www.tmforum.org/. 

2. The Realm of OSS/BSS in Order Fulfillment, Assurance and Billing

2.1 Order Fulfillment

Communications products/services could range from Voice services to IP and Data services

to Hosting and CPE services. Some of the examples of communications products/services

are: 

Voice – Basic telephony, long distance, toll-free, Voice over IP (VoIP), Contact Center,

Local Access, etc.

Internet Protocol (IP) – Internet Access, VPN, Contact Center, VoIP, Remote Access,

etc.

Data – Layer 1 Wide Area Network (WAN) Services such as SONET, Layer 2 WAN

services such as ATM, Frame Relay, Private Lines, Layer 2 VPN and Metro Ethernet,

etc.

Hosting – Custom Application Environments, Disaster Recovery, Managed Services

such as storage, security and network services, Web Site Hosting, etc.

Order Fulfillment functions are a critical set of activities performed in order to fulfill

customer orders for services in a Communications Service Provider (CSP) environment.

The following figure shows a very high-level view of activities performed in a typical CSP

environment.

After order entry, validation and submission, orders are decomposed and sent for

provisioning. Upon fulfilling the decomposed orders and appropriate testing of the circuits,

the orders are put into inventory. The following sub-sections explain the Order Fulfillment

related functions and OSS/BSS systems.

2.1.1 Order Management

Order Management systems are complex systems that allow customer or customer service

representatives to capture and process new orders, modify existing orders, process

customer moves and changes, price quotes and orders, validate orders, etc., while

supporting multiple channels such as Web, Order template documents and partner

applications as well as multiple lines of businesses.  

Order Management includes the following areas: 

Order Entry and validation – The Order Entry process captures order details such

as package or plan, service address, service details, customer accounts, relevant

contacts and applicable contracts. Data entered during Order Entry is also validated

against predetermined rules. 

Orders can be validated as the data is entered and/or validation after all the data has

been entered. Products/solutions that validate order data as they are entered and

walk the user through the product configuration process are known as “Product

Configurators”. One of such tools available in the market is Selectica COnfigurator.

Order Decomposition – A single customer order can be decomposed into one or

more service requests, typically based on service types or quantities, in order to be

able to fulfill an order. 

For example, if a customer order contains both a VoIP order and a phone line order,

two service requests would be created, one each for VoIP and the phone line, each of

which would be sent to the appropriate provisioning systems.

One of the major problems service providers often grapple with is that, as new services are

added to the offerings, led by different business units, the lack of flexible order management

platform results in product/service specific OSS/BSS applications. These in turn result in

higher time-to-market as well as increased costs of maintaining many different applications

and systems. Product catalog based Order Management solutions attempt to solve these

problems by storing and processing qualification rules for services based on customer

profiles, ordering channels, service locations, product interdependencies, availability,

customer eligibility and other business constraints. 

2.1.2 Service Provisioning

Service Provisioning systems are systems used to setup products/services for the customer

after an order for the services has been created and accepted by the CSP. 

Service provisioning activities include specifying the pieces of equipment and parts of the

network to fulfill the service, configuring the customer’s routing path, allocation of

bandwidth in the transport network, setting up of wiring and transmission, etc.

Some of the systems that constitute provisioning systems are: Circuit Design & Assignment

Tools, Activation systems, and Field Service Management systems.

Circuit design refers to specifying whether facilities exist to provide the service and which

pieces of the network equipment and routes the service shall utilize. 

One of the most widely used systems providing Circuit Design facility is Telcordia TIRKS.

Apart from Circuit Design support, it also provides circuit order control, inventory record

maintenance, selection and assignment of components from inventory, and preparation and

distribution of circuit work orders. The order control module in TIRKS works with a circuit

provisioning system and operates in conjunction with other TIRKS components to assign

facility and equipment information for circuit orders and design circuits. TIRKS can then

provide automated design criteria for certain circuit orders. The circuit design generated in

TIRKS is then communicated to field operations or automated activation systems for

implementation. 

Circuit Design and Assignment tools these days often have graphical tools that allow a user

to create services on a network map using mouse clicks and drag-and-drop rather than

drawing maps by hand or using an abstract set of equipment identifiers displayed in a table. 

After a service is designed based on the existing equipment and circuit inventory, it is ready

to be activated. If new equipment or lines need to be configured manually, a Field Service

Management (FSM) system is notified which in turn dispatches technicians. 

Moreover, certain activations can be performed automatically. For example, issuing

commands to ATM or circuit switches to provision circuits, to SONET terminals to allocate

bandwidth, and to a wide array of access devices such as DSLAMS, Digital Loop Carriers

(DLC), or cable modems. For such activations, Service Activation systems pass the device

specific commands and configuration changes to the network elements, Element

Management Systems (EMS), Network Management Systems (NMS) or application hosts. 

EMSs are designed to receive and execute commands sent by activation systems on the

devices. EMSs can also feed equipment status data back to network and trouble

management systems. EMSs use protocols such as Common Management Information

protocol (CMIP) or Transaction Language (TL) or Simple Network Management Protocol

(SNMP) to communicate with activation and other systems.

Activation systems often comprise a library of adapters to various network systems. They

usually also support transaction control, i.e. the capability to roll-back operations already

performed, in case an error occurs. 

It should be noted that Provisioning systems interact with the Inventory systems, both to

verify that the required network elements and other facilities are available, and once the

resources are provisioned - to reflect the changed on-line configuration of the facilities.

Therefore, provisioning systems have close channels with inventory systems. As a result,

some vendors have combined workflow capabilities with inventory management capabilities

in their products. 

  

2.3 Inventory Management 

  

Tracking inventory involves tracking equipment, facilities and circuits. 

Some examples of information tracked are: the location and quantities of the equipment,

how a piece of equipment is configured and its status, etc.

Inventory Management Systems track both the physical network assets (such as equipment

and devices) as well as “logical” inventory (such as active ports, circuit ids, IP addresses,

etc.), although not all support both. 

By relating usage of network assets to specific customers and services, an inventory system

can help network operations determine the network usage and available capacity as well as

enable automated network design and planning. Inventory Management Systems also

enable Service Assurance systems to find the impact of a network fault on the customer’s

circuits. 

Some tools also have “auto-discovery” features to automatically check physical network

assets and match the results with the information held in the inventory. However, these

work only with some of the newer intelligent network elements.

2.2 Service Assurance

Communications service providers (CSP) strive to differentiate themselves

from their competitors by implementing attractive Service Level Agreements

(SLA). SLAs are formal contracts where the level of service delivered by the

CSP to his customer is stipulated. An SLA may specify levels of service

availability, performance, operation, etc. as well as penalties upon violation

of the SLA. 

Offering SLAs implies that the service provider has the ability to monitor, act

and report the level of service, in order to assure the quality of services

delivered to the customers. Service Assurance refers to all the activities

performed for such an assurance. The goal of Service Assurance is to provide

an optimal customer experience, that helps retain existing customers, attract

new customers and prevent penalties arising out of violation of SLAs. 

The following sub-sections introduce some of the common service Assurance

systems.

2.2.1 Fault and Trouble Management

Fault Management Systems are designed for detection, isolation and

correction of malfunctions in a communications network. They monitor and

process network alarms generated by network elements (routers, switches,

gateways, etc.). An alarm* is a persistent indication of a fault that is cleared

only when the triggering condition is resolved. 

Examples of trouble or fault in a network are damage to an optical fiber line,

switch failure, etc. Such a problem in the network can result in a chain

reaction where many network elements in a certain path produce alarms*. 

Fault Management Systems may be either a component within Network

Management Systems or as a standalone set of system and application

software. 

The following figure illustrates how fault management works. 

Network Elements are designed to provide various levels of self-diagnosis. Older Network

Elements might simply send an alarm notifying a problem while newer Network Elements

can provide more precise and detailed messages. Fault Management Systems may collect

alarms via SNMP traps, CMIP events or proprietary agents, via EMS. They use complex

filtering systems to assign alarms to specific severity levels and correlate different alarms to

locate the source and cause of a problem.

After a problem is identified, the FMS then notifies appropriate network operators as well as

pass the problem information to a Trouble Management System that in turn logs the

problem and issues a trouble ticket to start the repair process. 

The Trouble Management System then sends commands to appropriate systems such as

Field Service Management to schedule and dispatch technicians to repair the equipment

and/or to EMS to reroute network traffic around the problem areas. 

Trouble Management systems also handle automatic escalation, such as progression of a

ticket from minor to major or major to critical, etc., and support a variety of notification

methods such as paging, emails, synthesis voice dial-out. 

Fault Management systems usually provide graphical network displays which are projected

on large screens at the Network Operations Centres (NOC). NOC operators can see role-

based views on their consoles, shortcuts to operations they perform the most as well as

tools to quickly make connections to EMS to perform any testing or diagnostic operation.

2.2.2 Network Performance Management

Performance Management components in NMS and other Alarm Handlers monitor

applications and systems and collect performance variables of interest at specified intervals.

Performance variables of interest may be service provider network edge availability,

customer premises availability, response times, packet delivery rate, packet losses,

latencies, jitters and out of sequence packet reorder, etc., to name a few.

One way to capture performance metrics is collecting event logs, CDRs and other

performance data such as counters or timers that the network and system elements

maintain as part of their normal operation. This is referred to as passive measurement.

Performance data is captured by polling MIB using SNMP or using syslog, (I & II), FTP, EMS

feeds, etc. Most passive measurements report on a single network element. 

For example, an Ethernet Switch may have a MIB which provides in and out data volumes of

each port, histograms of frame sizes, number and types of erroneous frames, central

processing unit (CPU) busy status. Associated Remote Monitoring (RMON) MIB-type data can

then list ten most active users, etc. Performance Management tools can access the data by

using SNMP to poll the MIBs at predefined intervals.

Statistics on performance variables can also be captured via dedicated network appliances

known such as “probes” and “sniffers” that monitor or probe customer’s local loop

connections, packet performance, etc. This form of performance testing is usually referred

to as active testing. 

Packet sniffers typically monitor signaling protocols such as SIP and RTP by inspecting

packets on the wire/fiber, using pings, DNS, FTP, HTTP fetches, etc. Examples include

WireShark and Geoprobes. 

Probes such as Brix Networks BrixWorks Verifiers and Tektronix/Minacom IVR tools typically

emulate customer traffic in order to test or probe specific paths to measure the quality of

the services supported. Probes could be either placed into the network or could be built into

network elements such as in the case of Cisco’s IP Service Level Agreements tools. 

Note that active measurement measures a service, such as application response time,

instead of the internal operation of a network element. 

An example of active network performance test is injecting “ping” (short, network layer echo

packet) into the network aimed at a remote IP address. Round-trip time is measured if the

ping packet returns, and an error counter is incremented if it doesn’t. 

Performance statistics captured by “active” or “passive” performance tests are normalized

and routed to relational databases and/or data-warehouses. An alternative is to pass the

performance data directly to Performance Management tools. For example, Concord eHealth

could collect performance statistics from Netcool agents via SNMP polls at a pre-defined

interval. 

Performance statistics are initially analyzed to determine the normal (baseline) levels.

Appropriate thresholds are determined for each of the interesting performance variable so

that exceeding the thresholds indicates a problem.

Performance Management tools then measure the performance variables against SLAs

defined as thresholds per application or service, on an on-going basis. In case of exceptions

they report them to alarm handlers. This form of performance monitoring is reactive

performance monitoring. Some tools also support proactive monitoring by way of providing

simulation tools that helps network operators project how growth in network traffic will

affect performance metrics and plan to take proactive countermeasures such as increase

capacity.

Performance Management tools may also support real-time and historical reporting. Some

CSPs have taken performance statistics of the network affecting customers’ circuits to their

customer self-service portals.

2.2.3. Topology & Configuration Management

Older networks and systems were static and the network wiring was fixed in place, and

sometimes required long outages while changes to the network and its configuration were

being made. Any error or inconsistency in the configuration files of different network devices

caused problem, and therefore these changes were well controlled [3]. 

According to [3], with the rise of IP-based, dynamically routed networks, network topologies

started becoming dynamic. The topology of the network became dynamic because a few of

routers might decide, on their own, to shift routing patterns, or because a network operator

group might add a new router or switch to the network, possibly without everyone else in

the network operations center being aware of the changes. Instead of static associations

between users and network addresses (as was set in the old “hosts” file), DHCP and other

techniques allowed users to appear, move, and disappear without providing prior notice to

the network administration.

Most major NMSs therefore provide capabilities to automatically discover a network’s actual

topology, which is critical to understand network performance or root cause of network

alarms, etc. 

Probes are placed into the network to automatically find devices and circuits. Also, most

network elements provide MIBs that can be polled via SNMP to discover the network,

although discovering the network topology in its entirety may not be guaranteed. Backup

paths, virtual private networks, MPLS, etc., can make it very difficult to discover actual

paths, through multiplexed links, patch panels, and test equipment [3]. 

Also, most Topology Management Systems allow the network operator to provide hints so

that the system, for instance, in order that the system can ignore certain portions of the

network. This makes it easier to discover relevant portions of the network more accurately. 

Some service providers may run network discovery routines on a daily basis to discover any

unauthorized changes to the network topology as a result of security intrusions or

unplanned insertion of devices. 

Moreover, network elements and computer systems have a variety of version information

associated with them. For example, a workstation may have: Operation System, version 32,

Ethernet Interface, version 5.4, TCP/IP Software, version 2.0 and SNMP Software, version 3.1.

Since multiple engineers/network operators work on making changes to the network

equipment, tracking the changes manually would be very tedious and error-prone.

Configuration Management tools help automates the tracking of the changes. Configuration

Management systems store the configurations in a database or LDAP server for easy

access. 

They also enable network operators to change configurations of the network elements as

well as to roll back a change to a previous configuration, if required. 

When a problem in the network occurs, network operators often search the Configuration

Management database for clues that can help solve the problem.

2.2.4. Planning & Testing

Network Planning solutions help determine when a communication network needs an

upgrade or additional equipment as well as to predict the impact of changes to a service

provider’s network’s topology, configuration, traffic and technology. They provide simulation

tools that help the network operators to project how growth in network traffic will affect the

network performance. Based on the results and other planning activities, network operators

can take countermeasures such as increase capacity.

Testing is an important activity in setting up a network or customer circuits. For simplicity in

understanding the gamut of testing activities, let us divide them into the following:

1. Testing of existing network or a change

2. Integration testing of services configured for the customer

3. End-to-end testing of services configured for the customer

Testing the entire network platform - including the equipment, services and call quality – is

critical for assessing the system prior to deployment and for service assurance in production

environments [4]. 

Network testing tools usually simulate a production environment and generate synthetic

voice, video and data traffic, which helps measure call/data quality, network performance,

and the affects of any changes to the network or increasing traffic or adding new

applications. These tests typically include tests like DNS, HTTP, RTP, Ping, etc. Also, during

ongoing operations, these testing tools enable active testing of facilities.

Another form of testing is integration testing of network setup for the customer, i.e., routes,

circuits, etc. configured for a customer. Network operators or field engineers perform

integration testing of services upon completion of activations and other provisioning

activities. Field engineers typically use equipment and network element specific applications

to perform integration testing. 

Upon completion of integration testing, field operations teams are notified to perform end-

to-end testing. End-to-end testing includes testing of circuits, both within the CSP’s network

as well as local access circuits between the CSP and the customer premises. Some service

provider’s use craft access systems for the benefit of field technician’s access to their

internal systems through a hand held terminal [5]. The hand held terminal helps them to

access loop testing system and to view the complete test summary from remote locations.

2.3 Billing

IDC [6] defines Billing as: the processing and compiling of charges and

enabling of revenue collection for network usage, feature transactions, and

access charges of the services.Mediation systems collect network usage data from the

network elements and convert to billable statistics. 

The following figure depicts a simple Billing flow:

Traditionally, for phone calls, Call Detail Records (CDR) have been used to record the details

of the circuit-switched phone call. CDR includes information on start time of call, end time of

call, duration of call, originating and termination numbers. CDRs are stored until a billing

cycle runs. For IP Based Services, a new standard is gaining acceptance called Internet

Protocol Detail Record (IPDR). IPDR supports both voice and data. 

Billing systems use mediation output to determine charges for the customers. It is also used

to feed other downstream applications such as Fraud and Churn Management.

2.3.2 Rating

Rating systems calculate the charge for an individual call, IP usage event, etc. using the

CDRs/IPDRs. Rating systems apply charges based on pre-configured pricing rules, applicable

discounts and rebates from promotions.

This rating process has grown increasingly complex in recent years. In older times, it was

solely a matter of taking the length of the call, assigning a price based on the mileage band

(calculated by cross-referencing the prefix of the originating and terminating numbers in a

table of values), and assigning discounts based on the time of day (peak, evening, night),

day of the week, and holidays.

Modern rating systems can assign discounts based on calling circles, provide flexible rating

plans based on size of accounts and increase switching costs [2]. These serve as strategic

marketing tools but can be very complex to administer and operate.

2.3.3 Billing Systems

Billing systems aggregate rated calls, IP/data usage events, etc. and calculate customer

invoices. In the United States, billing is usually performed once a month. 

Billing systems combine rated records with prior balance information, payment records,

recurring charges (such as line rentals), one-time fees (such as installation and service

charges), promotions and discounts associated with the customer account, taxes and

credits. Overnight billing batch jobs are among the largest batch environment at a CSP’s

operating environment. Each customer is assigned a specific billing cycle. 

According to Insight [2], the holy grails of the billing industry are unified billing and

convergent billing. With unified billing, a customer gets a single bill for all services provided

(or billed) by the service provider, appropriately rated, discounted, and taxed, and a single

contact for inquiries and negotiation.

2.3.4. Interconnection Billing

In the competitive world of communications, service providers often tie-up with partners, in

order to bundle their own products with their partners. This helps the service providers to

provide attractive bundles of products and services. However, in order to successfully settle

interconnect billing settlements an effective Interconnection Billing is required.

Interconnection Billing products support inter-working of a service provider’s billing systems

with the corresponding systems of another service provider, based on interconnect

agreements and contracts.

2.3.5. Revenue Assurance 

Revenue Assurance & Fraud Management systems verify billing, detect and identify

unauthorized usage of service provider network assets. Some of the kinds of frauds are

Usage and Subscription.

Usage Fraud means that a customer uses the telecommunications network illegally. This is

accomplished either by obtaining a service with no intent to pay or by obtaining

unauthorized access to the network (i.e. “hacking” or “cracking”). 

Fraud Management systems typically detect and prevent unauthorized access to a

communications network by analyzing traffic patterns on the network. Some examples are

provided in [8]:

One technique involves analyzing the average call duration or the number of calls

placed to foreign countries to determine whether the traffic patterns are consistent

with a subscriber's call history or pattern. If a call is inconsistent with the subscriber's

call pattern profile, the subscriber is provided with a report of the abnormal call

activity.

Other methods for dealing with the problem of unauthorized use involve

automatically denying or blocking access to the network when abnormal use is

detected to minimize the subscriber's financial loss.

Subscription fraud means that a customer obtains a service account by giving a false

identity (name and/or SSN) or by giving a false address or false credit worthiness.

Detecting subscription fraud involves searching recent order and existing customer data for

multiple orders and/or accounts with the same customer name, SSN, or service address. 

Common subscription fraud patterns include:

Change of billing address within a few weeks of opening an account.

Substantial deviation of usage profile of a new user from an average new user.

Common techniques to control subscription based fraud include threshold based analysis,

inference rules analysis, profile based analysis such as habitual user profiles and neural

networks. 

Fraud Management Systems typically read and store usage data from the service provider’s

network switching equipment and allows queries to be executed against the data that detect

suspicious usage patterns. 

They also allow operators to review customer accounts that have suspicious activity, to track

their investigation and record the final case resolution. 

It should be noted that fraud is different from revenue leakage. Revenue leakage is

characterized by the loss of revenues resulting from operational or technical loopholes

where the resulting losses are sometimes recoverable and generally detected through

audits or similar procedures [1]. Fraud, on the other hand, is characterized with theft by

deception, typically characterized by evidence of intent where the resulting losses are often

not recoverable and may be detected by analysis of calling patterns.

Another important class of Revenue Assurance tools includes Churn Management tools.

Churn management is an important area for service providers that have subscription-based

business - due to price wars, aggressive marketing and promotions from competing service

providers, and customer’s expectations related to customer service. 

Churn Management tools provide functions such as automated behavior analysis,

forecasting and simulation, empirical profiling, churn metrics capture, that enable service

providers to learn which customers are likely to leave and take appropriate

countermeasures.

3. Conclusion

3.1 Summary

OSS/BSS systems and applications automate many of the day to day operations performed

in a communications service provider’s operating environment. They optimize the time

taken to perform these operations and make the business processes more efficient. 

There are no all-encompassing OSS/BSS systems that can be installed, integrated, tested

and allow the service providers to easily modernize their end-to-end operations functions. 

Service providers, therefore, use all the different approaches: best-of-breed in some areas,

off-the-shelf in some, and home-grown custom applications in the remaining areas, to

modernize and optimize their operations. 

More often than not, many of these OSS/BSS systems are integrated with the others in a

point-to-point fashion, as part of discrete projects and programs, sponsored out of different

business units. This leads to point-to-point integration of OSS/BSS systems unless the

programs/projects are planned with a strategic goal.

A side effect of the difficulty in integrating the various OSS/BSS systems is many of the

OSS/BSS systems in a service provider’s operating environment may not be integrated at all.

For example, it is not unusual to find the following scenario: when a customer orders a new

telephone line, the ordering system takes the details of a customer’s order, but a manual

process is present to configure the telephone exchange using a switch management system.

Details of the order entered in the Order Handling system is re-keyed manually by the

technician into the Switch Management System – a process often referred to as “Swivel-

Chair Integration”.

The article provided an overview of some of the core OSS/BSS areas in Order Fulfillment,

Service Assurance and Billing.

3.2 References

[1] Who Makes What: OSS, http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?

doc_id=113052&print=true, Light Reading, Dec 2006

[2] The 2007 Telecommunications Industry Review, The Insight Research Corp., Dec 2006

[3] Eric Siegel, Architectural Overview of Network Management, The Burton Group, Oct 2005

[4] Arindam Banerjee, Network Management is the Key to the Success of Next-Generation

Architecture, Yankee Group, Jan 2007

[5] Senthil K. Ramachandran, Order Fulfillment Core Processes and Pain Areas, TMFC 2122

White-paper

[6] Sterling Perrin et al., IDC's Service Provider Infrastructure Taxonomy, 2004, IDC

[7] Lars Andersson, OSS Solutions for Network Operators – white paper, 2002

[8] Telecommunications Fraud Detection Scheme, US Patent 5504810,

http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5504810/description.html, April 1996

[9] OSS Through Java Initiative, OSS/J Roadmap, TeleManagement Forum, Jan 2007

[10] Element Management Systems – Definition and Overview, Web ProForums, International

Engineering Consortium (IEC)

[11] Divakara K. Udapa, TMN Telecommunications Management Network, McGraw Hill,

ISBN:9780070658158, 1999

[12] Enhanced Telecom Operations map - eTOM: The Business Process Language of NGOSS,

TeleManagement Forum

[13] Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Support_Systems

[14] Elisabeth Rainge, Next-Generation OSS and Billing Market Taxonomy, IDC, Oct 2004

[15] Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_management

[16] Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_base

[17] Network Management Basics,

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/internetworking/technology/handbook/NM-Basics.html

[18] Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_planning_and_design

[19] Balan Nair et al., Method and system for planning a telecommunications network,

United States Patent 5974127, http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5974127.html, Oct 1999

[20] Telecommunications Fraud Detection Scheme, US Patent 5504810,

http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5504810/description.html, April 1996

[21] Stephen Brown, Telecommunication Fraud Management, Jan 2005,

http://www.waveroad.ca/ressources/Whitepaper_SB_Janvier2005.pdf

[22] Eric Siegel, Measuring Performance of Networks and Applications, The Burton Group,

Feb 2007

[23] International Engineering Consortium (IEC), Tutorials,http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/