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Transcript of Tel Aviv
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Tel Aviv (Hebrew: ; Arabic: ) is the second most populous city in Israel and the
largest metropolitan area, with a population of 414,600 and 3,464,100 respectively.[1] It is located
on the Mediterranean coast in central-west Israel, within Gush Dan, Israel's largest metropolitan
area, containing 42% of Israel's population. It is also the largest and most populous city in Gush
Dan, which is collectively home to 3,464,100 residents.[2] The city is governed by the Tel Aviv-
Yafo municipality, headed by Ron Huldai. Residents of Tel Aviv are referred to as Tel
Avivim (singular: Tel Avivi).[3] As the United Nations and all other countries do not
recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, Tel Aviv is home to many foreign embassies.[4]
Tel Aviv was founded by the Jewish community on the outskirts of the ancient port
city of Jaffa (Hebrew: Yafo;Arabic: Yf) in 1909. Jewish immigration meant that the
growth of Tel Aviv soon outpaced Jaffa, which had a majority Arab population at the time.[5] Tel
Aviv and Jaffa were merged into a single municipality in 1950, two years after the establishment
of the State of Israel. Tel Aviv's White City, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003,
comprises the world's largest concentration of Bauhaus buildings.[6][7]
Tel Aviv is an economic hub, home to the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, corporate offices
and research and developmentcenters.[8] It is the country's financial capital and a
major performing arts and business center.[9] Tel Aviv has thesecond-largest economy in the
Middle East after Dubai, and is the 31st most expensive city in the world.[10] With 2.5 million
international visitors annually, Tel Aviv is the fifth-most-visited city in the Middle East.[11][12] It is
known as "the city that never sleeps" and a "party capital" due to its lively nightlife, dynamic
atmosphere and famous 24-hour culture.[13][14]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
o 2.1 Jaffa
o 2.2 Ahuzat Bayit
o 2.3 Under the British Mandate
o 2.4 After Israeli independence
2.4.1 ArabIsraeli conflict
3 Geography
o 3.1 Climate
4 Local government
o 4.1 Mayors
o 4.2 City council
5 Education
-
6 Demographics
o 6.1 Religion
o 6.2 Neighborhoods
7 Cityscape
o 7.1 Architecture
7.1.1 Bauhaus
o 7.2 High-rise construction and towers
8 Economy
9 Culture and contemporary life
o 9.1 Entertainment and performing arts
o 9.2 Tourism and recreation
o 9.3 Nightlife
o 9.4 Cuisine
o 9.5 LGBT culture
o 9.6 Fashion
o 9.7 Museums
o 9.8 Sports
o 9.9 Media
10 Environment and urban restoration
11 Transportation
o 11.1 Bus and taxi
o 11.2 Rail
o 11.3 Roads
o 11.4 Air
o 11.5 Light rail
o 11.6 Cycling
12 Twin towns and sister cities
13 Notable people born in Tel Aviv
14 References
15 Bibliography
16 External links
Etymology[edit]
-
Tel Aviv is the Hebrew title of Theodor Herzl
German by Nahum Sokolow. Sokolow had adopted the name of a
city of Babylon mentioned in Ezekiel
by the river Chebar, and to where they lived; and I sat there overwhelmed among them seven
days."[15] The name was chosen in 1910 from several suggestions, including "
found fitting as it embraced the idea of a renaissance in the ancient Jewish homeland.
Hebrew for "spring", symbolizing renewal, and
civilization built one over the other an
Theories vary about the etymology of Jaffa or
derives from yafah oryofi, Hebrew for "beautiful" or
of Noah, founded the city and that it was named after him.
History[edit] Jaffa[edit]
Old City of Jaffa Today
Port of Jaffa in 1906
Theodor Herzl's Altneuland ("Old New Land"), translated from
. Sokolow had adopted the name of a Mesopotamian
Ezekiel: "Then I came to them of the captivity at Tel Abib
, and to where they lived; and I sat there overwhelmed among them seven
The name was chosen in 1910 from several suggestions, including "
he idea of a renaissance in the ancient Jewish homeland.
Hebrew for "spring", symbolizing renewal, and tel is a man-made mound accumulating layers of
civilization built one over the other and symbolizing the ancient.[16]
Theories vary about the etymology of Jaffa or Yafo in Hebrew. Some believe that the name
, Hebrew for "beautiful" or "beauty". Another tradition is that
, founded the city and that it was named after him.[17]
("Old New Land"), translated from
Mesopotamian site near the
Tel Abib, that lived
, and to where they lived; and I sat there overwhelmed among them seven
The name was chosen in 1910 from several suggestions, including "Herzliya". It was
he idea of a renaissance in the ancient Jewish homeland. Aviv is
made mound accumulating layers of
in Hebrew. Some believe that the name
"beauty". Another tradition is that Japheth, son
-
Lottery for building plots in Tel Aviv, 1909
The ancient port of Jaffa changed hands many times in the course of history.Archeological
excavations from 1955 to 1974 unearthed towers and gates from theMiddle Bronze
Age.[18] Subsequent excavations, from 1997 onwards, helped date earlier discoveries.[18] They
also exposed sections of a packed-sandstone glacis and a massive brick wall, dating from
the Late Bronze Age, as well as a temple attributed to the Sea Peoples and dwellings from
the Iron Age.[18] Remnants of buildings from the Persian and Hellenistic periods were also
discovered.[18]
The city, Jaffa, is first mentioned in letters from 1470 BC that record its conquest by
Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III.[19] Jaffa is mentioned several times in the Bible, as the port from
which Jonah set sail for Tarshish;[20] as bordering on the territory of the Tribe of Dan;[21] and as
the Jaffa Portat which the wood for Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem arrived from
Lebanon.[22] Jaffa is also mentioned as the place where the Apostle Peter raised Tabitha and
visited Simon the Tanner.[23] According to some sources it has been a port for at least
4,000 years.[17]
In 1099, the Catholic armies of the First Crusade, led by Godfrey of Bouillon, occupied Jaffa,
which had been abandoned by the Muslims, fortified the town and improved its harbor.[24] As
the County of Jaffa, the town soon became important as the main sea supply route for
the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[25] Jaffa was captured by Saladin in 1192 but swiftly re-taken
by Richard the Lionheart, who added to its defenses.[26] In 1223, Emperor Frederick II added
further fortifications.[26] Crusader domination ended in 1268, when
the Mamluk Sultan Baibars captured the town, destroyed its harbor and razed its
fortifications.[26][27] In 1336, when a new Crusade was being planned, Al-Nasir Muhammad had
the harbor destroyed to prevent the Franks from landing there.[28] For the same reason, both the
town and the harbor were destroyed in 1345.[28] In the 16th century, Jaffa was conquered by
the Ottomans and was administered as a village in the Sanjak of Gaza.[27]
Napoleon besieged the city in 1799 and killed scores of inhabitants; a plague epidemic followed,
decimating the remaining population.[27] The surrendering garrison of several thousand Muslims
was massacred.[29]
-
Builder in Tel Aviv, 1920s
Jaffa began to grow as an urban center
in Istanbul intervened to guard the port and reduce at
the real expansion came during the 19th century, when the population grew from 2,500 in 1806 to
17,000 in 1886.[19]
From 1800 to 1870, many of Jaffa's old walls and towers were torn down to allow for
expansion.[30] The sea wall, 2.5 metres (8.2
built over during a renovation of the port by the
19th century, the city grew prosperous from trade, especially in silk and
Europe.[19] In the 1860s Jaffa's small
and small numbers of Ashkenazi Jews
The first Jews to settle outside of Jaffa, in the area of
These homes, built in 1881, later became the core of
Vineyard of the Yemenites"). In 1896 Yemenite Jews established homes at Mahane Yehuda, and
in 1904, Mahane Yossef. These neighbourhoods later became the Shabazi nei
During the 1880s, Ashkenazi immigration to Jaffa increased with the onset of the
new arrivals were motivated more by
engage in productive labor.[19] In keeping with their "pioneer
dunes north of Jaffa.[19] Between 1887 and 1899, Ashkenazi settlers constructed houses at
Tzedek[6] and in 1890 at Neve Shalom nearby.
Ahuzat Bayit[edit]
The Second Aliyah led to further expansion. In 1906, a group of Jews, among them residents of
Jaffa, followed the initiative of Akiva Aryeh Weiss
Bayit (lit. "homestead") society. The society's goal was to
healthy environment, planned according to the rules of aesthetics and modern hygiene."source] The urban planning for the new city was influenced by the
first 60 plots were purchased in Kerem Djebali near Jaffa by Jacobus Kann, a Dutch citizen, who
urban center in the early 18th century, when the Ottoman government
intervened to guard the port and reduce attacks by Bedouins and pirates.
the real expansion came during the 19th century, when the population grew from 2,500 in 1806 to
From 1800 to 1870, many of Jaffa's old walls and towers were torn down to allow for
, 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) high, remained intact until the 1930s, when it was
built over during a renovation of the port by the British Mandatory authorities.[30]
19th century, the city grew prosperous from trade, especially in silk and Jaffa oranges
In the 1860s Jaffa's small Sephardic community was joined by Jews from Morocco
Ashkenazi Jews.
The first Jews to settle outside of Jaffa, in the area of modern day Tel Aviv, were
These homes, built in 1881, later became the core of Kerem HaTeimanim (Hebrew
Vineyard of the Yemenites"). In 1896 Yemenite Jews established homes at Mahane Yehuda, and
in 1904, Mahane Yossef. These neighbourhoods later became the Shabazi nei
During the 1880s, Ashkenazi immigration to Jaffa increased with the onset of the
new arrivals were motivated more by Zionism than religion and came to farm the land and
In keeping with their "pioneer" ideology, some settled in the sand
Between 1887 and 1899, Ashkenazi settlers constructed houses at
and in 1890 at Neve Shalom nearby.
led to further expansion. In 1906, a group of Jews, among them residents of
Akiva Aryeh Weiss and banded together to form the
(lit. "homestead") society. The society's goal was to form a "Hebrew urban centre in a
healthy environment, planned according to the rules of aesthetics and modern hygiene."
The urban planning for the new city was influenced by the Garden city movement
first 60 plots were purchased in Kerem Djebali near Jaffa by Jacobus Kann, a Dutch citizen, who
in the early 18th century, when the Ottoman government
tacks by Bedouins and pirates.[27] However,
the real expansion came during the 19th century, when the population grew from 2,500 in 1806 to
From 1800 to 1870, many of Jaffa's old walls and towers were torn down to allow for
ft) high, remained intact until the 1930s, when it was [30]During the mid-
Jaffa oranges, with
community was joined by Jews from Morocco
modern day Tel Aviv, were Yemenite Jews.
Hebrew for "the
Vineyard of the Yemenites"). In 1896 Yemenite Jews established homes at Mahane Yehuda, and
in 1904, Mahane Yossef. These neighbourhoods later became the Shabazi neighbourhood.
During the 1880s, Ashkenazi immigration to Jaffa increased with the onset of the First Aliyah. The
than religion and came to farm the land and
" ideology, some settled in the sand
Between 1887 and 1899, Ashkenazi settlers constructed houses at Neve
led to further expansion. In 1906, a group of Jews, among them residents of
and banded together to form the Ahuzat
form a "Hebrew urban centre in a
healthy environment, planned according to the rules of aesthetics and modern hygiene."[19][unreliable
movement.[31] The
first 60 plots were purchased in Kerem Djebali near Jaffa by Jacobus Kann, a Dutch citizen, who
-
registered them in his name to circumvent the Turkish prohibiti
acquisition.[32] Meir Dizengoff, later Tel Aviv's first mayor, also joined the Ahuzat Bayi
society.[33][34] His vision for Tel Aviv involved peaceful co
Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium in 1936
On 11 April 1909, 66 Jewish families gathered on a desolate sand dune to parcel out the land by
lottery using seashells. This gathering is considered the official date of the establishment of Tel
Aviv. The lottery was organised by
society.[35][36] Weiss collected 120 sea shells on the beac
grey. The members' names were written on the white shells and the plot numbers on the grey
shells. A boy drew names from one box of shells and a girl drew plot numbers from the second
box. A photographer, Avraham Sosk
at this site (today Rothschild Boulevard, across from Dizengoff House).
year,Herzl, Ahad Ha'am, Yehuda Halevi
system was installed; and 66 houses (including some on six subdivided plots) were
completed.[31] At the end of Herzl Street, a plot was allocated for a new building for the
Hebrew High School, founded in
adopted.[31] Tel Aviv was planned as an i
boulevards, running water at each house and street lights.
By 1914, Tel Aviv had grown to more than 1 square kilometre (247 acres).
halted in 1917 when the Ottoman
published in The New York Times
Egypt described the Jaffa deportation of early April 1917. The orders of evacuation were aimed
chiefly at the Jewish population.
of the following year when, with the end of World War I and the defeat of the Ottomans, the
British took control of Palestine.
Under the British Mandate
registered them in his name to circumvent the Turkish prohibition on Jewish land
, later Tel Aviv's first mayor, also joined the Ahuzat Bayi
His vision for Tel Aviv involved peaceful co-existence with Arabs.
in 1936
On 11 April 1909, 66 Jewish families gathered on a desolate sand dune to parcel out the land by
s gathering is considered the official date of the establishment of Tel
Aviv. The lottery was organised by Akiva Aryeh Weiss, president of the building
Weiss collected 120 sea shells on the beach, half of them white and half of them
grey. The members' names were written on the white shells and the plot numbers on the grey
shells. A boy drew names from one box of shells and a girl drew plot numbers from the second
box. A photographer, Avraham Soskin, documented the event. The first water well was later dug
at this site (today Rothschild Boulevard, across from Dizengoff House).[37] Within a
Yehuda Halevi, Lilienblum, and Rothschild streets were built; a water
houses (including some on six subdivided plots) were
At the end of Herzl Street, a plot was allocated for a new building for the
, founded in Jaffa in 1906.[31] On 21 May 1910, the name Tel Aviv was
Tel Aviv was planned as an independent Hebrew city with wide streets and
boulevards, running water at each house and street lights.[38]
By 1914, Tel Aviv had grown to more than 1 square kilometre (247 acres).[31] However, growth
Ottoman authorities expelled the Jews of Jaffa and Tel Aviv
The New York Times by United States Consul Garrels in Alexandria,
described the Jaffa deportation of early April 1917. The orders of evacuation were aimed
chiefly at the Jewish population.[39] Jews were free to return to their homes in Tel Aviv at the end
of the following year when, with the end of World War I and the defeat of the Ottomans, the
British took control of Palestine.
British Mandate[edit]
on on Jewish land
, later Tel Aviv's first mayor, also joined the Ahuzat Bayit
existence with Arabs.[19][unreliable source]
On 11 April 1909, 66 Jewish families gathered on a desolate sand dune to parcel out the land by
s gathering is considered the official date of the establishment of Tel
, president of the building
h, half of them white and half of them
grey. The members' names were written on the white shells and the plot numbers on the grey
shells. A boy drew names from one box of shells and a girl drew plot numbers from the second
in, documented the event. The first water well was later dug
Within a
, and Rothschild streets were built; a water
houses (including some on six subdivided plots) were
At the end of Herzl Street, a plot was allocated for a new building for the Herzliya
On 21 May 1910, the name Tel Aviv was
ndependent Hebrew city with wide streets and
However, growth
expelled the Jews of Jaffa and Tel Aviv.[31] A report
Alexandria,
described the Jaffa deportation of early April 1917. The orders of evacuation were aimed
Jews were free to return to their homes in Tel Aviv at the end
of the following year when, with the end of World War I and the defeat of the Ottomans, the
-
Master plan for Tel Aviv by Patrick Geddes
The British pavilion in the Orient Fair
With increasing Jewish immigration duri
Jews in Palestine increased. On 1 May 1921, the
and 47 Jews and injuries to 146 Jews and 73 Arabs.
left Jaffa for Tel Aviv, increasing the population of Tel Aviv from 2,000 in 1920 to around 34,000
by 1925.[6][41]
Tel Aviv began to develop as a commercial center.
wired to electricity in Palestine, followed by Jaffa later in the same year
the Jaffa Electric Company powerhouse, on 10 June 1923, celebrated the lighting of the two main
streets of Tel Aviv.[42]
In 1925, the Scottish biologist, sociol
Geddes drew up a master plan
Dizengoff. This first plan for developing the northern part of the district was called "The Geddes
Plan",[19][unreliable source] whose core idea was the development of a
combining the best of urban and rural life.
River in the North and Ibn Gvirol
North.
Ben Gurion House was built in 1930
same time, Jewish cultural life was given a boost by the establishment of the Ohel Theater and
the decision of Habima Theatre
Patrick Geddes, 1925
Orient Fair, 1934
With increasing Jewish immigration during the British administration, friction between Arabs and
Jews in Palestine increased. On 1 May 1921, the Jaffa Riotsresulted in the deaths of 48 Arabs
and 47 Jews and injuries to 146 Jews and 73 Arabs.[40] In the wake of this violence, many Jews
Tel Aviv, increasing the population of Tel Aviv from 2,000 in 1920 to around 34,000
Tel Aviv began to develop as a commercial center.[31] In 1923, Tel Aviv was the first town to be
wired to electricity in Palestine, followed by Jaffa later in the same year. The opening ceremony of
the Jaffa Electric Company powerhouse, on 10 June 1923, celebrated the lighting of the two main
In 1925, the Scottish biologist, sociologist, philanthropist and pioneering town planner
for Tel Aviv which was adopted by the city council led by
. This first plan for developing the northern part of the district was called "The Geddes
whose core idea was the development of a Garden City
combining the best of urban and rural life.[43] The boundaries used by Geddes, the
Ibn Gvirol Street in the East, are now the boundaries of Tel Aviv's
lt in 193031, part of a new worker's housing development. At the
same time, Jewish cultural life was given a boost by the establishment of the Ohel Theater and
abima Theatre to make Tel Aviv its permanent base in 1931.[31]
, friction between Arabs and
resulted in the deaths of 48 Arabs
In the wake of this violence, many Jews
Tel Aviv, increasing the population of Tel Aviv from 2,000 in 1920 to around 34,000
In 1923, Tel Aviv was the first town to be
. The opening ceremony of
the Jaffa Electric Company powerhouse, on 10 June 1923, celebrated the lighting of the two main
ogist, philanthropist and pioneering town planner Patrick
which was adopted by the city council led by Meir
. This first plan for developing the northern part of the district was called "The Geddes
or "urban village,"
d by Geddes, the Yarkon
daries of Tel Aviv's Old
31, part of a new worker's housing development. At the
same time, Jewish cultural life was given a boost by the establishment of the Ohel Theater and [31]
-
Tel Aviv was granted municipal status in 1934.
the Fifth Aliyah after the Nazis came to power in Ger
Tel Aviv had risen to 150,000, compared to Jaffa's mainly
two years, it had reached 160,000, which was over a third of Palestine's total Jewish
population.[31] Many new Jewish immigrants to Palestine
Tel Aviv, turning the city into a center of urban life. Friction during the
the opening of a local Jewish port,
October 1965). Lydda Airport (later Ben Gurion Airport) and
1937 and 1938.[19][unreliable source]
Many German Jewish architects trained at the
Germany. Some, like architect Arieh Sharon
outlook of the Bauhaus as well as other similar schoo
recognized as the largest concentration of buildings in the
world.[6][19][unreliable source] Tel Aviv's
World Heritage Site in 2003. Tel Aviv was hit during the Italian
II. On 9 September 1940, 137 were killed in the bombing of Tel Aviv.
According to the 1947 UN Partition Plan
Aviv, by then a city of 230,000, was incl
population of 101,580 people, consisting of 53,930 Muslims, 30,820 Jews and 16,800
was designated as part of the Arab state. The Palestinian Arabs, however, rejected the
plan.[19][unreliable source] Between 1947 and 1948, tensions grew between Tel Aviv and Jaffa. When
fighting broke out, the Haganah
Jaffa.[19][unreliable source] Arab snipers were reported firing at Jews from the minarets of the
Bek Mosque. From April 1948, the
Jaffa had been captured by Jewish forces on 14 May, few Palestinian Arabs remained.source]
After Israeli independence
Crowd outside Dizengoff House (now
Independence in 1948
Tel Aviv was granted municipal status in 1934.[31] The Jewish population rose dramatically during
after the Nazis came to power in Germany.[31] By 1937 the Jewish population of
Tel Aviv had risen to 150,000, compared to Jaffa's mainly Palestinians 69,000
two years, it had reached 160,000, which was over a third of Palestine's total Jewish
Many new Jewish immigrants to Palestine disembarked in Jaffa, and remained in
Tel Aviv, turning the city into a center of urban life. Friction during the 193639 Arab re
the opening of a local Jewish port, Tel Aviv Port, independent of Jaffa, in 1938, (it closed on 25
(later Ben Gurion Airport) and Sde Dov Airport opened between
architects trained at the Bauhaus, the Modernist school of architecture fled
Arieh Sharon, came to Palestine and adapted the architectural
outlook of the Bauhaus as well as other similar schools, to local conditions, creating what is
recognized as the largest concentration of buildings in the International Style in the
Tel Aviv's White City emerged in the 1930s, and became a
in 2003. Tel Aviv was hit during the Italian Bombing of Palestine in World War
. On 9 September 1940, 137 were killed in the bombing of Tel Aviv.[44]
1947 UN Partition Plan for dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, Tel
Aviv, by then a city of 230,000, was included in the new Jewish state. Jaffa with, as of 1945, a
population of 101,580 people, consisting of 53,930 Muslims, 30,820 Jews and 16,800
was designated as part of the Arab state. The Palestinian Arabs, however, rejected the
Between 1947 and 1948, tensions grew between Tel Aviv and Jaffa. When
Haganah and Irgun Jewish para-military forces laid virtual siege to
Arab snipers were reported firing at Jews from the minarets of the
From April 1948, the Palestinians residents of Jaffa were forced to flee. By the time
Jaffa had been captured by Jewish forces on 14 May, few Palestinian Arabs remained.
After Israeli independence[edit]
Crowd outside Dizengoff House (now Independence Hall) to hear declaration and signing of Israel's Declaration of
The Jewish population rose dramatically during
By 1937 the Jewish population of
69,000 residents. Within
two years, it had reached 160,000, which was over a third of Palestine's total Jewish
disembarked in Jaffa, and remained in
39 Arab revolt, led to
, independent of Jaffa, in 1938, (it closed on 25
opened between
school of architecture fled
, came to Palestine and adapted the architectural
ls, to local conditions, creating what is
in the
emerged in the 1930s, and became a UNESCO
Bombing of Palestine in World War
for dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, Tel
. Jaffa with, as of 1945, a
population of 101,580 people, consisting of 53,930 Muslims, 30,820 Jews and 16,800 Christians,
was designated as part of the Arab state. The Palestinian Arabs, however, rejected the
Between 1947 and 1948, tensions grew between Tel Aviv and Jaffa. When
military forces laid virtual siege to
Arab snipers were reported firing at Jews from the minarets of theHassan
residents of Jaffa were forced to flee. By the time
Jaffa had been captured by Jewish forces on 14 May, few Palestinian Arabs remained.[19][unreliable
) to hear declaration and signing of Israel's Declaration of
-
When Israel declared Independence on 14 May 1948, the population of Tel Aviv was over
200,000.[1] Tel Aviv was the temporary government center of the State of Israel until the
government moved to Jerusalem in December 1949. Due to the international dispute over
the status of Jerusalem, most foreign embassies remained in or near Tel Aviv.[16] In the early
1980s, 13 embassies in Jerusalem moved to Tel Aviv as part of the UN's measures responding to
Israel's 1980 Jerusalem Law.[45] Today, all national embassies are in Tel Aviv or environs.[46] The
boundaries of Tel Aviv and Jaffa became a matter of contention between the Tel Aviv municipality
and the Israeli government in 1948.[47] The former wished to incorporate only the northern Jewish
suburbs of Jaffa, while the latter wanted a more complete unification.[47] The issue also had
international sensitivity, since the main part of Jaffa was in the Arab portion of the United Nations
Partition Plan, whereas Tel Aviv was not, and no armistice agreements had yet been
signed.[47] On 10 December 1948, the government announced the annexation to Tel Aviv of
Jaffa's Jewish suburbs, the Palestinian neighborhood of Abu Kabir, the Palestinian village
of Salama and some of its agricultural land, and the Jewish 'Hatikva' slum.[47] On 25 February
1949, the depopulated Palestinian village of al-Shaykh Muwannis was also annexed to Tel
Aviv.[47] On 18 May 1949, Manshiya and part of Jaffa's central zone were added, for the first time
including land that had been in the Arab portion of the UN partition plan.[47] The government voted
on the unification of Tel Aviv and Jaffa on 4 October 1949, but the decision was not implemented
until 24 April 1950 due to the opposition of Tel Aviv mayor Israel Rokach.[47] The name of the
unified city was Tel Aviv until 19 August 1950, when it was renamed Tel Aviv-Yafo in order to
preserve the historical name Jaffa.[47]
Tel Aviv thus grew to 42 square kilometers (16.2 sq mi). In 1949, a memorial to the 60 founders
of Tel Aviv was constructed.[48] Over the past 60 years, Tel Aviv has developed into a secular,
liberal-minded center with a vibrant nightlife and caf culture.[19][unreliable source]
In the 1960s, some of the older buildings were demolished, making way for the country's first
high-rises. The Shalom Meir Tower, which was completed in 1965. was Israel's tallest
building until 1999. Tel Aviv's population peaked in the early 1960s at 390,000, representing
16 percent of the country's total.[49] A long period of steady decline followed, however, and by the
late 1980s the city had an aging population of 317,000.[49] High property prices pushed families
out and deterred young people from moving in.[49] At this time, gentrification began in the poor
neighborhoods of southern Tel Aviv, and the old port in the north was renewed.[19][unreliable
source] New laws were introduced to protect Modernist buildings, and efforts to preserve them were
aided by UNESCO recognition of the Tel Aviv's White City as a world heritage site. In the early
1990s, the decline in population was reversed, partly due to the large wave of immigrants from
the former Soviet Union.[49] Tel Aviv also began to emerge as a high-tech center.[19][unreliable
source] The construction of many skyscrapers and high-tech office buildings followed. In 1993, Tel
Aviv was categorized as a world city.[50] The city is regarded as a strong candidate for global city
status.[9]
-
A Bauhaus street caf in Florentin, Tel Aviv.
In the Gulf War in 1991, Tel Aviv was attacked by
an Israeli military response, which could have destroyed the US
States pressured Israel not to retaliate, and after Israel acquiesced, the US
and Netherlands rushed Patriot missiles
ineffective. Tel Aviv and other Israeli cities continued to be hit by Scuds throughout the war, and
every city in the Tel Aviv area except for
the Iraqi attacks, mostly from suffocation and heart attacks,
were injured.[52] Extensive property damage was also caused, and some 4,000 Israelis were left
homeless. It was feared that Iraq would fire missiles filled with
the Israeli government issued gas masks
some people injected themselves with an antidote for nerve gas. The inhabitants of the
southeastern suburb of HaTikva erected an angel
was through a great miracle, that many people were preserved from being killed by a direct hit of
a Scud rocket."[53]
On 4 November 1995, Israel's prime minister,
Aviv in support of the Oslo peace accord. The outdoor plaza
as Kikar Malchei Yisrael, was renamed
In 2009, Tel Aviv celebrated its official centennial.
celebrations, digital collections of historical materials were assembled. These include the History
section of the official Tel Aviv-Yafo Centennial Year website;
focuses on the founding families of Tel Aviv, and includes photographs and
biographies;[55] and Stanford University
the history of the city.
ArabIsraeli conflict[edit]
street caf in Florentin, Tel Aviv.
in 1991, Tel Aviv was attacked by Scud missiles from Iraq. Iraq hoped to provoke
an Israeli military response, which could have destroyed the USArab alliance. The
pressured Israel not to retaliate, and after Israel acquiesced, the US
Patriot missiles to defend against the attacks, but they proved largely
v and other Israeli cities continued to be hit by Scuds throughout the war, and
every city in the Tel Aviv area except forBnei Brak was hit. A total of 74 Israelis died as a result of
Iraqi attacks, mostly from suffocation and heart attacks,[51] while approximately 230 Israelis
Extensive property damage was also caused, and some 4,000 Israelis were left
homeless. It was feared that Iraq would fire missiles filled with nerve agents or
gas masks to its citizens. When the first Iraqi missiles hit Israel,
some people injected themselves with an antidote for nerve gas. The inhabitants of the
southeastern suburb of HaTikva erected an angel-monument as a sign of their gratitude that "it
eat miracle, that many people were preserved from being killed by a direct hit of
On 4 November 1995, Israel's prime minister, Yitzhak Rabin, was assassinated
Aviv in support of the Oslo peace accord. The outdoor plaza where this occurred, formerly known
as Kikar Malchei Yisrael, was renamed Rabin Square.[19][unreliable source]
In 2009, Tel Aviv celebrated its official centennial.[54] In addition to city- and country
celebrations, digital collections of historical materials were assembled. These include the History
Yafo Centennial Year website;[54] the Ahuzat Bayit collection, which
focuses on the founding families of Tel Aviv, and includes photographs and
Stanford University's Eliasaf Robinson Tel Aviv Collection,
missiles from Iraq. Iraq hoped to provoke
Arab alliance. The United
to defend against the attacks, but they proved largely
v and other Israeli cities continued to be hit by Scuds throughout the war, and
was hit. A total of 74 Israelis died as a result of
while approximately 230 Israelis
Extensive property damage was also caused, and some 4,000 Israelis were left
or sarin. As a result,
o its citizens. When the first Iraqi missiles hit Israel,
some people injected themselves with an antidote for nerve gas. The inhabitants of the
monument as a sign of their gratitude that "it
eat miracle, that many people were preserved from being killed by a direct hit of
was assassinated at a rally in Tel
where this occurred, formerly known
and country-wide
celebrations, digital collections of historical materials were assembled. These include the History
the Ahuzat Bayit collection, which
,[56] documenting
-
Israeli Air Force F-16I Sufas over Tel Aviv
Since the First Intifada, Tel Aviv has suffered from
attack in Tel Aviv occurred on 19 October 1994, on the
civilians and injured 50 as part of a
Hamas suicide bomber killed 13 people (12 civilians and 1 soldier) in the
bombing.[58][59] Three women were killed by a Hamas terrorist in the
March 1997.[60][61][62]
One of the most deadly attacks occurred on 1 June 2001, during the
suicide bomber exploded at the en
teenagers, and injuring 132.[63][64]
injured 70 in the Allenby Street bus bombing
over 100 injured in the Tel-Aviv central bus station massacre
Brigades claimed responsibility for the attack. In the
bar by a British Muslim suicide bomber resulted in the deaths of three civilians and wounded over
50.[74] Hamas and Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed joint responsibility. An Islamic Jihad bomber
killed five and wounded over 50 in the 25 February 2005
suicide attack in the city occurred on 17 April 2006, when 11 people were killed and at least 70
wounded in a suicide bombing near the old central bus station
Another attack took place on 29 August 2011 in which a Palestinian attacker stole an Israeli taxi
cab and rammed it into a police checkpoint guarding the popular
which was filled with 2,000[77] Israeli
spree, injuring eight people.[75] Due to an
immediate response of the Border Police team during the subsequent stabbings, a much larger
and fatal mass-casualty incident was avoided.
On 21 November 2012, during
rockets, and air raid sirens were sounded in the city for the first time since the Gulf War. All of the
rockets either missed populated areas or were shot down by an
stationed near the city. During the operation, a bomb blast on a bus wounded at least 28 civilians,
three seriously.[79][80][81][82] This was described as a terrorist a
United States and was condemned by the United Nations, United States, United Kingdom,
France and Russia, whilst Hamas spokesman
"blesses" the attack.[83]
Geography[edit]
I Sufas over Tel Aviv
, Tel Aviv has suffered from Palestinian political violence
in Tel Aviv occurred on 19 October 1994, on the Line 5 bus, when a bomber killed 22
civilians and injured 50 as part of a Hamas suicide campaign.[57] On 6 March 1996, a
Hamas suicide bomber killed 13 people (12 civilians and 1 soldier) in the Dizengoff Center suicide
Three women were killed by a Hamas terrorist in the Caf Apropo bombing
One of the most deadly attacks occurred on 1 June 2001, during the Second Intifada
suicide bomber exploded at the entrance to the Dolphinarium discothque, killing 21, mostly [64][65][66] Another Hamas suicide bomber killed six civilians and
Allenby Street bus bombing.[67][68][69][70][71] Twenty-three civilians were killed and
Aviv central bus station massacre.[72][73] Al-Aqsa Martyrs
claimed responsibility for the attack. In the Mike's Place suicide bombing
suicide bomber resulted in the deaths of three civilians and wounded over
Hamas and Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed joint responsibility. An Islamic Jihad bomber
killed five and wounded over 50 in the 25 February 2005 Stage Club bombing
suicide attack in the city occurred on 17 April 2006, when 11 people were killed and at least 70
suicide bombing near the old central bus station.[76]
Another attack took place on 29 August 2011 in which a Palestinian attacker stole an Israeli taxi
cab and rammed it into a police checkpoint guarding the popularHaoman 17 nightclub
Israeli teenagers. After crashing, the assailant went on a stabbing
Due to an Israel Border Police roadblock at the entrance and
immediate response of the Border Police team during the subsequent stabbings, a much larger
casualty incident was avoided.[78]
Operation Pillar of Defense, the Tel Aviv area was targeted by
nd air raid sirens were sounded in the city for the first time since the Gulf War. All of the
rockets either missed populated areas or were shot down by an Iron Dome rocket defense battery
stationed near the city. During the operation, a bomb blast on a bus wounded at least 28 civilians,
This was described as a terrorist attack by Israel, Russia, and the
United States and was condemned by the United Nations, United States, United Kingdom,
France and Russia, whilst Hamas spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri declared that the organisation
nce. The first suicide
, when a bomber killed 22
On 6 March 1996, another
Dizengoff Center suicide
Caf Apropo bombing on 27
Second Intifada, when a
, killing 21, mostly
Another Hamas suicide bomber killed six civilians and
three civilians were killed and
Aqsa Martyrs
Mike's Place suicide bombing, an attack on a
suicide bomber resulted in the deaths of three civilians and wounded over
Hamas and Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed joint responsibility. An Islamic Jihad bomber
Stage Club bombing.[75] The most recent
suicide attack in the city occurred on 17 April 2006, when 11 people were killed and at least 70
Another attack took place on 29 August 2011 in which a Palestinian attacker stole an Israeli taxi
nightclub in Tel Aviv
teenagers. After crashing, the assailant went on a stabbing
roadblock at the entrance and
immediate response of the Border Police team during the subsequent stabbings, a much larger
, the Tel Aviv area was targeted by
nd air raid sirens were sounded in the city for the first time since the Gulf War. All of the
rocket defense battery
stationed near the city. During the operation, a bomb blast on a bus wounded at least 28 civilians,
ttack by Israel, Russia, and the
United States and was condemned by the United Nations, United States, United Kingdom,
clared that the organisation
-
Tel Aviv seen from space
Tel Aviv is located around 325
the historic land bridgebetween Europe, Asia and Africa. Immediately north of the ancient port of
Jaffa, Tel Aviv lies on land that used to be sand dunes and as such has relatively
fertility. The land has been flattened and has no important gradients; its most notable
geographical features are bluffs above the Mediterranean coastline and the
River mouth.[84] Because of the expansion of Tel Aviv and the Gush Dan region, absolute borders
between Tel Aviv and Jaffa and between the city's neighborhoods do not exist.
The city is located 60 kilometers (37
of the city of Haifa.[85]Neighboring cities and towns include
HaSharon to the northeast, Petah Tikva
east, Holon to the southeast, and
between the north and south. Southern Tel Aviv is considered l
with the exception of Neve Tzedek
Aviv is home to Azrieli Center and the important financial and commerce district along
Highway. The northern side of Tel Aviv is home to
upscale residential neighborhoods such as
Climate[edit]
Tel Aviv has a Mediterranean climate
and hot, dry summers.
In the colder months, average temperatures typically range from 9 to 17
summer, average temperatures range from 24 to 30
transitional seasons, with some fluctuations in temperature and precipitation. Heatwaves are
most common during spring, with temperatures as high as 35
Tel Aviv averages 532 millimeters (20.9
months of September through May. Winter is the wettest season, often accompanied by cold
spells of heavy showers and thunderstorms. Snow is extremely rare, with the last
recorded snowfall within city limits occurring in February 1950. The wettest month on record was
325N 3448E on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline
between Europe, Asia and Africa. Immediately north of the ancient port of
Jaffa, Tel Aviv lies on land that used to be sand dunes and as such has relatively
. The land has been flattened and has no important gradients; its most notable
geographical features are bluffs above the Mediterranean coastline and the Yarkon
Because of the expansion of Tel Aviv and the Gush Dan region, absolute borders
el Aviv and Jaffa and between the city's neighborhoods do not exist.
The city is located 60 kilometers (37 mi) northwest of Jerusalem and 90 kilometers (56
Neighboring cities and towns include Herzliya to the north,
Petah Tikva, Bnei Brak, Ramat Gan and Giv'atayim
to the southeast, and Bat Yam to the south.[86] The city is economically stratified
between the north and south. Southern Tel Aviv is considered less affluent than Northern Tel Aviv
Neve Tzedek and some recent development on Jaffa beach. Central Te
and the important financial and commerce district along
. The northern side of Tel Aviv is home to Tel Aviv University, Hayarkon Park
upscale residential neighborhoods such as Ramat Aviv and Afeka.[87]
Mediterranean climate (Kppen climate classification: Csa) with mild, rainy winters
In the colder months, average temperatures typically range from 9 to 17 C (48 to 63
summer, average temperatures range from 24 to 30 C (75 to 86 F). Spring and autumn are
transitional seasons, with some fluctuations in temperature and precipitation. Heatwaves are
most common during spring, with temperatures as high as 35 C (95 F).
Tel Aviv averages 532 millimeters (20.9 in) of precipitation annually, which mostly occurs in the
months of September through May. Winter is the wettest season, often accompanied by cold
spells of heavy showers and thunderstorms. Snow is extremely rare, with the last
within city limits occurring in February 1950. The wettest month on record was
Israeli Mediterranean coastline, in central Israel,
between Europe, Asia and Africa. Immediately north of the ancient port of
Jaffa, Tel Aviv lies on land that used to be sand dunes and as such has relatively poor soil
. The land has been flattened and has no important gradients; its most notable
Yarkon
Because of the expansion of Tel Aviv and the Gush Dan region, absolute borders
el Aviv and Jaffa and between the city's neighborhoods do not exist.
mi) northwest of Jerusalem and 90 kilometers (56 mi) south
to the north, Ramat
Giv'atayim to the
The city is economically stratified
ess affluent than Northern Tel Aviv
beach. Central Tel
and the important financial and commerce district along Ayalon
Hayarkon Park, and
: Csa) with mild, rainy winters
C (48 to 63 F).[88] In
F). Spring and autumn are
transitional seasons, with some fluctuations in temperature and precipitation. Heatwaves are
nnually, which mostly occurs in the
months of September through May. Winter is the wettest season, often accompanied by cold
spells of heavy showers and thunderstorms. Snow is extremely rare, with the last
within city limits occurring in February 1950. The wettest month on record was
-
January 2000 with 324.9 mm (12.79
133 mm (5.24 in). However, Tel Aviv enjoys plenty of
than 300 sunny days annually.
Month
Record high C (F)
Average high C (F)
Daily mean C (F)
Average low C (F)
Record low C (F)
Rainfall mm (inches)
Avg. rainy days
% humidity
Mean monthly sunshine hours
Tel Aviv mean sea temperature
Jan Feb Mar Apr
18 C
(64 F)
17 C
(63 F)
17 C
(63 F)
18 C
(64 F)
Local government[
mm (12.79 in). The wettest day on record was 8 November 1955 with
in). However, Tel Aviv enjoys plenty of sunshine throughout the year with more
[hide]Climate data for Tel Aviv (1916
Jan Feb Mar Apr May
26.8
(80.2)
29.6
(85.3)
35.2
(95.4)
40.4
(104.7)
46.5
(115.7)
17.5
(63.5)
17.7
(63.9)
19.2
(66.6)
22.8
(73)
24.9
(76.8)
13
(55)
13.8
(56.8)
15.4
(59.7)
18.6
(65.5)
21.1
(70)
9.6
(49.3)
9.8
(49.6)
11.5
(52.7)
14.4
(57.9)
17.3
(63.1)
2.5
(36.5)
1.9
(28.6)
3.5
(38.3)
7
(45)
11.2
(52.2)
126.9
(4.996)
90.1
(3.547)
60.6
(2.386)
18
(0.71)
2.3
(0.091)
12.8 10 8.5 3.1 0.8
73 71 69 65 68
192.2 205.9 235.6 270 328.6
Source #1: Israel Meteorological Service
Source #2: Hong Kong Observatory
Tel Aviv mean sea temperature[91]
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
F)
21 C
(70 F)
24 C
(75 F)
26 C
(79 F)
28 C
(82 F)
27 C
(81 F)
26 C
(79
[edit]
in). The wettest day on record was 8 November 1955 with
sunshine throughout the year with more
Climate data for Tel Aviv (19162007)
May Jun Jul Aug Sep
(115.7)
37.6
(99.7)
37.4
(99.3)
34.4
(93.9)
35.4
(95.7)
(76.8)
27.5
(81.5)
29.4
(84.9)
30.2
(86.4)
29.4
(84.9)
24.1
(75.4)
26.2
(79.2)
27
(81)
26
(79)
(63.1)
20.6
(69.1)
23
(73)
23.7
(74.7)
22.5
(72.5)
(52.2)
15
(59)
19
(66)
20
(68)
15.7
(60.3)
(0.091)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.7
(0.028)
1.4
(0.055)
0 0 0.3 0.3
70 70 70 67
328.6 357 368.9 356.5 300
Israel Meteorological Service[88][89]
Hong Kong Observatory for data of sunshine hours[90]
Oct Nov Dec
C
F)
23 C
(73 F)
20 C
(68 F)
-
Rabin Square and Tel Aviv City Halllooking northwest
Tel Aviv is governed by a 31-member city
proportional elections.[92]
All Israeli citizens over the age of 18 with at least one year of residence in Tel Aviv are eligible to
vote in municipal elections. The municipality is responsible for social services, community
programs, public infrastructure, urban planning, tourism and other local affairs.
Aviv City Hall is located at Rabin S
1998.[92] Huldai was reelected in the 2008 municipal electio
longest serving mayor wasShlomo Lahat
was David Bloch, in office for two years, 1925
votes in Tel Aviv than in any other city in Israel.
Mayors[edit]
Ron Huldai, mayor of Tel Aviv since 1998.
Mayors of Tel Aviv
Name Term
1 Meir Dizengoff 1921
2 David Bloch 1925
3 Meir Dizengoff 1928
4 Israel Rokach 1936
looking northwest
member city council elected for a five-year term in direct
All Israeli citizens over the age of 18 with at least one year of residence in Tel Aviv are eligible to
te in municipal elections. The municipality is responsible for social services, community
programs, public infrastructure, urban planning, tourism and other local affairs.
Rabin Square. Ron Huldai has been mayor of Tel Aviv since
Huldai was reelected in the 2008 municipal elections, defeating Dov Henin
Shlomo Lahat, who was in office for 19 years. The shortest serving
ice for two years, 192527. Outside the kibbutzim, Meretz
votes in Tel Aviv than in any other city in Israel.[97]
, mayor of Tel Aviv since 1998.
Mayors of Tel Aviv
Term Party
1925 General Zionists
1927 Ahdut HaAvoda
1936 General Zionists
1952 General Zionists
year term in direct
All Israeli citizens over the age of 18 with at least one year of residence in Tel Aviv are eligible to
te in municipal elections. The municipality is responsible for social services, community
programs, public infrastructure, urban planning, tourism and other local affairs.[93][94][95] The Tel
has been mayor of Tel Aviv since
Dov Henin's list.[96] The
years. The shortest serving
Meretz receives more
-
5 Chaim Levanon 19531959 General Zionists
6 Mordechai Namir 19591969 Mapai
7 Yehoshua Rabinovitz 19691974 Alignment
8 Shlomo Lahat 19741993 Likud
9 Roni Milo 19931998 Likud
10 Ron Huldai 1998Present Tel Aviv 1
City council[edit]
The coalition is led by Tel Aviv 1 and consists of 23 of 31 seats.
Tel Aviv City Council, 2008
Party Seats
Tel Aviv 1 5
City for All 5
Power for Pensioners 3
Meretz 3
City Majority 3
The Greens 2
-
Likud 2
United Torah Judaism 2
Shas 2
Latet Lihyot Let Live 2
Social Justice 1
Jaffa 1
Education[edit]
The Vladimir Schreiber Institute of Mathematics in
In 2006, 51,359 children attended school in Tel Aviv, of whom 8,977
kindergartens, 23,573 in municipal elementary schools, and 18,809 in high schools.
percent of students in the city are entitled to matriculation, more than 5 percent higher than the
national average.[98] About 4,000 children are in first grade at schools in the city, and population
growth is expected to raise this number to 6,000 by 2012.
kindergarten classes were opened in 2008
north of Sde Dov as well as a new high school in northern Tel Aviv.
The first Hebrew high school, called
Street.
Tel Aviv University, the largest university in Israel, is known internationally for
its physics, computer science, chemistry
University in neighboring Ramat Gan
The Vladimir Schreiber Institute of Mathematics in Tel Aviv University
children attended school in Tel Aviv, of whom 8,977 were in municipal
kindergartens, 23,573 in municipal elementary schools, and 18,809 in high schools.
percent of students in the city are entitled to matriculation, more than 5 percent higher than the
About 4,000 children are in first grade at schools in the city, and population
growth is expected to raise this number to 6,000 by 2012.[99] As a result, 20 additional
kindergarten classes were opened in 200809 in the city. A new elementary school is planned
north of Sde Dov as well as a new high school in northern Tel Aviv.[99]
The first Hebrew high school, called Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium, was built in 1905 on Herzl
, the largest university in Israel, is known internationally for
chemistry andlinguistics departments. Together with
Ramat Gan, the student population numbers over 50,000, including a
were in municipal
kindergartens, 23,573 in municipal elementary schools, and 18,809 in high schools.[98] Sixty-four
percent of students in the city are entitled to matriculation, more than 5 percent higher than the
About 4,000 children are in first grade at schools in the city, and population
additional
09 in the city. A new elementary school is planned
, was built in 1905 on Herzl
, the largest university in Israel, is known internationally for
departments. Together with Bar-Ilan
, the student population numbers over 50,000, including a
-
sizeable international community
Aviv.[102]Tel Aviv also has several colleges.
Jaffa to Tel Aviv in 1909. The school
to Jabotinsky Street.[104] Other notable schools in Tel Aviv include
second Hebrew school in the city, Ironi Alef High School for Arts and
Demographics[edit
Aerial view of Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv has a population of 414,600 spread over a land area of 52,000 dunams (52.0
(20 mi), yielding a population density of 7,606 people per square kilometer (19,699 per square
mile). According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
is growing at an annual rate of 0.5 percent. Jews of all backg
population, Muslims and Arab Christians make up 4.2 percent, and the remainder belong to other
groups (including various Christian and Asian communities).
many languages are spoken in addition to
unregistered Asian foreign workers
Tel Aviv is relatively low.[107]
According to Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality, the average income in the city, which has
an unemployment rate of 6.9 percent, is 20 percent above the national average.
education standards are above the national average: of its 12th
eligible for matriculation certificates
under 20, 18.5 percent aged 20
59, and 19.1 percent older than 60.
Tel Aviv's population reached a peak in the early 1960s at around 390,00
the late 1980s as high property prices forced families out and deterred young couples from
moving in.[49] Since the mass immigration from the former Sovi
has steadily grown.[49] Today, the city's population is young and growing.
22,000 people moved to the city, while only 18,500 left,
young children. The population is expected to reach 450,000 by
age of residents fell from 35.8 in 1983 to 34 in 2008.
percent compared with 19% in 1983.
Religion[edit]
international community.[100][101] Its campus is located in the neighborhood of
Tel Aviv also has several colleges.[103] The Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium
Jaffa to Tel Aviv in 1909. The school continues to operate, although it has moved
Other notable schools in Tel Aviv include Shevah Mofet
in the city, Ironi Alef High School for Arts and Alliance.
edit]
Tel Aviv has a population of 414,600 spread over a land area of 52,000 dunams (52.0
mi), yielding a population density of 7,606 people per square kilometer (19,699 per square
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), as of 2009 Tel Aviv's population
is growing at an annual rate of 0.5 percent. Jews of all backgrounds form 91.8 percent of the
population, Muslims and Arab Christians make up 4.2 percent, and the remainder belong to other
groups (including various Christian and Asian communities).[105] As Tel Aviv is a multicultural city,
many languages are spoken in addition to Hebrew. According to some estimates, about 50,000
foreign workers live in the city.[106] Compared with Westernised cities, crime in
Yafo Municipality, the average income in the city, which has
f 6.9 percent, is 20 percent above the national average.
education standards are above the national average: of its 12th-grade students, 64.4 percent are
matriculation certificates.[98] The age profile is relatively even, with 22.2 percent aged
ent aged 2029, 24 percent aged 3044, 16.2 percent aged between 45 and
59, and 19.1 percent older than 60.[108]
Tel Aviv's population reached a peak in the early 1960s at around 390,000, falling to 317,000 in
the late 1980s as high property prices forced families out and deterred young couples from
Since the mass immigration from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s, population
Today, the city's population is young and growing.[99] In 2006,
people moved to the city, while only 18,500 left,[99] and many of the new families had
young children. The population is expected to reach 450,000 by 2025; meanwhile, the average
age of residents fell from 35.8 in 1983 to 34 in 2008.[99] The population over age 65 stands at 14.6
percent compared with 19% in 1983.[99]
Its campus is located in the neighborhood of Ramat
Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium moved from
continues to operate, although it has moved
Shevah Mofet, the
.
Tel Aviv has a population of 414,600 spread over a land area of 52,000 dunams (52.0 km2)
mi), yielding a population density of 7,606 people per square kilometer (19,699 per square
(CBS), as of 2009 Tel Aviv's population
rounds form 91.8 percent of the
population, Muslims and Arab Christians make up 4.2 percent, and the remainder belong to other
As Tel Aviv is a multicultural city,
. According to some estimates, about 50,000
Compared with Westernised cities, crime in
Yafo Municipality, the average income in the city, which has
f 6.9 percent, is 20 percent above the national average.[98] The city's
grade students, 64.4 percent are
The age profile is relatively even, with 22.2 percent aged
44, 16.2 percent aged between 45 and
0, falling to 317,000 in
the late 1980s as high property prices forced families out and deterred young couples from
et Union in the 1990s, population
In 2006,
and many of the new families had
2025; meanwhile, the average
The population over age 65 stands at 14.6
-
The Great Synagogue
Tel Aviv has 544 active synagogues,
Synagogue, established in the 1930s.
a secular yeshiva opened in the city.
gay pride parade ended in vandalism of a synagogue.
accommodate the religious needs of diplomats and foreign workers.
of 93% Jewish, 1% Muslim, and 1% Christian. The remaining 5 percent are not classified by
religion.[114] Israel Meir Lau is chief rabbi
Tel Aviv is an ethnically diverse city. The Jewish population, which forms the majority group in Tel
Aviv consists of immigrants from all parts of the world and their descendants, including Ashkenazi
Jews from Europe, North America, South America, Australia and South Africa, as well as
Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews from Southern Europe, North Africa, India, Central Asia, West
Asia,and the Arabian Peninsula. There are also a sizable number of Ethiopian Jews and thei
descendants living in Tel Aviv. In addition to Muslim and Arab Christian minorities in the city,
several hundred Armenian Christians who reside in the city are concentrated mainly in
some Christians from the former Soviet Union who immigrated to Israel with Jewish spouses and
relatives. In recent years, Tel Aviv has received many non
workers (documented and undocumented) and refugees. There are many re
countries located in the southern part of the city.
Neighborhoods[edit]
Kerem HaTeimanim is a predominantly
Further information: Neighborhoods of Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv has 544 active synagogues,[109] including historic buildings such as the
, established in the 1930s.[110] In 2008, a center for secular Jewish Studies
opened in the city.[111] Tensions between religious and secu
gay pride parade ended in vandalism of a synagogue.[112] The number of churches has grown to
accommodate the religious needs of diplomats and foreign workers.[113] The population consists
of 93% Jewish, 1% Muslim, and 1% Christian. The remaining 5 percent are not classified by
chief rabbi of the city.[115]
Tel Aviv is an ethnically diverse city. The Jewish population, which forms the majority group in Tel
Aviv consists of immigrants from all parts of the world and their descendants, including Ashkenazi
Europe, North America, South America, Australia and South Africa, as well as
Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews from Southern Europe, North Africa, India, Central Asia, West
Asia,and the Arabian Peninsula. There are also a sizable number of Ethiopian Jews and thei
descendants living in Tel Aviv. In addition to Muslim and Arab Christian minorities in the city,
several hundred Armenian Christians who reside in the city are concentrated mainly in
ome Christians from the former Soviet Union who immigrated to Israel with Jewish spouses and
relatives. In recent years, Tel Aviv has received many non-Jewish migrants, students, foreign
workers (documented and undocumented) and refugees. There are many refugees from African
countries located in the southern part of the city.[116]
is a predominantly Yemenite Jewishneighborhood in the center of Tel Aviv
Neighborhoods of Tel Aviv
buildings such as the Great
Jewish Studies and
secular Jews before the
The number of churches has grown to
The population consists
of 93% Jewish, 1% Muslim, and 1% Christian. The remaining 5 percent are not classified by
Tel Aviv is an ethnically diverse city. The Jewish population, which forms the majority group in Tel
Aviv consists of immigrants from all parts of the world and their descendants, including Ashkenazi
Europe, North America, South America, Australia and South Africa, as well as
Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews from Southern Europe, North Africa, India, Central Asia, West
Asia,and the Arabian Peninsula. There are also a sizable number of Ethiopian Jews and their
descendants living in Tel Aviv. In addition to Muslim and Arab Christian minorities in the city,
several hundred Armenian Christians who reside in the city are concentrated mainly in Jaffa and
ome Christians from the former Soviet Union who immigrated to Israel with Jewish spouses and
Jewish migrants, students, foreign
fugees from African
neighborhood in the center of Tel Aviv
-
Tel Aviv is divided into nine districts that have formed naturally
oldest of these is Jaffa, the ancient
made up demographically of a greater percentage of Arabs, bu
them with a young professional and artist population. Similar processes are occurring in
nearby Neve Tzedek, the original Jewish neighborhood outside of Jaffa.
the northern part of the city that is largely made up of luxury apart
University, is currently undergoing extensive expansion and is set to absorb the beachfront
property of Sde Dov Airport after its decommissi
Defense Forces (IDF) headquarters and a large
Historically, there was a demographic split between the
including the district of Ramat Aviv, and the southern, more
including Neve Tzedek and Florentin
Since the 1980s, major restoration and gentrification projects have been implemented in southern
Tel Aviv.[19][unreliable source] Baruch Yoscovitz, city planner fo
old British plans for the Florentin neighborhood from the 1920s, adding green areas, pedestrian
malls, and housing. The municipality invested two million shekels in the project. The goal was to
make Florentin the Soho of Tel Aviv, and attract artists and young professionals to the
neighborhood. Indeed, street artists, such as
many others made the upbeat neighborhood their home base.
hip, "cool" place to be in Tel Aviv with coffeehouses, markets, bars, galleries and parties.
Cityscape[edit]
Architecture[edit]
Tel Aviv is divided into nine districts that have formed naturally over the city's short history. The
oldest of these is Jaffa, the ancient port city out of which Tel Aviv grew. This area is traditionally
made up demographically of a greater percentage of Arabs, but recent gentrification
them with a young professional and artist population. Similar processes are occurring in
, the original Jewish neighborhood outside of Jaffa. Ramat Aviv
the northern part of the city that is largely made up of luxury apartments and includes
, is currently undergoing extensive expansion and is set to absorb the beachfront
property of Sde Dov Airport after its decommissioning.[117] The area known asHaKirya
(IDF) headquarters and a large military base.[87]
Historically, there was a demographic split between the Ashkenazi northern side of the city,
Ramat Aviv, and the southern, more Sephardi and Mizrahi
Florentin.[19][unreliable source]
Since the 1980s, major restoration and gentrification projects have been implemented in southern
Baruch Yoscovitz, city planner for Tel Aviv beginning in 2001, reworked
old British plans for the Florentin neighborhood from the 1920s, adding green areas, pedestrian
malls, and housing. The municipality invested two million shekels in the project. The goal was to
of Tel Aviv, and attract artists and young professionals to the
neighborhood. Indeed, street artists, such as Dede, installation artists such as
many others made the upbeat neighborhood their home base.[118][119] Florentin is now known as a
hip, "cool" place to be in Tel Aviv with coffeehouses, markets, bars, galleries and parties.
View of Tel Aviv from Azrieli Center
over the city's short history. The
out of which Tel Aviv grew. This area is traditionally
gentrification is replacing
them with a young professional and artist population. Similar processes are occurring in
Ramat Aviv, a district in
ments and includes Tel Aviv
, is currently undergoing extensive expansion and is set to absorb the beachfront
HaKirya is the Israel
northern side of the city,
Mizrahi neighborhoods
Since the 1980s, major restoration and gentrification projects have been implemented in southern
r Tel Aviv beginning in 2001, reworked
old British plans for the Florentin neighborhood from the 1920s, adding green areas, pedestrian
malls, and housing. The municipality invested two million shekels in the project. The goal was to
of Tel Aviv, and attract artists and young professionals to the
llation artists such as Sigalit Landau, and
Florentin is now known as a
hip, "cool" place to be in Tel Aviv with coffeehouses, markets, bars, galleries and parties.[120]
-
1930s Bauhaus (left) and 1920sEclectic
Tel Aviv is home to different architectural styles
The early architecture of Tel Aviv consisted largely of European
red-tiled roofs.[121] Neve Tzedek
characterised by two-story sandstone buildings.
style came into vogue, combining European architecture with Eastern features such as arches,
domes and ornamental tiles.[121]
drawn up by Patrick Geddes. Two
and public parks.[121] Various architectural styles, such as
exist in Tel Aviv.
Bauhaus[edit]
Main article: Bauhaus
Classical Bauhaus architecture, part of the
Bauhaus architecture was introduced
settled in Palestine after the rise of the Nazis. Tel Aviv's
contains more than 5,000 Modernist
Corbusier.[6][7] Construction of these buildings, later declared protected landmarks and,
collectively, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, continued until the 1950s in the area
around Rothschild Boulevard.[7]
and 1939 alone.[121] In the 1960s, this architectural style gave way to office towers and a chain of
waterfront hotels and commercial skyscrapers.
neglected to the point of ruin. Before legislation to preserve this landmark architecture, many of
the old buildings were demolished. Efforts are under way to refurbish Bauhaus buildings and
restore them to their original condition.
High-rise construction and towersSee also: List of tallest buildings in Tel Aviv
Eclectic (right) architecture styles
architectural styles that represent influential periods in its history.
The early architecture of Tel Aviv consisted largely of European-style single-story houses with
Neve Tzedek, the first neighborhood to be constructed outside of Jaffa is
story sandstone buildings.[6] By the 1920s, a new eclectic Orientalist
came into vogue, combining European architecture with Eastern features such as arches, [121] Municipal construction followed the "garden city" master plan
. Two- and three-story buildings were interspersed with boulevards
Various architectural styles, such as Art Deco, classical and modernist also
Classical Bauhaus architecture, part of the White City
Bauhaus architecture was introduced in the 1920s and 1930s by German Jewish architects who
settled in Palestine after the rise of the Nazis. Tel Aviv's White City, around the city center,
Modernist-style buildings inspired by the Bauhaus school
Construction of these buildings, later declared protected landmarks and,
World Heritage Site, continued until the 1950s in the area [7][122] Some 3,000 buildings were created in this style between 1931
In the 1960s, this architectural style gave way to office towers and a chain of
waterfront hotels and commercial skyscrapers.[19] Some of the city's Modernist buildings were
neglected to the point of ruin. Before legislation to preserve this landmark architecture, many of
the old buildings were demolished. Efforts are under way to refurbish Bauhaus buildings and
original condition.[123]
rise construction and towers[edit] List of tallest buildings in Tel Aviv
represent influential periods in its history.
story houses with
, the first neighborhood to be constructed outside of Jaffa is
eclectic Orientalist
came into vogue, combining European architecture with Eastern features such as arches,
Municipal construction followed the "garden city" master plan
story buildings were interspersed with boulevards
, classical and modernist also
in the 1920s and 1930s by German Jewish architects who
, around the city center,
Bauhaus school and Le
Construction of these buildings, later declared protected landmarks and,
World Heritage Site, continued until the 1950s in the area
Some 3,000 buildings were created in this style between 1931
In the 1960s, this architectural style gave way to office towers and a chain of
ome of the city's Modernist buildings were
neglected to the point of ruin. Before legislation to preserve this landmark architecture, many of
the old buildings were demolished. Efforts are under way to refurbish Bauhaus buildings and
-
The Azrieli Center complex contains the tallest skyscrapers in Tel Aviv
The Shalom Meir Tower, Israel's first skyscraper, was built in Tel Aviv in 1965 and remained the
country's tallest building until 1999. At the time of its construction, the building rivalled Europe's
tallest buildings in height, and was the tallest in the Middle East.
In the mid-1990s, the construction of skyscrapers began throughout the entire city, altering its
skyline. Before that, Tel Aviv had had a generally low
not concentrated in certain areas, and were scattered at random locations throughout the city,
creating a disjointed skyline.
Park Tzameret neighborhood
New neighborhoods, such as Park Tzameret
such as YOO Tel Aviv towers, designed by
been developed with office towers. Other re
Rothschild Tower and First International Bank Tower
in 2009,[127] the city attracted a number of architects and developers, including
Trump, and Richard Meier.[128]American journalist
York magazine that since Tel Aviv "was named a
buildings from the Ottoman and Bauhaus era have been repurposed as fabulous hot
boutiques, and design museums."
skyscrapers more than 100 meters tall.
or are under construction throughout the city, and many more are planned.
complex contains the tallest skyscrapers in Tel Aviv
l's first skyscraper, was built in Tel Aviv in 1965 and remained the
country's tallest building until 1999. At the time of its construction, the building rivalled Europe's
tallest buildings in height, and was the tallest in the Middle East.
s, the construction of skyscrapers began throughout the entire city, altering its
skyline. Before that, Tel Aviv had had a generally low-rise skyline.[124] However, the towers were
concentrated in certain areas, and were scattered at random locations throughout the city,
Park Tzameret, have been constructed to house apartment towers
towers, designed by Philippe Starck. Other districts, such as
been developed with office towers. Other recent additions to Tel Aviv's skyline include the
First International Bank Tower.[125][126] As Tel Aviv celebrated its centennial
the city attracted a number of architects and developers, including
American journalist David Kaufman reported in
that since Tel Aviv "was named a UNESCO World Heritage site, gorgeous historic
buildings from the Ottoman and Bauhaus era have been repurposed as fabulous hot
boutiques, and design museums."[129] In November 2009, Haaretz reported that Tel Aviv had 59
pers more than 100 meters tall.[130]Currently, dozens of skyscrapers have been approved
or are under construction throughout the city, and many more are planned.
l's first skyscraper, was built in Tel Aviv in 1965 and remained the
country's tallest building until 1999. At the time of its construction, the building rivalled Europe's
s, the construction of skyscrapers began throughout the entire city, altering its
However, the towers were
concentrated in certain areas, and were scattered at random locations throughout the city,
, have been constructed to house apartment towers
. Other districts, such as Sarona, have
cent additions to Tel Aviv's skyline include the 1
As Tel Aviv celebrated its centennial
the city attracted a number of architects and developers, including I. M. Pei, Donald
New
site, gorgeous historic
buildings from the Ottoman and Bauhaus era have been repurposed as fabulous hotels, eateries,
reported that Tel Aviv had 59
Currently, dozens of skyscrapers have been approved
-
The tallest building approved is the Egged Tower, which would become Israel's tallest building
upon completion.[131]According to current plans, the tower is planned to have 80 floors, rise to a
height of 270 meters, and will have a 50
Bird's eye view from Moshe Aviv Tower
In 2010, the Tel Aviv Municipality's Planning and Construction Committee launched a new master
plan for the city in 2025. It decided not to allow the construction of any additional skyscrapers in
the city center, while at the same time greatly increasing the construction
east. The ban extends to an area between the coast and
theYarkon River and Eilat Street. It did not extend to towers already approved and/or under
construction. Any new buildings there will usually not be allowed to rise above six and a half
stories. However, hotel towers along almost the entire beachfront will be allowed to rise up to 25
stories. The committee decided to approve one last skyscraper project in the city center, while
dozens of other planned projects had to be scrapped. Accordin
between Ibn Gabirol Street and the eastern city limits would be "flooded" with skyscrapers and
high-rise buildings at least 18 stories tall. Under the plan, "forests" of corporate skyscrapers will
line both sides of the Ayalon Highway
built along the old Ottoman railway between
tower there being the Neve Tzedek Tower
and south Tel Aviv, office buildings up to 25 stories will line both sides of the street, which will be
widened to accommodate traffic from the city's southern entrance to the center
In November 2012, it was announced that to encourage investment in the city's architecture,
residential towers throughout Tel Aviv would be extended in height. Buildings in Jaffa and the
southern and eastern districts may have two and a half stories added, while those on Ibn Gabirol
Street might be extended by seven and a half stories.
proved is the Egged Tower, which would become Israel's tallest building
According to current plans, the tower is planned to have 80 floors, rise to a
meters, and will have a 50-meter spire.[132]
Moshe Aviv Tower
Aviv Municipality's Planning and Construction Committee launched a new master
plan for the city in 2025. It decided not to allow the construction of any additional skyscrapers in
the city center, while at the same time greatly increasing the construction of skyscrapers in the
east. The ban extends to an area between the coast and Ibn Gabirol Street, and also between
and Eilat Street. It did not extend to towers already approved and/or under
construction. Any new buildings there will usually not be allowed to rise above six and a half
stories. However, hotel towers along almost the entire beachfront will be allowed to rise up to 25
stories. The committee decided to approve one last skyscraper project in the city center, while
dozens of other planned projects had to be scrapped. According to the plan, the entire area
between Ibn Gabirol Street and the eastern city limits would be "flooded" with skyscrapers and
rise buildings at least 18 stories tall. Under the plan, "forests" of corporate skyscrapers will
Ayalon Highway. Further south, skyscrapers rising up to 40 stories will be
built along the old Ottoman railway between Neve Tzedek and Florentine, with the first such
Neve Tzedek Tower. Along nearby Shlavim Street, passing between Jaffa
and south Tel Aviv, office buildings up to 25 stories will line both sides of the street, which will be
widened to accommodate traffic from the city's southern entrance to the center
In November 2012, it was announced that to encourage investment in the city's architecture,
l towers throughout Tel Aviv would be extended in height. Buildings in Jaffa and the
southern and eastern districts may have two and a half stories added, while those on Ibn Gabirol
Street might be extended by seven and a half stories.[135]
proved is the Egged Tower, which would become Israel's tallest building
According to current plans, the tower is planned to have 80 floors, rise to a
Aviv Municipality's Planning and Construction Committee launched a new master
plan for the city in 2025. It decided not to allow the construction of any additional skyscrapers in
of skyscrapers in the
, and also between
and Eilat Street. It did not extend to towers already approved and/or under
construction. Any new buildings there will usually not be allowed to rise above six and a half
stories. However, hotel towers along almost the entire beachfront will be allowed to rise up to 25
stories. The committee decided to approve one last skyscraper project in the city center, while
g to the plan, the entire area
between Ibn Gabirol Street and the eastern city limits would be "flooded" with skyscrapers and
rise buildings at least 18 stories tall. Under the plan, "forests" of corporate skyscrapers will
. Further south, skyscrapers rising up to 40 stories will be
, with the first such
. Along nearby Shlavim Street, passing between Jaffa
and south Tel Aviv, office buildings up to 25 stories will line both sides of the street, which will be
widened to accommodate traffic from the city's southern entrance to the center.[133][134]
In November 2012, it was announced that to encourage investment in the city's architecture,
l towers throughout Tel Aviv would be extended in height. Buildings in Jaffa and the
southern and eastern districts may have two and a half stories added, while those on Ibn Gabirol
-
The "First International Bank Tower" in Tel Aviv's financial district
Economy[edit]
Tel Aviv was built on sand dunes in an area unsuitable for farming. Instead, it developed as a hub
of business and scientific research.
Passage Pensak, was built there. By 1936, as tens of thousands of middle
class immigrants arrived from Europe, Tel Aviv was already the largest city in Palestine. A small
port was built at the Yarkon estuary, and many cafes, clubs and cinemas opened.
Street became a commercial thoroughfare at t
Economic activities account for 17 percent of the GDP.
unemployment rate of 4.4 percent.
Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (on the left)
The city has been described as a "flourishing technological center" by
"miniature Los Angeles" by The Econo
as one of the 10 most technologically influential cities in the world. Since then, high
in the Tel Aviv area has continued to develop.
(including satellite cities such as
sometimes referred to as Silicon Wadi
Tel Aviv is home to the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
reached record heights since the 1990s.
" in Tel Aviv's financial district
Tel Aviv was built on sand dunes in an area unsuitable for farming. Instead, it developed as a hub
of business and scientific research.[19][unreliable source] In 1926, the country's first shopping arcade,
Passage Pensak, was built there. By 1936, as tens of thousands of middle
arrived from Europe, Tel Aviv was already the largest city in Palestine. A small
was built at the Yarkon estuary, and many cafes, clubs and cinemas opened.
became a commercial thoroughfare at this time.[136]
Economic activities account for 17 percent of the GDP.[49] In 2011, Tel Aviv had an
unemployment rate of 4.4 percent.[137]
(on the left)
has been described as a "flourishing technological center" by Newsweek
The Economist.[138][139] In 1998, the city was described by Newsweek
gically influential cities in the world. Since then, high
in the Tel Aviv area has continued to develop.[139] The Tel Aviv metropolitan area
such as Herzliya and Petah Tikva) is Israel's center of high
Silicon Wadi.[139][140]
Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE), Israel's only stock exchange
reached record heights since the 1990s.[141] The Tel Aviv Stock exchange has also gained
Tel Aviv was built on sand dunes in an area unsuitable for farming. Instead, it developed as a hub
shopping arcade,
arrived from Europe, Tel Aviv was already the largest city in Palestine. A small
was built at the Yarkon estuary, and many cafes, clubs and cinemas opened. Herzl
In 2011, Tel Aviv had an
Newsweek and a
In 1998, the city was described by Newsweek
gically influential cities in the world. Since then, high-tech industry
The Tel Aviv metropolitan area
is Israel's center of high-tech,
stock exchange, which has
The Tel Aviv Stock exchange has also gained
-
attention for its resilience and ability to recover from war and disasters. For example, the Tel Aviv
Stock Exchange was higher on the last day of both the 2006 Lebanon war and the 2009
Operation in Gaza than on the first day of fighting
capital firms, scientific research
Industries in Tel Aviv include chemical processing, textile plants and food
manufacturers.[19][unreliable source] The city's nightlife, cultural attractions and architecture attract
tourists whose spending benefits the local econom
Shops at the Dizengoff Center
In 2008, the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and
University reissued an inventory of
services. Tel Aviv was ranked as a
The Kiryat Atidim high tech zone opened in 1972 and the city has become a major world high
tech hub. In December 2012, the city was ranked second on a list of top places to found a high
tech startup company, just behind
companies and research and development centers, and was ranked the second
city in the world, behind Medelln
According to Forbes, nine of its fifteen Israeli
and its suburbs.[147][148] Thecost of living
city to live in. According to Mercer
2010 Tel Aviv is the most expensive city in the Middle East and the 19th most expensive in the
world.[140]
Shopping malls in Tel Aviv include
Mall and markets such as Carmel Market, Ha'Tikva Market, and Bezalel Market.
Culture and contemporary lifeEntertainment and performing arts
ience and ability to recover from war and disasters. For example, the Tel Aviv
Stock Exchange was higher on the last day of both the 2006 Lebanon war and the 2009
Operation in Gaza than on the first day of fighting[142] Many international venture
research institutes and high-tech companies are headquartered in the city.
Industries in Tel Aviv include chemical processing, textile plants and food
The city's nightlife, cultural attractions and architecture attract
tourists whose spending benefits the local economy.[143]
In 2008, the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) at
reissued an inventory of world cities based on their level of advanced producer
services. Tel Aviv was ranked as a beta+ world city.[144]
zone opened in 1972 and the city has become a major world high
the city was ranked second on a list of top places to found a high
, just behind Silicon Valley.[145] In 2013, Tel Aviv had more than 700 startup
companies