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TEK 8.5 Matter and energy. The student knows that matter is composed of atoms and has chemical and...
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Transcript of TEK 8.5 Matter and energy. The student knows that matter is composed of atoms and has chemical and...
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TEK 8.5 Matter and energy.
The student knows that matter is composed of atoms and has
chemical and physical properties.
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The student is expected to:A) Describe the structure of atoms, including the masses, electrical charges, and locations, of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in the electron cloud.B) Identify that protons determine an element’s identity and valence electrons determine its chemical properties including reactivity.C) Interpret the arrangement of the Periodic Table, including groups and periods, to explain how properties are used to classify elements.
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D) Recognize that chemical formulas are used to identify substances and determine the number of atoms of each element in chemical formulas containing subscripts.
E) Investigate how evidence of chemical reactions indicate that new substances with different properties are formed.
F) Recognize whether a chemical equation containing coefficients is balanced or not and how that relates to the law of conservation of mass.
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Vocabulary
AtomElementSubatomic particle NeutronProtonElectronAtomic Theory
John DaltonJJ ThomsonErnest RutherfordNeils BohrErwin SchrodingerLouis de Broglie
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Atomic Structure Notes
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Element
-substances that are the building blocks of all matter
-made up of one kind of atom-Ex. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
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Atom
-The smallest particle into which an element can be divided and still maintain the properties of the element.
-made up of sub-atomic particles
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Subatomic Particles
3 main structures1. Protons 2. Neutrons3. Electrons
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Protons (+)
• particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
• have a positive charge
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Neutrons
• Particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
• Have a neutral charge
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Electrons (e-)
• Particles found in the electron cloud (orbiting the nucleus)
• Negatively charged
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AMUs
-atomic mass unit aka Dalton
-used to describe the mass of subatomic particles
-equal to 1.660538921×10−27 kg
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Sizes of Subatomic Particles
Protons Neutrons Electrons
1 AMU 1 AMU
.0005 AMU
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Modeling Parts of an Atom
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parts of an atom.
Nucleus
Electron Cloud
Nucleusmakes up 99.99%of atomic mass
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Atomic Theory
-a scientific theory of the nature of matter, which states that matter is composed of discrete units called atoms.
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Democritus
-influential pre-Socratic philosopher-formulated an atomic theory-400 B.C.
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John Dalton
Solid Ball +1803
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JJ Thomson
Plum pudding1897
Plum Pudding ModelAka
Muffin ModelAka
Arroz con Leche Model
Discovered Electrons
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Ernest RutherfordPlanetary Model1909
Discovered Protons
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Neils Bohr
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Nucleus
1913
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Louis de Broglie & Erwin Schrodinger
Electron Cloud Model 1926
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1927 Solvay Conference
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PERIODIC TABLEAtoms Part II
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VocabularyAtomic NumberAtomic MassAtomic SymbolValence electron
OrbitalElectron ShellEnergy LevelValence shell
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Atomic Number
-reflects the # of protons in the nucleus and electrons in the electron cloud of a balanced atom of that element.
ATOMIC NUMBER = # OF PROTONS & ELECTRONS
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Atomic Number
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Atomic Mass
-the sum of the protons and the average number of neutrons
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Atomic Mass
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# of Neutrons
Np+-AM =
Atomic Mass (rounded to nearest whole number) minus # of protons
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AM-P=N Example
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Atomic Symbol
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Putting it all together
Atomic Number
Element Symbol
Atomic Mass
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Electron Orbitalsaka
Electron Shellsaka
Energy Levels
-the amount of energy carried by an electron in an atom
-determines the electron’s average distance from the nucleus
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Energy Levels
Nucleus 2 e-
8 e-
8 e-
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Nucleus
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Valence Shell
-the outermost shell of an atom in its uncombined state-all atoms want their valence shells filled.
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Valence Electron• electrons located in the valence shell• # of valence e- will determine the
reactivity of the atom.• The more Valence e’s the more stable and HAPPY (Nole Gases)
• The less valence e’s the more reactive and EXPLOSIVE or UNHAPPY (Alkali Earth Metals)