Tectonic Tessellation Paper
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Transcript of Tectonic Tessellation Paper
Tectonics Tessellation: Ceramic Structural Surfaces
Matías IMBERN1, Felix RASPALL2, Qi SU3
1 Master in Design Studies Candidate. Harvard Graduate School of Design.
2 Doctor of Design Student. Harvard Graduate School of Design.
3 Master in Design Studies Candidate. Harvard Graduate School of Design.
Abstract:
Structural surfaces are extremely efficient in the use of materials and have a unique expressive quality.
However, complicated manufacturing involving expensive formworks, excessive waste and intensive
hand‐labor, turned into major limitation as labor cost augmented, environmental issues became
evident and craft skills diminished. Today, digital tools for design and fabrication, allowing fast and
precise study of complex‐form structures and automation of construction and assembly, may give new
light to structural surfaces. This research proposes a construction process for ceramic shells that
reduces the requirements of formworks, on‐site work and waste production. The process involves a
two‐step fabrication including off‐site panel manufacturing and on‐site assembly. Construction system
consists of two interlocking triangular ceramic pieces that provide compression resistance and a
delicate inner surface finish, embedded in a thin reinforced concrete layer. The paper describes
background research, the proposed construction process, methodology, results and conclusions.
Introduction
Structural surfaces have always been admired due to their lightness, finishing quality and material‐
efficiency. When compared to concrete shells, the use of ceramics for structural surfaces proved more
suitable for certain scenarios, taking advantage of lower weight and cost of ceramics elements,
reduced need for reinforcement, and the unique quality of its finishing (Fig.1).
After a period of development with milestones in the work of Guastavino and Dieste[1], ceramic
structural surfaces became unaffordable and their use is today almost inexistent [2]. The main reasons
for their decay include expensive formworks (Fig.2), intensive hand‐labor, and need for skilled
craftsmanship [3]. Today, digital tools for design and fabrication may reduce the impact of these
factors and make ceramic structural surfaces a feasible option in architectural design again [4].
Applications of digital tools proved useful in the reintroduction of catalan vaulting by Ochsendorf, as a
means to study the form and structural behavior [5], and in fabrication experiments on masonry at
ETH. However, these studies merely cover compression only surfaces and in some cases still rely on
intensive hand‐labor.
Fig.1. Rafael G
Tessellated
The researc
formworks
finishing. It
ceramic pan
allows fabri
reducing th
lowering th
dozens of p
in more det
conclusions
Manufactur
The main ce
which were
reinforceme
accepts a ro
from flat to
Guastavino. De
Structural C
ch proposes
and on‐site
differs from
nels in digita
cation of ce
e requireme
e number of
anels‐, and t
tail the prop
s.
ring of pane
eramic comp
designed to
ent and conc
otation of +/
anticlastic.
licate Interior
Ceramic She
a new const
construction
m previous m
al fabrication
ramic panel
ents of skille
f elements in
the complex
osed fabrica
els
ponents of t
o create a co
crete casting
/‐ 17°, and it
Finishing.
ells
truction proc
n, while pres
methods by d
n shop and s
s in a contro
d hand labo
nvolved in th
xity of scaffo
ation sequen
he proposed
ontinuous ce
g on the oth
s grouping a
Fig.2
with
cess for cera
serving the b
dividing fabri
implified on
olled environ
r. On‐site as
he assembly
olding. The fo
nce, the rese
d system are
eramic surfac
er side. The
allows for su
2. Eladio Dieste
complex reusa
amic shells t
benefits of li
ication into t
n‐site assemb
nment using
ssembly, the
y –from thou
ollowing sec
earch metho
e two interlo
ce on one si
interlocking
rfaces with
e. Construction
able formwork
hat reduces
ightness and
two‐steps: m
bly. Paneliza
precise CNC
erefore, is sig
usands of bri
ctions of this
odology, prot
ocking triang
de and prov
g detail of th
different typ
process
ks.
the require
d delicate int
manufacturin
ation of the s
C equipment
gnificantly si
icks and reb
s paper will p
totypes, res
gular pieces (
vide space fo
he two piece
pes of curvat
ments of
terior
ng of
structure
t,
implified,
ars to
present
ults and
(fig.3),
or steel
es
ture
Fig.3. Geomet
The pieces a
shop enviro
1. Crea
the
conc
milli
2. Plac
3. Lying
Fig.4. Typical a
try of main Cer
are combine
onment using
ation of the c
requirement
crete. Two a
ng (fig.5a) a
ement of th
g of reinforc
arrangement o
ramic Compon
ed into pane
g a CNC robo
curved form
ts for this fo
lternative re
and pin‐syste
e ceramic p
cement bars
of ceramic elem
ents.
ls, sections o
otic arm. Fa
m where the
ormwork are
eusable form
em (fig.5b)
ieces using a
and casting
ments and deta
of a complet
brication fol
pieces will s
e less deman
mworks were
a robotic arm
g of concrete
ailed section.
te shell, whi
llows this se
it. Because t
nding than fo
e studied an
m over the fo
e between th
ch are produ
quence:
the pieces a
ormwork for
nd tested: Co
orm.
he ceramic p
uced in a co
re already fi
r reinforced
ompressed s
pieces.
ntrolled
inished,
and
Fig.5a. Compr
Assembly S
Once panels
their finals p
structural a
logic as piec
rebars on ea
not reach th
continuous
structure. F
concrete th
Fig 6a. Simple
receive the se
ressed Sand Mi
equence
s are finishe
position on‐
nd visual co
ce to piece in
ach panel ex
he edges (fig
reinforceme
ig. 4 shows a
at is casted
scaffolding on
elf‐supporting p
illing Test
d, they beco
site (fig.6a t
ntinuity to t
nterlocking,
xtend and th
g.7). Finally,
ent ‐and pot
a typical arra
on‐site.
n site to
panels.
ome self‐sup
o 6c). Three
he whole sh
leaving no g
hey fit on the
a second lay
tentially pos
angement o
Fig 6b. Light eq
place the pane
Fig.5b.
pporting com
e strategies f
hell. First, the
gap and crea
e adjacent p
yer of reinfo
t tensioning
of the pieces,
quipment nece
els (weight < 2
Pin System Te
mponents. Th
for interlock
e lips on adj
ating the spa
panel, as con
orced concre
g‐, adding co
, including t
essary to
00kg). s
s
st.
hey are deliv
ing of the pa
acent panel
ace for conc
ncrete layer o
ete is casted
hesiveness a
he second la
Fig.6c. Comple
second layer o
site.
vered and p
anels provid
s follow the
rete casting.
on the pane
on site, allo
and resistan
ayer of reinf
ete cohesive sh
of reinforced ca
laced on
e
same
. Second,
l does
wing for
ce to the
orced
hell, with
asted on‐
Computatio
Design, eva
of several d
machine‐co
Prototypes
Several prot
proof of con
this paper. F
laying of reb
concrete. Fi
supporting
this constru
on and digita
luation and
igital tools,
ode generatio
totypes of ce
ncept. A fina
Fig 8. shows
bars, casting
ig.9a and 9b
capacity. Fig
uction system
al fabricatio
fabrication u
including Rh
on.
eramic piece
al full‐scale p
s the assemb
g of first laye
b reveal the d
g 9a also incl
m.
on
using this co
hinoceros an
es, formwor
prototype te
bly sequence
er of concret
delicate finis
ludes other
onstruction s
nd Grasshop
rks, concrete
ested the com
e including t
te, panel inte
shing achiev
experiments
Fig.7.
layer,
concr
system requ
per for form
e casting and
mplete cons
he milled fo
erlocking an
ed in the fin
s realized th
Interlocking o
, showing the a
rete that allow
ired the use
m finding, sur
d panel conn
truction seq
rmwork, rob
nd second lay
nal prototype
roughout th
of first reinforc
areas of panels
ws overlapping o
e and custom
rface subdiv
nections serv
quence descr
botic placem
yer of reinfo
e, as well as
he developm
ement
s without
of rebars.
mization
ision and
ved as a
ribed by
ment,
orced
the self‐
ment of
Fig.8. Final Pro
Fig.9a. Exhibit
Conclusions
This study s
reinforced c
need for ski
The final pro
past, can be
There is sign
operational
essential to
ototype Assem
tion on Final Pr
s and limitat
shows an init
ceramic stru
illed hand la
ototype also
e achieved to
nificant deve
. First, a rigo
support thi
mbly Sequence.
resentation.
tions
tial feasibilit
ctural shells
bor, on site
o proves tha
oday (fig.2).
elopment to
orous structu
s constructio
.
Fig.9
ty of the pan
s. It confirms
workload an
t a unique fi
o be done to
ural analysis
on method.
9b. Detail of th
nelization an
s that the pr
nd proposes
inishing usin
this constru
s of both the
Second, sev
he final prototy
nd CNC fabric
roposed cons
s two alterna
ng ceramics,
uction system
e panels and
veral fabricat
ype
cation as an
struction sys
atives to con
which seem
m in order to
the comple
tion issues t
alternative
stem can red
nventional fo
ms to be lost
o become fu
te structure
hat arouse t
for
duce the
ormwork.
in the
ully
e is
through
prototyping needs to be adjusted: geometry of the ceramic pieces and the procedure for bending and
lying of rebars and pouring of concrete. Finally, the on‐site assembly sequence, which includes
transportation, placement, scaffolding and second layer of reinforced concrete, requires in‐depth
development.
Acknowledgements
This paper presents the results of a project for the course 9429 Material Processes and Systems:
Ceramic LAB, taught by Martin Bechthold and Jonathan King at the Graduate School of Design at
Harvard University. Their input and guidance were essential for the development of this project. All
ceramic components were developed and fabricated at the Ceramic Program at Harvard, with
valuable and generous assistance of Shawn Panepinto and Cathy Moynihan. For programming in all
areas including form‐finding, surface discretization, machine code, contribution and support by
Panagiotis Michalatos were of crucial importance.
References
[1] Collins, G.R. 1968, “The Transfer of Thin Masonry Vaulting from Spain to America”, Journal of the Society of Architectural [2] Ochsendorf, J.A. & Freeman, M., 1945 ‐ 2010, Guastavino vaulting: the art of structural tile, 1st edn, Princeton Architectural Press, New York. [3] Anderson, S. & Dieste, E., 1917‐2000. 2004, Eladio Dieste: innovation in structural art, Princeton Architectural Press, New York. [4] Bechthold, M. 2008, Innovative surface structures: technologies and applications, Taylor & Francis, Abingdon, Oxon; New York. [5] Ramage, M., J. Ochsendorf, P. Rich, J. Bellamy, and P. Block. "Design and Construction of the Mapungubwe National Park Interpretive Centre, South Africa." ATDF JOURNAL 7, no. 1/2 (2010).