TECNICAL REPORT ON THE BERENGUELA PROPERTY ...Silver Standard Resources Inc. 2 Technical Report on...
Transcript of TECNICAL REPORT ON THE BERENGUELA PROPERTY ...Silver Standard Resources Inc. 2 Technical Report on...
TECNICAL REPORT ON THE BERENGUELA PROPERTY
SOUTH-CENTRAL PERU
Mineral Concessions: Berenguela and Berenguela 97
Geographic Coordinates Centred at Approximately:
15° 40' S 70° 34' W
Peruvian (NTS) Map Area Lagunillas 32-U 2005-10-04
Prepared for Silver Standard Resources Inc.
By
James A. McCrea, P.Geo. #306 – 10743 139th Street Surrey, British Columbia
Canada (604) 588-0891
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Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMS OF REFERENCE.......................................................... 2
Terms of Reference ....................................................................................................2 Sources of Information ................................................................................................2
DISCLAIMER.................................................................................................................. 3 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION ............................................................... 3
ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... 7
Accessibility, Local Resources and Infrastructure........................................................7 Topography, Elevation and Vegetation........................................................................7 Climate........................................................................................................................7
HISTORY........................................................................................................................ 8 GEOLOGICAL SETTING.............................................................................................. 12
Regional Geology...................................................................................................... 12 Property Geology ...................................................................................................... 15
DEPOSIT TYPES ......................................................................................................... 18 MINERALIZATION AND ALTERATION ........................................................................ 20 EXPLORATION ............................................................................................................ 21 DRILLING ..................................................................................................................... 21 SAMPLING METHOD AND APPROACH...................................................................... 22 SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSIS AND SECURITY .............................................. 22 DATA VERIFICATION .................................................................................................. 24 MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING ...................................... 26 MINERAL RESOURCE AND MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES................................. 28
Database................................................................................................................... 28 Solid Modeling .......................................................................................................... 28 Compositing, Statistics and Geostatistics.................................................................. 29 Block Model .............................................................................................................. 29 Grade Capping.......................................................................................................... 30 Classification............................................................................................................. 30
INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS ................................................................... 31 RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................. 31
Budget ...................................................................................................................... 32 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 33 STATEMENT OF QUALIFICATIONS............................................................................ 34
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Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Location Map ...................................................................................................5 Figure 2: Concession Map ..............................................................................................6 Figure 3: Berenguela Underground Workings ............................................................... 11 Figure 4: Regional Geology of the Puno Area, Southern Peru ...................................... 14 Figure 5: Property Geology ........................................................................................... 17 Figure 6: Drill Hole and Sample Location Map .............................................................. 25 Figure 7: Process Flow Sheet ....................................................................................... 27
LIST OF TABLES Table 1: List of Mineral Concessions...............................................................................3 Table 3: Samples Results from the 2004 Property Visit................................................. 24 Table 4: Block Model Parameters ................................................................................. 30 Table 5: Berenguela Resource Summary, Using a Cut 50 Gram per Tonne Silver Cut-off
.............................................................................................................................. 31
LIST OF APPENDICIES Appendix 1: Detailed Resource Tables for Berenguela Appendix 2: Variograms Appendix 3: Assay Laboratory Certification
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Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
SUMMARY
The Berenguela Property consists of two mineral concessions totalling 141.33 hectares.
Berenguela is located in southern Peru, in the department of Puno, approximately 50
kilometres west of the city of Juliaca and six kilometres northeast of the town of Santa
Lucia. The property is vehicle accessible year round. The concessions are held by
Sociedad Minera de Berenguela S.A. (SOMINBESA), a private company registered in
Peru which is held 100% by Fossores Ltd., a holding company registered in the Cayman
Islands. Silver Standard Resources Inc. (Silver Standard) has an option agreement with
SOMINBESA and Fossores Ltd. to purchase a 100% interest in the silver resources
contained on the Berenguela Property.
The Berenguela Deposit has seen exploration and production since colonial times with
the most period from 1906 to 1965 when it was the property of the Lampa Mining
Company. Production from underground workings and small surface pits totalled
approximately 500,000 tonnes. After Lampa Mining the property was the subject of
various agreements with ASARCO and Charter Mining that were not completed or
dropped. In January of 1972, the property was awarded to Minero Peru as special
rights. The Ministry responsible for Minero Peru sold the rights to the property to
Kappes, Cassiday & Associates of Reno Nevada who subsequently formed the
SOMINBESA to manage the project.
The Berenguela deposit, as it is presently known, consists of several lenses and pods of
potentially economic Ag-Cu (-Mn) mineralization that occur within a WNW-trending block
of metasomatically altered carbonate rocks which has dimensions roughly estimated at
1,400 m long by 400 m wide by 100 m thick. Individual, well-mineralized pods or lenses
are anticipated to have maximum dimensions of less than 100 meters.
Silver Standard completed an RC drilling program on the Berenguela Property in 2004
and 2005. The program entailed 222 RC drill holes with the objective of delineating the
mineralization of the Berenguela Deposit and completing a resource estimate for the
property.
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Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
The Berenguela Property is a property of merit. It is host to a potentially bulk mineable
silver, copper and manganese deposit. The author completed a 3D block model
resource estimate for the Berenguela Deposit. Resources for the Berenguela using a 50
gram per tonne silver cut-off, are 15.6 million tonnes at 132.0 grams per tonne silver,
0.92 % copper and 8.8 % manganese in the indicated category and 6.0 million tonnes at
111.7 grams per tonne silver, 0.74 % copper and 6.5 % manganese in the inferred
category. Total resources in all categories at a 50 gram per tonne silver cut-off are 21.6
million tonnes at 126.3 grams per tonne silver, 0.87 % copper and 8.2 % manganese.
Recommendations for the Berenguela Project to include 2000 metres of RC drilling to
further define the edges of the known mineralization, petrographic studies of the
mineralization and improvements to the QA/QC program.
INTRODUCTION AND TERMS OF REFERENCE
The Berenguela Property, located in southern Peru, is held by Sociedad Minera de
Berenguela S.A. (SOMINBESA), a wholly owned subsidiary of Kappes, Cassiday &
Associates (KCA) of Reno Nevada. Silver Standard Resources Inc. (Silver Standard) of
Vancouver, Canada has entered into an agreement with KCA to purchase the currently
defined silver resource found on the Berenguela property. This Technical Report on the
Berenguela Property has been prepared to comply with the standards outlined in
National Instrument 43-101 and completes a portion of the agreement between KCA and
Silver Standard.
Terms of Reference
Silver Standard retained Mr. James A. McCrea, P. Geo. during November 2004 to
complete an independent review and resource estimate for the Berenguela Property.
Mr. McCrea, a qualified person under NI 43-101, visited the property and surrounding
area on December 7th and 8th of 2004.
Sources of Information
This evaluation was partly based on published and unpublished material and data
submitted to the author by Silver Standard and on data obtained from INGEMMET, the
Peruvian geological survey and agency responsible for Peru’s mineral resources. The
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Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
author also relied on over 17 years of field experience in base and precious metal
deposits and in resource estimations of numerous base metal prospects with
characteristics similar to those found on the Berenguela Property.
DISCLAIMER
This technical report is based upon published and unpublished data, primarily from
geological reports as described in the sections herein entitled History and References.
These reports were written prior to the implementation of the standards relating to
National Instrument 43-101. However, as persons experienced in geology or related
fields prepared the reports, the reports and relevant data are considered to be of high
quality. Additional information was obtained during a visit to the property, by the author.
Silver Standard’s employees and consultants provided additional information used in
database compilation and resource modelling. This information is also considered by
the author to be of high quality.
PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION
The Berenguela Property encompasses approximately 141.33 hectares situated in the
eastern part of the Western Cordilleran of south-central Peru (Figure 1) and consists of
two mineral concessions (Figure 2; Table 1). The Berenguela concessions are located
within the Department of Puno and lie within Peruvian National Topographic System
(NTS) map area Lagunillas, No. 32-U. The centre of the Berenguela concessions is at
15° 40' South Latitude and 70° 34' West Longitude. The concessions, their sizes and
entry codes are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1: List of Mineral Concessions Concession Name Status Mining Code Hectares
Berenguela 100% Owned 13000001Y03 100 Berenguela 97 100% Owned 010128997 41.33
The two Berenguela concessions are held by Sociedad Minera de Berenguela S.A.
(SOMINBESA), a private company registered in Peru which is held 100% by Fossores
Ltd., a holding company registered in the Cayman Islands. Silver Standard has an
option agreement with SOMINBESA and Fossores Ltd. to purchase a 100% interest in
the silver resources contained on the Berenguela Property. Under the terms of the
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Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
agreement, Silver Standard has agreed to pay US $20,000 on signing of the agreement
and then once the option agreement has been approved by the Toronto Stock Exchange
(TSX) to pay an additional US $180,000 to Fossores and issue 17,500 common shares
of the company to SOMINBESA. Following the agreement, Silver Standard is required
to carry out an exploration program estimated to cost a minimum of US $500,000,
primarily for drilling, to expand the silver resource and to complete a resource estimate
in compliance with NI 43-101. Sixteen months after entering into the agreement, Silver
Standard may exercise its option to acquire the rights to the silver resource by paying
US 0.04 to US 0.06 per resource ounce using a combination of cash and shares that will
be determined based on current silver prices. According to the management of Silver
Standard, there are no underlying royalties or back-in interests on the concessions in
this property. (Silver Standard Press Release, March 2004)
Mineral rights in Peru are awarded by the national government. The current system of
acquiring mineral rights is by applying for concessions at the Ministry of Mines.
Concession boundaries are specified on the application by indicating the locations of the
corners of the concessions. Coordinates must be specified to the nearest 1,000-meter
UTM coordinate and boundaries must be orientated north south and east west.
Concessions awarded before 1992 can have irregular coordinates. These concessions
have specific corners that were legally surveyed in the field and must be registered at
the Ministry of Mines.
The two Berenguela concessions held by SOMINBESA are in good standing. The
Berenguela concession was created on January 19, 1972 and awarded special state
rights by Supreme Decree. The concession covers the following lapsed mining
concessions: Burton, Corocora, Hadden, Nueva Virginia, Santa Margarita, Santiago
Esmeralda, Delta, Hadden No. 1 and San Vecente. In 1991 the Special Rights were
converted to the mining concessions regime and later awarded to Minero Peru. On April
11, 1997 Minero Peru staked the mining pediment Berenguela 97 and on March 9, 1999
the final resolution approved the Berenguela 97 mining concession for the benefit of
Minero Peru with an area of 100 hectares. The Berenguela 97 concession partly
overlaps the Berenguela priority mining concession so the priority concession was
reduced to 41.33 hectares. According to the mining registry these mining rights are not
subject to any mortgage, pledge or other charges presently in force. (Fontana, 2004)
CHILE
BRASIL
PERU
LIMA
AREQUIPA LAKETITICACAPACIFIC
OCEAN MOQUEGUA
Mollendo
Desaguadero
Huancane
Ayaviri
Chivay
Santa Lucia
APURIMAC
AYACUCHOCUZCO
PUNO
AREQUIPA
MOQUEGUA
TACNA
AREQUIPA
PUNO
JULIACA
14o S
16oS
69o W71OW73oW
Imata *BERENGUELA
PROJECT
BOLIVIASCALE01020304050 50 Km
BERENGUELA PROJECT
Location Map
Figure: 1DATE: Oct. 2005
S i l v e r S t a n d a r dR E S O U R C E S I N C.
Puno, Peru
SCALE: AS SHOWN
8268000 N
8269000 N
N
BERENGUELA
BERENGUELA 97CODE 010128997 - 100 ha.
SantaMargarita
Grey concession names are supersededby Berenguela Concession
(Overlaps Berenguela Actual area = 41.33 ha.)
CODE 13000001Y03 - 100 ha. SantiagoEsmeralda
Delta
SanVicente
Burton
Corocora
Hadden
Hadden No. 1
8268500 N
BERENGUELA PROJECT
Concession Map
Figure: 2DATE: Oct. 2005
S i l v e r S t a n d a r dR E S O U R C E S I N C.
Puno, Peru
SCALE: AS SHOWN
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Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
All concessions held by SOMINBESA are in good standing until June 30th 2006. Annual
concession payment requirements are US$3 per hectare to maintain the concessions in
good standing; annual tax payments must be received by June 30th. In order to conduct
detailed-exploration work, such as roadwork and drilling, permits must be obtained from
the Peruvian Ministry of Mines. It is not necessary to obtain permits for basic
exploration, such as mapping and sampling. Companies are also required to submit a
summary of annual exploration expenditures to the Peruvian Ministry of Mines.
ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE AND
PHYSIOGRAPHY
Accessibility, Local Resources and Infrastructure
The Berenguela Property is accessible in under an hour by paved and gravel roads from
the city of Juliaca, located in southern Peru. Juliaca is a small city (100,000 people) with
an Airport and daily flights to Lima, the capital of Peru. The property is located about 50
kilometres west of Juliaca. Arequipa is the major city in southern Peru and it is about 2.5
hours by road from the property. The property is 6 kilometres northeast of the town of
Santa Lucia and Santa Lucia is on the main, paved highway to Arequipa. Santa Lucia
has groceries and fuel available on a limited basis; however, major purchases would be
made in Arequipa or Juliaca. Infrastructure and access is considered excellent.
Topography, Elevation and Vegetation
The Berenguela Property lies between 4150 and 4280 metres above sea level in the
Western Cordillera of southern Peru. The terrain of the property is one of moderate
relief, with relatively poorly drained pampas occurring in the valleys that lie north and
south of a central WNW-trending ridge where the Berenguela deposit is found. The
slopes are typically covered with sparse grasses and few small low bushes. The steeper
slopes generally have very little vegetation and are mostly covered by talus.
Climate
Within the region of the Berenguela Property, annual temperatures range from greater
than 25°C to less than -20°C, with periods of extreme precipitation. The rainy season in
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Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
this part of the Andes is from December to April. Snow covers many of the peaks, which
are in excess of 5100 metres. Dense fog is common during the rainy season.
HISTORY
Berenguela has a long history of exploration and production dating back to Colonial
times. This summary of the mining history of Berenguela is not believed to be all-
inclusive since not all exploration and development activities have been documented.
The early history of the Berenguela Deposit is summarized in the volume Perú: A Mining
Country (1986):
“The Berenguela Deposit has been continually exploited since Colonial times; the most active period of exploitation dates back to 1906 when it became the property of the Lama Mining Company, who built a small smelter at Santa Lucia to treat silver and copper ores. The Berenguela mineral consists principally of manganese oxide containing copper and silver. The complex nature of the Berenguela mineral has been one of the causes preventing its exploitation on a large scale, since the beneficiation of silver from the manganese oxides has always presented metallurgical problems. In 1958 the plant was reconditioned in order to obtain a concentrate by floatation with a higher grade. This process was new and complicated, no new tests of this kind have been made in other plants; the initial results were discouraging, but later improved and the engineers were optimistic as to the final result of the procedure. During the period June 1957 to June 1958, production at the Berenguela mine was as follows: 21,153 tonnes with Ag grades of 22.07 oz/t (686.44 grams) and 1.91 % Cu It is stated that the mineral also has 30% manganese. In the 1940 to 1950 decade efforts were made to obtain a by-product from manganese. However the cost of this product was very high and the market was unstable, as this operation was laid aside. The American Smelting & Refining Co. (ASARCO) took a purchase option on these properties for a year, between August 1965 to September 1966, in which period the first important studies of these deposits were made. These studies consisted of 3,241.6 m. of diamond drilling distributed in 52 drill holes; the corresponding geological mapping was also made and metallurgical tests in the laboratory of the U.S. Bureau of Mines, F.C. Torkelson Company and Silver Bell. Later the Cerro de Pasco Corporation took out a purchase option on the same deposit between November 4, 1966 to November 4, 1968, limiting its activities to estimating reserves and carrying out metallurgical research at the La Oroya laboratory. Finally Charter Consolidated took out a purchase option in December 1968, to December 1970; in this period it carried out 56 complementing diamond drill holes over a total length of 3,386 m.; metallurgical research and a feasibility study were also carried out.
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Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
Due to failure to fulfil the schedule of operations set forth in the General Mining Law these deposits reverted to the State and on January 19, 1972 passed on to Minero Perú as special rights.”
Total production from Berenguela by the Lampa Mining Company (Lampa) is reported at
approximately 500,000 tonnes during the period 1906 to 1965. Production was largely
from underground workings but numerous small open pits can be seen on surface.
Underground production created 17,700 metres of underground workings (Figure 3).
Lampa was mainly concerned with silver extraction and the recovery of by-product
copper. (Kappes, Cassiday & Associates: Berenguela.com)
Both ASARCO and Charter Consolidated Mining (Charter) took bulk samples for
metallurgical testing. ASARCO took a 268 tonne bulk sample of the different ore types
from 18 different underground locations. In addition Charter sampled 5108 metres of the
underground workings with chip samples that were collected on 1.5 metre intervals. The
chip samples were used to verify the drill hole results.
Charter had a reserve estimate completed for Berenguela. In November of 1969, J.M
Strathern released a sectional-polygonal reserve estimate for Berenguela. This
sectional reserve used underground sampling and drill hole data on vertical cross-
sections spaced 50 metres apart. The reported historic reserve was 14,329,514 tonnes
at a grade of 124.8 grams per ton silver and 1.32 percent copper per tonne. The reserve
did not report manganese grade because the drill hole samples were not assayed for
manganese. Strathern called the reserve a “proved reserve”. (Strathern, 1969)
The Strathern reserve was reviewed in 1998 by Ross Glanville & Assoc. who concluded
that based on the extensive drill and underground sampling it would be reasonable to
classify the Strathern “reserve” in the “probable” category. (Glanville, 1998) The
Strathern estimate and the review by Ross Glanville were completed prior to the
implementation of National Instrument 43-101 and the author believes that it would be
appropriate to re-classify the historic “reserve” estimate as an indicated resource based
on the quantity of data used in the original estimate. The historic resource estimate is
superseded by the current expanded resource.
In 1995, a policy of privatization was adopted by the Peruvian ministry responsible for
Minero Peru, with the result that the Berenguela Property was offered for sale by the
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Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
state company. Kappes, Cassiday & Associates (KCA) purchased Berenguela in 1995
by competitive bid and formed a private Peruvian company, Sociedad Minera de
Berenguela S.A. (SOMINBESA) to manage the project. Dan Kappes and Mike Cassiday
are the majority shareholders in SOMINBESA (Kappes, Cassiday & Associates:
Berenguela.com).
Following acquisition of the property, KCA conducted a surface bulk-sampling program
and collected two bulk samples. The first sample was a composite sample that was
formed from mineralization collected at about 20 sites, with each site providing
approximately 20 kilograms of rock for a total of approximately 300 kilograms. The
second bulk sample was obtained from more extensive sampling, being produced from
material gathered from 48 separate locations. The objective of this sampling was to
obtain a good representation of remaining mineralization. The second bulk sample
weighted approximately 3000 kilograms, with individual samples being taken from
existing open cuts and pits, various tunnel sections as well as from surface stockpiles
and dumps. The samples were processed at the KCA laboratories in Reno, Nevada,
USA and later utilized for process development and testing purposes. (Kappes,
Cassiday & Associates: Berenguela.com)
In March of 2004, Silver Standard entered into an option agreement with SOMINBESA
(KCA) to purchase 100% of the silver resources contained in the Berenguela Project.
The option agreement required payments of cash and shares, the completion of an
exploration program and the completion of a 43-101 compliant resource estimate. (Silver
Standard Press Release, March 2004). Silver Standard completed the exploration drill
program in July of 2005 after completing 222 reverse circulation drill holes.
BERENGUELA PROJECT
Berenguela Underground
Figure: 3DATE: Oct. 2005
S i l v e r S t a n d a r dR E S O U R C E S I N C.
Puno, Peru
WorkingsSCALE: AS SHOWN
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Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
Regional Geology
The Berenguela Property is situated within the Western Cordillera of the Andean
mountain range, which since the Late Cretaceous has been formed by collisional plate
tectonics where Pacific oceanic crust is being subducted beneath the South American
plate. The regional geology of the Western Cordillera in south eastern Peru is
dominated by volcanic and sedimentary rocks of Cenozoic to Quaternary age (Figure 4).
In the region west of Lake Titicaca where the Berenguela deposit is found, referred to
here as the Santa Lucia district, there are several large erosional or structural windows
in the volcano sedimentary terrane where structurally deformed Paleozoic and Mesozoic
sedimentary strata are exposed. The Berenguela Ag-Cu-Mn deposit lies within one of
these areas of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks.
According to researchers of Andean geology in Peru (Clark et al.,1990; Medina, 1993),
a major tectonic event known as the Andino Orogeny that started in the Late Cretaceous
and continued into Early Tertiary time uplifted and folded pre-Tertiary sedimentary
sequences in southern Peru. Medina (1993) was able to recognize in this part of the
country five distinct episodes of deformation that occurred during this orogeny, although
he suggests that two main deformation events, referred as the Quechua D1 and D2
events, established the main litho-tectonic relationships seen in the region and could
also be linked to the main mineral deposits of the Santa Lucia district, including
Berenguela. Subsequent to the main compressional tectonism of the Andino Orogeny,
the region west of Lake Titicaca experienced a prolonged period of continental
sedimentation, with highlands of folded Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks being eroded to
form thick and extensive deposits of conglomerates and arenites belonging to the Puno
Group. Regionally extensive, northwest-trending fault zones, including the Lagunillas
Fault Zone that passes a few kilometres south of Santa Lucia town, partly controlled the
deposition of these coarse clastic lithologies.
Subaerial volcanism in the Santa Lucia district began in the Oligocene with the
deposition of relatively potassic, trachyandesitic flows and agglomerates of the Yapoco
and Piruani Formations. Clark et al. (1990) suggests that this volcanism began at
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Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
approximately 31 Ma and ceased around 26 Ma. Numerous sub-volcanic stocks of calc-
alkaline diorite along with dikes and sills of high-K andesite were also emplaced during
this period. These Middle Tertiary volcanics and sub-volcanic intrusives are considered
by Clark et al. (1990) to belong to the Tacaza Group.
During Late Oligocene to Early Miocene time, the Puno region was affected by Quechua
D2 deformation, which involved major uplift and erosion. As well, this period saw the
eruption of rhyolite ignimbrites of the Churuma and Santa Lucia Formations and
subsequently ash flow tuffs belonging to the Sillapalca Group. The peak of this
deformation event occurred at approximately 23 Ma and resulted in the moderate folding
of Tacaza Group volcanics and Puno Group sediments along a northwest and southeast
trend (Medina, 1993). Further short-lived uplift and erosion was then followed by
additional volcanism, with predominantly dacite lavas of the Sillapaca Formation being
extruded. In the Santa Lucia district, this volcanic event was brief, extending from
approximately 16.2 Ma until 14.7 Ma.
Clark et al. (1990) observed that the majority of the metallic deposits of the Santa Lucia
district are hosted by Tacaza Group volcanic rocks or underlying Mesozoic sedimentary
strata. They also concluded that most of the base and precious metal epithermal
mineralization in the region accompanied the eruption of these volcanics and that the
deposits show a close association with Late Oligocene, calc-alkaline sub-volcanic
intrusions. The Berenguela Ag-Cu-Mn deposit is considered by the researchers to
represent the strongest expression of metal-rich hydrothermal activity in the district.
LakeTiticaca
69OW70OW71OW15OS
16O S
Tertiary Rocks
Sillapaca and Palca Groups
Tacaza Group
Puno Group Sediments
Mesozoic and Paleozoic Rocks
Cuena Putina, Caliza Ayavacas Fm, Murco Fm, Caliza Arcurquina Fm,Caliza Sipin Fm, Yura Group, Lagunillas Group
Paleozoic Rocks
Scale0 10 20 30 40 50 Km
* BERENGUELAPROJECT
BERENGUELAPROJECT
North
Major Fault
* Rescatada
BERENGUELA PROJECT
Regional Geology
Figure: 4DATE: Oct. 2005
S i l v e r S t a n d a r dR E S O U R C E S I N C.
Puno, Peru
of the Puno AreaSCALE: AS SHOWN
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Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
Property Geology
The Berenguela Ag-Cu-Mn deposit trends in a WNW direction for more than 1,400
meters along a whale-back ridge that separates two valleys, the broader one being to
the south. The eastern and western limits of the deposit roughly correspond to where
steep slopes truncate the ridge and descend to the pampa valleys some 200 metres
below the ridge-crest. Moderately to isoclinally folded limestones and dolomites of the
Cretaceous-age Ayavacas Formation are the dominant lithologies exposed along the
ridge and host the deposit mineralization. (Figure 5) Commonly the limestones are
difficult to recognize due to the extensive and complete replacement of Ca-Mg
carbonates by manganese and iron oxides. In the western sector of the deposit,
detailed mapping has identified three areas where the carbonate rocks are intruded by
small rhyodacitic bodies. As well, a number of sub-vertical, dike-like bodies of
polymictic, coarsely fragmental rock have been recognized in the central part of the
deposit, with probably the best exposure being in the San Jose open-cut. These clastic
units are characterized by their dike- or pipe-like form with sharply defined margins and
a coarse fragmental component that includes subangular to subrounded cobbles and
boulders of fine-grained diorite, hornblende-plagioclase-porphyritic dacite and minor
sandstone and carbonate clasts. These enigmatic fragmental rocks have been
interpreted as isolated or remnant deposits of fluvial-glacial sediments (Candiotti and
Castilla, 1983; Klink et al., 1986), possibly being fluvial conglomerates preserved in karst
cavities within the Ayavacas Formation limestone. Alternatively, Clark et al. (1990)
consider these coarsely fragmental rocks to be phreatic breccia dikes and sills related to
hydrothermal activity.
Both hypogene and supergene silver and copper minerals are invariably associated with
high concentrations of manganese +/- iron oxide concentrations representing
metasomatic replacement zones that apparently were localized along faults or intensely
fractured zones which formed axial planar to the relatively tight, WNW-trending folds
found along the ridge at Berenguela. Fault structures that cut more or less orthogonally
across the fold axes likely also channelled the hydrothermal fluids, with the intersection
of these structures and the dominant WNW-ESE structures being logical loci of high fluid
flow and metasomatism. In addition, dolomitic horizons in steeply inclined limbs of the
folds appear to have been preferentially replaced by the Mn-rich hydrothermal fluids.
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Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
The manganiferous replacement zones are generally earthy in texture and range in
colour from blackish brown where the MnO content is up to 30%, through a ‘leopard skin’
texture of dark brown and yellowish brown to an ochre colour where the altered rock is
richer in potassium and iron and the manganese contents are less than 5%. Locally,
the Mn-oxide metasomite rock hosts irregular veins and veinlets of orange-red jasper.
Other evidence of hydrothermal activity that postdates manganese metasomatism is
seen in patches of brecciated, Mn oxide-replaced limestone where crustiform and
chalcedonic quartz is coating breccia clasts. (Burk, 2005)
Apart from the restricted surface exposures of sub-volcanic rhyodacite rock in the
western part of the deposit there do not appear to be any sizeable bodies of intrusive
rock at Berenguela that could be genetically linked to the Mn-rich metasomatism.
Evidently no drill holes intersected exo- or endoskarn rocks that would indicate the
presence of an intrusion at depth. (Burk, 2005) Instead, many of the longer drill holes
cored through thick sections of gypsum. In the case of one Asarco drill hole, some 172
meters of gypsum was drilled, with the hole actually ending in the sulphate. (Strathern,
1969)
In summary, the Berenguela deposit, as it is presently known, consists of several lenses
and pods of potentially economic Ag-Cu (-Mn) mineralization that occur within a WNW-
trending block of metasomatically altered carbonate rocks which has dimensions roughly
estimated at 1,400 m long by 400 m wide by 100 m thick. Individual, well-mineralized
pods or lenses are anticipated to have maximum dimensions of less than 100 meters.
bleached carb
loadingpad
secondarycalcite vnlts
40
75
54
11
44
35
10
24
72
47
6236
61
8080
82
88
50
24
7073
gray carb
shaft
29
39
pond
jaspjasp
float ?
80
7176
folded
rhy
68
62
57
jasp
rhyodacite roundedto subangular
65
39
47
74
70
74
56 7147
72
71
81
63
47
73
49
61
48
folded
gray dolobrecciated locwith minor jasp
26
37
86
7258
34
52
65
48
40
22
60
35
26
jasp
jasp
To Santa Lucia
flt rhyodacite
folded
folded carb Mn
rhyodacite
trench
flt rounded volc
rhyodacite
flt rounded
rhyodaciteboulders
trench
47
PROGRESO NO. 1
PROGRESO NO. 2
INTERMEDIOCERO
HUAYRAPATA
PROVIDENCIA
INTERMEDIO NO. 3
SAN ROBERTO
BUENA VENTURIA
SAN JOSE
CHAPI
CANDELARIA NO. 1
BURTON OPEN PIT
VICTORIA
BURTON NO. 2 BURTON NO. 1
SAN SIMON
SAN PEDRO
ERNESTINANO. 3
ANGELITOSWORKINGS
ZETAS
COPCABANA NO.1
COPACABANANO. 2
COPACABANAN0. 3
power magazine
jasp
near outcrop
0 50 100 150 200
METRES
Silver Standard Resources Inc. 18
Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
DEPOSIT TYPES
Based on the distribution and form of the potentially economic bodies of Mn-Cu-Ag
mineralization within the structurally deformed limestone formation there is little doubt
that Berenguela represents a type of epigenetic, replacement-type ore deposit (Clark et
al., 1990). Silver- and copper-mineralized veins of quartz and/or carbonate appear to be
a very minor component of the deposit. What is debateable at Berenguela is whether or
not, or to what extent supergene processes played a role in the formation of the deposit.
More specifically, is the extensive development of manganese oxides the result of the
surface oxidation of hypogene manganiferous carbonates (manganocalcite and/or
rhodochrosite) which had replaced calcite and dolomite adjacent to fractures in the
precursor limestone and where silver, copper and zinc were deposited as sulphides
synchronous with or subsequent to the Mn-carbonate replacement event? Or are the
Mn- and Fe-oxides the direct metasomatic products of a hydrothermal system marked by
strongly oxidized fluids enriched in Ag, Cu and to lesser degrees Ba and zinc? (Burk,
2005)
In Peru, silver-enriched base metal deposits (Cu, Pb-Zn, Cu-Pb-Zn) of the metasomatic
or replacement type have been exploited by some of the country’s most important
mines, including those at Hualgayoc, Antamina, Huanzala, Raura, Cerro de Pasco,
Morococha, Casapalca, and Yauricocha, with all of these mines being located in the
northern half of the country. In southern Peru, porphyry copper and epithermal precious
metal lode deposits are the dominant deposit types. Based on what is presently known
at Berenguela, the deposit is more comparable with the metasomatic base metal
deposits of northern Peru than the precious metal deposits in the south. (Burk, 2005)
Perhaps the closest deposit analogy to Berenguela is found in some of the silver-rich
supergene ore bodies of the Uchucchacua Ag-Mn-Pb-Zn mining camp located in the
Western Cordillera of Central Peru. Hosted by folded and faulted Cretaceous
limestones of the Jumasha Formation, these particular ore bodies represent the oxidized
equivalents of structurally controlled, replacement ore bodies in which the hypogene
mineralization consisted of a complex assemblage of anhydrous Mn-Fe-Ca silicates (Mn
olivine, rhodonite, bustamite) partially replaced by Zn-Mn-Fe, Cu-Fe and Pb sulphides
(wurzite, alabandite, galena, pyrite) and carbonates (manganocalcite, rhodochrosite) that
Silver Standard Resources Inc. 19
Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
together were overprinted by late stage Ag-Mn sulfosalts and sulphides (pyargyrite,
uchucchacuaite). Supergene oxidation of the manganiferous replacement mineralization
produced ore bodies’ rich in goethite, various Mn oxides and minor amounts of Pb
carbonates. These ore bodies extended 30 to 150 meters from surface and were mined
early on by indigenous people and colonial miners. (Bussel et al., 1990) The abundant
Mn oxides and goethite at Berenguela appear to be comparable to the supergene
assemblage at Uchucchacua, while the secondary copper minerals at Berenguela
(malachite, azurite, chrysocolla) could be exchanged for the Pb carbonates at
Uchucchacua. (Burk, 2005)
Since few drill holes completed at Berenguela are longer than 150 m, there are few
accounts of hypogene, sulphide-rich mineralization. However, this is not to say that
such mineralization does not exist in altered limestones at greater depths. (Burk, 2005)
Considering that the replacement-type ore bodies at Uchucchacua have vertical extents
of up to 300 meters, one could presume that good exploration potential still exists at
Berenguela for the discovery of hypogene Ag-Cu-Mn mineralization at depths of 150
meters or greater. A possible indication of additional and extensive metasomatic
alteration at depth is represented by the thick gypsum zone that has been intersected by
several of the deeper holes in the deposit. (Strathern, 1969) While this gypsum may be
of sedimentary origin, it could also be explained as forming a well-developed zone of
sulphate alteration (perhaps originally occurring as anhydrite) that is related to a high-
level intrusion which exsolved a large volume of sulphur-rich fluids and/or vapour. (Burk,
2005)
Silver Standard Resources Inc. 20
Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
MINERALIZATION AND ALTERATION
Limited mineralogical data for the manganiferous Ag-Cu mineralization at Berenguela
was available to the author. Based on the drilling and ore mineralogy studies done by
Asarco in the 1960’s, four main types of mineralization were identified (Strathern, 1969):
1. Yellow, orange and red altered limestone comprising 50% Mn oxides by volume along with hydrated Fe oxides.
2. Brown, hard manganiferous rock with high dolomite content but of comparatively low Ag and Cu contents.
3. Yellow, friable, clay-rich altered carbonate with less than 50% Mn oxides by volume and having relatively high Ag contents. Referred to as panizo by early miners.
4. Yellow, friable material with minor manganese and less than 1% combined metals; this represents the low grade mineralized material throughout the mine.”
According to Fletcher et al. (1989), the main manganese minerals in the metasomatised
limestones include the oxides cryptomelane, todorokite, psilomelane, pyrolusite, and
chalcophanite, together with a variety of hydrated iron oxides. In addition to the
manganiferous replacement-style mineralization, Fletcher et al. (1989) also describe a
paragenetically late, vein-style mineralization that consists of vuggy calcite-jasper veins
hosting minor amounts of malachite, azurite, covellite, chrysocolla, chalcopyrite, pyrite
and native silver.
To help understand the nature of the mineralization at Berenguela, a statistical analysis
was done of 13,318 rock samples collected by Silver Standard from the reverse
circulation drill holes that the company completed in 2004 and 2005. This analysis
shows that in addition to silver and copper, the manganiferous replacement
mineralization is also enriched in zinc and barium. The mean values for these elements
were calculated to be 2,811 ppm Zn and 2,549 ppm Ba. In addition, when correlation
coefficients were calculated for the elements Mn, Ag, Cu, Zn and Ba, it was found that
the closest element association exists between Mn, Cu and Ba (correlation coefficients
of 0.556 for Mn:Cu and 0.511 for Mn:Ba). While the close spatial relationship between
Mn, Cu and Ba may be interpreted as clear evidence that these three elements were
introduced into the limestone host rocks from the same hydrothermal fluids, an
alternative explanation lies in the fact that manganese oxides have a strong capacity to
absorb Cu and Ba ions from simple meteoric fluids, which if this is the case implies that
copper and possibly even barium may have been introduced into the carbonate rocks
Silver Standard Resources Inc. 21
Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
that already were replaced to varying degrees by Mn- and Fe-oxides. Another
interesting finding from the statistical analysis is the close association shown by copper
and zinc, as indicated by the correlation coefficient of 0.326, a value that is very similar
to the coefficient for the Ag:Cu element pair. This data, when considered together with
the data set’s average values for Pb, Sb and As, suggests that the hypogene silver
mineralization at Berenguela was likely associated with the base metal sulphides
chalcopyrite and sphalerite, as opposed to silver sulfosalt minerals with high Pb, Sb
and/or As contents. (Burk, 2005)
EXPLORATION
The Berenguela Property has been explored since Colonial times with the most active
period from 1906 to 1970 by the Lampa Mining Company, and then ASARCO, Cerro de
Pasco and Charter Consolidated Mining conducted exploration. KCA conducted a bulk-
sampling program after the purchase of the property in 1995. The historic exploration is
summarized in the history section of this report.
Silver Standard conducted a 2-phase exploration program at Berenguela starting in
October of 2004; the exploration consisted mainly of drilling with the drilling completed in
July of 2005. The exploration program entailed mainly reverse circulation drilling with
some surface mapping and limited surface sampling. Silver Standard completed 222
reverse circulation drill holes for 18,972 metres. Using this drill data Silver Standard
contracted the author to complete a resource estimate and this 43-101.
DRILLING
The first reported drilling was completed in 1965 to 1966 by ASARCO. The ASARCO
drill program consisted of 52 diamond drill holes for 3,241.6 metres. Drill logs and data
is available from this program.
Charter Consolidated Mining conducted a drill program in 1969. Charter completed 56
diamond drill holes for 3,386 metres. Assays and drill program summaries are available
for this work but no drill logs. (Kappes, Cassiday & Associates: Berenguela.com)
Silver Standard completed the largest and most comprehensive drill program to date on
the Berenguela Property. Silver Standard delineated the Berenguela Deposit with 222
Silver Standard Resources Inc. 22
Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
drill holes containing 18,972 metres of reverse circulation drilling; drill hole locations are
shown on Figure 6. The objective of the drill program was to delineate the deposit for
resource estimation. The deposit was drilled off on a regular grid pattern. The drill
program expanded the areas of known mineralization to the east and subsequently the
resource of the deposit. True thickness of the mineralization is not known because of
the folded and faulted nature of the ore body.
SAMPLING METHOD AND APPROACH
Silver Standard, during the 2004 and 2005 RC drill programs sampled the drill holes on
one-metre intervals. RC drill samples were collected at the drill site by the drill crews.
The RC drill holes were sampled from collar to total depth. Sampling intervals were
dependent on the drilling equipment selected, the density of samples required and not
based on geological controls or other features of the zone of interest.
The RC drill crews collected 18,476 samples and 1,035 sample duplicates for a total of
19,511 samples. The drill holes were laid out on a 50-metre pattern to cover the known
areas of mineralization and test the limits of mineralization. As is normal with RC drilling
there were occasional samples that were not recovered, however, sample recoveries are
98.6 percent for the whole drill program.
SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSIS AND SECURITY
Surface samples collected by the author were personally delivered to Chemex labs in
Lima, Peru. The samples were at all times in the presence of the author. Samples
submitted by the author were prepared by standard procedures (PREP-31). The
samples were analyzed for silver, copper and manganese by Atomic Absorption (AA62b)
using a 30-gram split.
Samples from the drill program were prepared using the following procedure: The RC
Drill crews collected the samples and the samples were split 3 times, using a Jones
Splitter, down to 1/8th size. The sample size ranges from approximately 2 to 10
kilograms. Approximately every 40th sample had a second, field duplicate sample
collected. The samples were tagged with the hole number and depth and then sent to
the warehouse for further preparation were Silver Standard Peru personnel prepared the
Silver Standard Resources Inc. 23
Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
samples for shipment to the assay lab. All samples were stored in the company
warehouse in Santa Lucia and samples were dried in the warehouse as required. The
samples were prepared and tagged for shipment to the assay lab and blanks and
standards were inserted into the sample stream at a rate of approximately one sample in
40 for blanks and two in 40 for standards. Three different standards were utilized in the
program. Periodically Silver Standard Peru staff would deliver the samples to the ALS
Chemex Labs depot in Arequipa and the samples were shipped to Lima, Peru for
preparation. The assay pulps were shipped to ALS Chemex Labs in North Vancouver
for analysis.
The Samples were prepared using a standard sample preparation (PREP-31) to produce
a 250-gram pulp. The analyses performed were four acid “near total” digestion with a 27
element ICP analysis (ME-ICP61). Samples over the maximum for silver, copper or
manganese we reanalyzed using Atomic Absorption (AA62b) and very high silver
samples were analyzed using a fire assay procedure with a gravimetric finish (Ag-
GRA21).
ALS-Chemex's Peruvian laboratory and their Vancouver laboratory are ISO 9001:2000
certified. ISO 9001:2000 certification is a quality assurance model ensuring
organizations develop a quality system. The official International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) and an explanation of the ISO 9000 group of standards can be
found at http://www.iso.org/iso/en/iso900-14000/index.html. A copy of this certification is
also located in Appendix 3.
Silver Standard employed a comprehensive Quality Control/Quality Assurance (QA/QC)
program during the drill program on Berenguela. The program included: standards,
blanks, field duplicates and outside lab check assays as described above with the
sampling procedures. Following the drill program, the author compiled the QA/QC data
for the 2004 and 2005 drill programs and completed a summary of the QA/QC program
results. The QA/QC summary contains recommendations for the improvement of
QA/QC results, which included checking for Standard Reference Material (SRM) failures
and contaminated blanks and follow up with corrective action. Other recommendations
were to improve sample handling so as to reduce labelling errors.
Silver Standard Resources Inc. 24
Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
The author is of the opinion that the sampling, sample preparations, security and
analytical procedures are all consistent with industry standard practice. During the site
visit, the first phase of the drill program was under way. The author examined the full
sample handling process and preparation and felt there were no obvious problems.
DATA VERIFICATION
Data verification included surface samples to confirm the mineralization at Berenguela.
The author collected four randomly located surface grab samples (BER-01 to BER-04)
from the property. Each sample location was surveyed with a GPS. Samples were
taken over an area of approximately 1 square meter. Approximately 2 kilograms of
material was taken from each sample site. The four samples were taken to represent
different areas of the Berenguela Deposit. The results of these samples are listed in
Table 3 and the locations of the author’s surface samples are show on Figure 6.
Table 3: Samples Results from the 2004 Property Visit. Sample Ag (ppm) Cu (%) Mn (%) BER-01 50 0.52 38.93 BER-02 42 0.94 20.11 BER-03 445 1.78 17.19 BER-04 91 0.18 21.78
8,269,000N
331,
600E
8,268,600N
BERENGUELA PROJECT
Sample Locations
S i l v e r S t a n d a r dR E S O U R C E S I N C.
Puno, Peru
332,
000E
332,
400E
8,268,200N 332,
400E
332,
000E
331,
600E
8,268,600N
8,269,000N
500 100 150
METRES
E
N
S
W
Shaft
Adit
Historic Drill Holes
Road
Waste Dump
Cut, PitLEGEND
Drill Hole Plan With
332,
800E
332,
800E
BER-56
BER-57
BER-2
BER-1
BER-17
BER-18
BER-19
BER-20
BER-21
BER-22
BER-29
BER-30
BER-4
BER-3
BER-14
BER-15
BER-16
BER-24
BER-25
BER-23
BER-28
BER-32
BER-7
BER-13
BER-6
BER-11BER-8
BER-10
BER-27
BER-26
BER-5
BER-12
BER-9
BER-35
BER-34
BER-33
BER-44
BER-43
BER-42
BER-55
BER-54
BER-51
BER-52
BER-53
BER-36
BER-37
BER-38
BER-50
BER-49
BER-48
BER-47
BER-46
BER-45
BER-41
BER-39
BER-31
BER-40
2004 - 05 Completed Drill Hole
BURTON
BLOCK
EXTENSION
EXTENSION
WEST BLOCK
CERRO BLOCK
CHAPI BLOCK
BER-100
BER-101
BER-102
BER-103
BER-104
BER-105
BER-106
BER-107
BER-108
BER-109
BER-110
BER-111
BER-112
BER-113
BER-114
BER-115
BER-58
BER-59
BER-60
BER-61
BER-62
BER-63
BER-65
BER-64
BER-66
BER-67
BER-68
BER-69
BER-70
BER-71
BER-72
BER-73
BER-74
BER-76
BER-75
BER-78
BER-77
BER-79
BER-80
BER-81
BER-82
BER-83
BER-84
BER-85
BER-86
BER-87
BER-88
BER-89
BER-90
BER-91
BER-92
BER-93
BER-94
BER-96
BER-95BER-98
BER-97BER-99
BER-116
BER-117
BER-118
BER-119
BER-120
BER-121
BER-122
BER-123
BER-124
BER-125
BER-126
BER-127
BER-128
BER-129
BER-130
BER-131
BER-132BER-133
BER-134
BER-135
BER-136
BER-137
BER-138
BER-139
BER-140
BER-141
BER-142
BER-143
BER-144
BER-145
BER-146
BER-147
BER-148
BER-149
BER-150
BER-151
BER-152
BER-153
BER-155
BER-154
BER-156
BER-157
BER-158
BER-159
BER-160
BER-161
BER-164
BER-165
BER-162
BER-163
BER-166
BER-167
BER-168
BER-169
BER-170
BER-171
BER-172
BER-173
BER-174
BER-175
BER-176BER-177
BER-178
BER-179
BER-180
BER-181
BER-182
BER-183
BER-184
BER-185
BER-186
BER-187
BER-188
BER-189
BER-190
BER-191
BER-192
BER-193
BER-194
BER-195
BER-196
BER-198
BER-197BER-199
BER-200
BER-202
BER-201
BER-203
BER-204
BER-207
BER-206
BER-205
BER-208
BER-209
BER-210
BER-211BER-212
BER-213
BER-214
BER-215
BER-216
BER-217
BER-218
BER-219
BER-221
BER-220
BER-222
Ber-1
Ber-4
Ber-3
4451.78
5.6817.19
Sample Location
Ag ppmCu %Fe %Mn%
8,268,200N
Ber-3
4451.78
5.6817.19
21.787.950.1891
38.938.890.52
50
20.117.380.94
42
Ber-2
Figure: 6
Silver Standard Resources Inc. 26
Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING
Kappes, Cassiday & Associates, after purchasing Berenguela collected bulk samples and carried out metallurgical testing at their Reno facilities. KCA describe the test work as follows:
“Historically (from 1905 to 1965) the ore was processed by direct smelting to produce a copper-silver matte, which was then sold to Southern Peru Copper Corporation. This process would be marginally economic in today’s market. In the 1960’s, Asarco and Charter considered a roast/ segregation process (the “Torco” process), but this process also has inherent high capital and operating costs, and also recovers only silver and copper. Since the 1960’s, markets for specialty manganese products have developed that make a recovery of this metal economically important. KCA has directed its work towards developing a wet chemical leach process for recovery of manganese along with the copper and silver. Once manganese recovery is included, costs and revenues both increase to the point where manganese becomes the most important economic constituent. The proposed flow sheet is presented below. The ore will be ground, pumped into agitated tanks in slurry form, and leached with sulfuric acid and sulfur dioxide. The pregnant solution will be separated from the solids and clarified. From this solution, copper will be recovered by the standard solvent extraction electrowinning (SX-EW) process, or alternatively by simple crystallization to produce copper sulfate. The copper-free solution will be purified and sent to a manganese electrowinning section where manganese dioxide will be produced. A portion of the depleted solution will be sent to evaporation ponds, and then to a crystallizer, to produce manganese sulfate (which is extensively used as a fertilizer). Solids from the initial acid leach will be subject to a normal cyanide leach process where silver will be dissolved, precipitated on zinc dust, and refined to bullion. All of the process steps, are currently in commercial use in EMD production plants elsewhere in the world. The individual steps of the process have been tested on the bulk ore sample at KCA’s Reno facility. Recovery routinely exceeds 90% for all three metals. For economic evaluation purposes, recovery is targeted at 80% for manganese, and 85% for silver and copper. Final process development work is planned as part of the design/cost study, including the establishment of a demonstration/pilot plant. Consulting manganese production specialists have been retained to advise on the project concepts, and they will continue to be involved throughout the process development stages.”
The KCA flow sheet is Figure 7. (Kappes, Cassiday & Associates: Berenguela.com)
BERENGUELA PROJECT
Berenguela GeneralizedProcess Flow Sheet
Figure: 7DATE: Oct. 2005
S i l v e r S t a n d a r dR E S O U R C E S I N C.
Puno, Peru
SCALE: AS SHOWN
Silver Standard Resources Inc. 28
Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
MINERAL RESOURCE AND MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES
The Berenguela deposit has seen exploited since Colonial times with active mining from
1905 to 1965. The property has a historic reserve estimate as described in the history
section of this report. Limited geologic data from the drill programs was available to the
author for the completion of the resource estimate, but sectional interpretations of the
mineralized zone were completed and used to constrain the block model for the
Berenguela Project.
Database
The author received a drill hole database from Silver Standard in Gemcom. The
database contained all the available data for the 222 RC drill holes completed on the
property. The author checked the validity of the database and made corrections as
required from the original compiled data. The database contains the surveyed drill
collars for the 222 RC drill holes completed by Silver Standard in 2004 to 2005.
The database contains 18,476 assays for silver, copper and manganese (below
detection limit samples were entered as half detection limit). The RC drill holes were all
sampled on 1-metre intervals from collar to total depth. The 1-meter samples were
displayed on drill hole sections and the sections were used to domain the mineralization
on the Berenguela Property.
Solid Modeling
The mineralized zone on the property is bowl shaped and elongated in an east west
direction. North south sections for the entire property were created to domain the
mineralization. The sectional interpretations were entered into Gemcom as 3D polylines.
The polylines were stitched together to produce 3D solid body models, or grade shells
for the mineralized zones. The solid model was used to code the rock type model in the
block model, control the interpolation and to filter the composites for statistics and
geostatistics.
Silver Standard Resources Inc. 29
Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
Compositing, Statistics and Geostatistics
The 1-metre samples were composited into 2-metre composites for resource modeling
and grade interpolation. Compositing produced 9400 2-metre composites. The solid
model was used to code the composites as being from within the ore zone or the
background domain. Filtering left 6233 composites in the domain for interpolation and
variogram modeling.
The composites for silver produced a lognormal histogram with a near normal
distribution, a mean of 103 ppm Ag, a standard deviation of 179.2 and a coefficient of
variation of 1.79. The composited population has no noticeable skew. The log
probability plot is near linear and all composites appear to be in a single population.
The composites for copper also produced a lognormal histogram with a negatively
skewed distribution. The population has a low-grade tail. The mean is 0.82 Cu%, the
standard deviation is 0.76 and the coefficient of variation is 0.92. The log probability plot
is curved reflecting the low-grade tail.
The composites for manganese produced a lognormal histogram with a strong positive
skew to the distribution. The population has a high grade skew similar to iron deposits.
The mean is 7.68 Mn%, the standard deviation is 8.04 and the coefficient of variation is
1.05. The log probability plot is very linear reflecting a consistent population.
The 2-metre composites for silver, copper and manganese were imported into Isaaks’
Sage software for Variogram analysis. The variograms were modelled with exponential
structures. All metals exhibited low nuggets in the 5 to 10% range and reasonable
search ranges. The results of the variogram analysis are in Appendix 2.
Block Model
A 3D whole block model was laid out to cover the mineralization on the Berenguela
Property and to allow room for pit optimizations during later analyses of the project.
Block model parameters are summarized in Table 4.
Silver Standard Resources Inc. 30
Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
Table 4: Block Model Parameters Co-ordinates Origin Block Size
Axis Direction
Actual Orientation
Axis Axis Nomenclature
Co-ordinates Metres Number of
Blocks
“Easting” “Northing” “Elevation”
90o 0o
Vertical
X Y Z
Column Row Level
331350 8268150
4300
5 5 5
330 190 60
The solid models were used to code the rock type model and control the interpolation.
The block model was coded for air (above topography), background and for the
mineralized zone by coding blocks using a 50% threshold. Blocks with more then 50%
of the block inside the solid were given the code of the solid. During the interpolation of
the model, the background zone was not interpolated and the ore zone was not allowed
to use data points from the background zone.
The block model was interpolated using inverse distance squared where a minimum of
four composites was required to interpolate a block with a maximum of 16 composites.
The interpolation was required to use data from two drill holes to interpolate grade into a
block.
Grade Capping
Grades were capped for the Berenguela resource. Capping was based on histograms,
probability plots and the coefficient of variation. Silver grades were capped at 2000 ppm
Ag, copper grades were capped at 4.5 Cu% and manganese grades were capped at 35
Mn%. The assays were capped and then the composites were created.
Capping of silver at 2000 ppm Ag is equivalent to the 99.6 percentile; capping of copper
at 4.5 Cu% is equivalent to the 99.4 percentile and capping the manganese at 35 Mn%
is equivalent to the 99.4 percentile. These capping levels are consistent with industry
standard practice.
Classification
The model was classified as indicated and inferred based on distance. No measured
category was defined because of no geologic model and a lack of surface trenches.
Only blocks inside the grade shell were classified. All other blocks were not interpolated
Silver Standard Resources Inc. 31
Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
or classified. The table below contains a summary of the resource model. Blocks were
classified as follows: an indicated range of 0 to 25 metres and inferred range of 25 to 60
metres. Blocks outside these ranges are not reported. Resources are reported in Table
5. Detailed resource tables are included in Appendix 1.
Table 5: Berenguela Resource Summary, Using a Cut 50 Gram per Tonne Silver Cut-off
Category Tonnes (Millions)
Silver Grade (g/t)
Copper Grade (%)
Manganese Grade
(%)
Silver (millions of
ounces)
Indicated 15.6 132.0 0.92 8.8 66.1
Inferred 6.0 111.7 0.74 6.5 21.6
The stated resources are not materially affected by any known environmental,
permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, political or other relevant
issues, unless stated in this report, to the best knowledge of the author.
There are no known mining, metallurgical, infrastructure, or other factors that materially
affect this resource.
INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS
The Berenguela Property contains a large potentially exploitable resource of silver and
copper. The objective of the exploration program was to delineate and possibly expand
the resource at Berenguela. The property is now ready for advancement towards
production.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Although the property has seen extensive drilling, a smaller follow up exploration
program is recommended. The program will include further drilling and petrographic
studies. The program is estimated at $300,000 US for the Berenguela Property. It
should include:
1. A further 2000 metres of RC drilling to define edges of the deposit and one
surface target;
Silver Standard Resources Inc. 32
Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
2. Petrographic studies of the ore zone at Berenguela to better understand the
mineralization and genesis of the deposit;
3. Improvements to the QA/QC program which include: checking for Standard
Reference Material (SRM) failures and contaminated blanks and follow up with
corrective action;
Budget
2000 metre drill program $250,000 Petrographic study $10,000 Assays $40,000 Total $300,000 The Berenguela Property is a property of merit and the above listed exploration
expenditures are warranted. The exploration program will potentially expand the known
resources on the property and further the development of this property.
Silver Standard Resources Inc. 33
Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
REFERENCES
Boggio, M. S., 1986, Peru: a Mining Country, Volume 4, Section Ore Deposits, Laboratorios Sevilla, Lima Peru, p. 1 - 1547 Burk, Ron, 2005, Personal communication, Silver Standard Resources Inc. Bussel, M.A., Apers, C.A., Petersen, U., Shepherd, T.J., Bermudez, C. and Baxter, A.N., 1990, The Ag-Mn-Pb-Zn vein, replacement, and skarn deposits of Uchucchacua, Peru; studies of structure, mineralogy, metal zoning, Sr isotopes, and fluid inclusions: Economic Geology, vol. 85, p 1348-1383. Candiotti, H., and Castilla, F., 1983, Génesis del yacimiento de Cu y Ag, Berenguela, Lampa, Puno: Sociedad Geológica del Perú Bol., No. 71, p 69-78. Clark, A.H., Johnson, P.L., and Wasteneys, H.A., 1986, Phreatic breccias associated with epithermal silver deposits, southern Peru: Petrology, time-space relationships and implications for exploration: Terra Cognita, v. 6, p. 495. Clark, A.H., Farrar, E., Kontak, D.J., Langridge, R.J., Arenas F., M.J., France, L.J., McBride, S.L., Woodman, P.L., Wasteneys, H.A., Sandeman, H.A. and Archibald, D.A., 1990, Geologic and Geochronologic Constraints on the Metallogenic Evolution of the Andes of Southern Peru: Economic Geology, vol. 85, p 1520-1583. Fletcher, C.J.N., Hawkins, M.P., and Tejada, R., 1989, Structural control and genesis of polymetallic deposits in the Altiplano and Western Cordillera of southern Peru: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 2, p. 64-71. Grisolle Fontana, D., Portaro Camet, J.P., 2004, Estudio: private study commissioned by Silver Standard Resources Inc. with Aurelio Garcia Sayan, Abogados, 12 p. Klinck, B.A., Ellison, R.A., and Hawkins, M.P., compilers, 1986, The Geology of the Cordillera Occidental and Altiplano west of Lake Titicaca, southern Peru: Lima, Peru, British Geol. Survey Inst. Geológico Minero Metalúrgico, 353p. Medina, A., Palacios, O., De La Cruz, J., De La Cruz, N., Klinck, B.A., Allson, R.A., Hawkins, M.P., 1993, Geologia de la Cordillera Occidental Y Altiplano al Oeste del Lage Titicaca - Sur del Peru: Boletin No. 42, Serie A: Carta Geologica Nacional, Republica Del Peru, Sector Energia Y Minas, Instituto Geologico Minero Y Metalurgico, 257p.
Silver Standard Resources Inc. 34
Technical Report on the Berenguela Property, Peru October 26, 2005
STATEMENT OF QUALIFICATIONS
I, James A. McCrea, am a Professional Geoscientist residing at 306 - 10743 139th
Street, Surrey, British Columbia do state that:
• I have a B.Sc. In Geology from the University of Alberta, 1988.
• I have been working as a geologist continuously since graduation, for the past 17
years.
• I am a Registered Professional Geoscientist (P.Geo.), Practising, with the
Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of British Columbia.
(Licence # 21450)
• I am a “qualified person” for the purposes of NI 43-101.
• I have visited the Berenguela Property on December 7th & 8th, 2004.
• I am responsible for all sections of the report titled Technical Report on The
Berenguela Property.
• I am not aware of any material fact or material change related to this report that is
not reflected in the technical report.
• I am an independent consultant with no promised or implied affiliation with Silver
Standard Resources Inc. subject to the tests set out in section 1.5 of NI 43-101.
• I have had no prior involvement with the Berenguela Property before I visited it in
December of 2004.
• I have read National Instrument 43-101 and Form 43-101F1 and the technical report
has been prepared in compliance with this Instrument and Form 43-101F1.
October 26, 2005
James A. McCrea, B.Sc., P.Geo.
APEGBC Licence # 21450
Appendix 1
Resources Tables
Berenguela Resource, August 2005
Cut-off Tonnage Ag Cu MnAg PPM T (000) PPM % %
Indicated Resources - All Zones80 9227.902 179.22 1.026 10.3370 10869.856 163.44 0.995 9.8860 12953.542 147.57 0.962 9.3850 15570.555 131.98 0.924 8.8240 18515.842 118.13 0.883 8.28
Inferred Resources - All Zones80 3336.671 150.87 0.789 7.4270 4007.355 138.13 0.777 7.2060 4871.860 125.10 0.762 6.9250 6019.128 111.69 0.740 6.5140 7336.360 99.72 0.716 6.17
Total Resources - All Zones80 12564.573 171.69 0.963 9.5670 14877.211 156.62 0.936 9.1660 17825.402 141.43 0.907 8.7150 21589.683 126.32 0.873 8.1840 25852.202 112.91 0.836 7.68
Cut-off Tonnage Ag Cu MnAg PPM T (000) PPM % %
Indicated Resources - West Zone80 3373.440 205.36 1.071 11.2970 3794.975 190.87 1.026 10.8160 4280.603 176.59 0.980 10.3050 4751.691 164.53 0.935 9.7840 5148.551 155.33 0.895 9.33
Inferred Resources - West Zone80 516.696 189.19 1.001 10.8570 584.113 175.98 0.962 10.5060 661.855 162.94 0.916 9.9450 740.219 151.55 0.874 9.4340 794.398 144.34 0.844 9.11
Total Resources - West Zone80 3890.136 203.21 1.062 11.2370 4379.088 188.88 1.017 10.7760 4942.458 174.76 0.971 10.2550 5491.910 162.78 0.927 9.7340 5942.949 153.86 0.888 9.30
Cut-off Tonnage Ag Cu MnAg PPM T (000) PPM % %
Indicated Resources - Cerro Zone80 3677.666 167.96 1.120 11.5270 4398.577 152.68 1.094 11.1560 5296.980 137.77 1.066 10.7250 6481.446 122.59 1.030 10.2240 7871.637 108.88 0.987 9.74
Inferred Resources - Cerro Zone80 866.617 141.90 0.934 9.4070 1087.084 128.28 0.914 9.0660 1370.171 115.15 0.896 8.7150 1719.047 102.90 0.873 8.3440 2131.936 91.66 0.847 8.04
Total Resources - Cerro Zone80 4544.283 162.99 1.085 11.1270 5485.661 147.84 1.058 10.7460 6667.151 133.12 1.031 10.3150 8200.493 118.46 0.997 9.8340 10003.573 105.21 0.957 9.38
Cut-off Tonnage Ag Cu MnAg PPM T (000) PPM % %
Indicated Resources - Burton Zone80 1295.130 154.48 0.874 4.8770 1634.242 137.93 0.865 4.7760 2114.631 121.28 0.845 4.5850 2849.211 104.11 0.807 4.2840 3758.416 89.78 0.764 3.98
Inferred Resources - Burton Zone80 1224.921 139.71 0.682 3.7370 1467.768 128.96 0.686 3.6860 1794.212 117.26 0.678 3.5950 2324.324 102.99 0.657 3.4240 2961.244 90.53 0.633 3.30
Total Resources - Burton Zone80 2520.051 147.30 0.781 4.3270 3102.010 133.69 0.780 4.2560 3908.843 119.43 0.768 4.1350 5173.535 103.61 0.740 3.8940 6719.660 90.11 0.706 3.68
Cut-off Tonnage Ag Cu MnAg PPM T (000) PPM % %
Indicated Resources - Chapi Zone80 881.665 162.51 0.684 9.6570 1042.062 148.99 0.669 9.1660 1261.328 134.37 0.662 8.6650 1488.207 122.26 0.650 8.2940 1737.239 111.16 0.638 7.86
Inferred Resources - Chapi Zone80 728.438 153.14 0.646 8.8470 868.390 140.48 0.636 8.6260 1045.621 127.61 0.630 8.3550 1235.537 116.42 0.629 8.0140 1448.782 105.91 0.623 7.65
Total Resources - Chapi Zone80 1610.103 158.27 0.667 9.2870 1910.452 145.12 0.654 8.9160 2306.949 131.31 0.647 8.5250 2723.744 119.61 0.640 8.1640 3186.021 108.77 0.631 7.76
Appendix 2
Variograms
10 20 30 40 500.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
Lag Distance (h)
Gam
ma
(h)
9094
8855
8629
8407
8191
7970
77557545
7327
7107
68886673
64586241
60325821
56135405
5199 49974800
4603
4409
Azim. Dip.0 .0
.0 .0 (cf)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, Down HoleGamma(h)= .1 + .743Exp14.3(h) + .157Exp88(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Nugget ==> 0.100 C1 ==> 0.694 C2 ==> 0.206
First Structure -- Exponential with Practical Range
User Defined Rotation Conventions
RH Rotation about the Z axis ==> -10RH Rotation about the Y’ axis ==> 62RH Rotation about the Z’ axis ==> 50Range along the Z’ axis ==> 81.2 Azimuth ==> 100 Dip ==> 28Range along the Y’ axis ==> 14.4 Azimuth ==> 341 Dip ==> 42Range along the X’ axis ==> 7.3 Azimuth ==> 32 Dip ==> -35
Second Structure -- Exponential with Practical Range
RH Rotation about the Z axis ==> -22RH Rotation about the Y’ axis ==> -108RH Rotation about the Z’ axis ==> 30Range along the Z’ axis ==> 897.1 Azimuth ==> 292 Dip ==> -18Range along the Y’ axis ==> 75.6 Azimuth ==> 32 Dip ==> -29Range along the X’ axis ==> 49.4 Azimuth ==> 355 Dip ==> 56
Modeling Criteria
Minimum number pairs req’d ==> 350Sample variogram points weighted by # pairs
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Structure Number 1Rose Diagram of Ranges Dipping 0 DegreesScale:
80 Units
• • • • • ••••••••••••• • ••
•••••••••••••••
••••••••
•••••••
••••••
••• • • • • • • • • • • • •
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Structure Number 1Rose Diagram of Ranges Dipping 30 DegreesScale:
80 Units
• • • • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••
•
•• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Structure Number 1Rose Diagram of Ranges Dipping 60 DegreesScale:
80 Units
• • • • • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••• • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Structure Number 2Rose Diagram of Ranges Dipping 0 DegreesScale:
300 Units
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••
••
•
•
•
••
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••
•
•
•
••
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Structure Number 2Rose Diagram of Ranges Dipping 30 DegreesScale:
300 Units
• • • • • • • • • • • •••••••••
••
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••
•
•
•
•
•
•• •
•
•
•
•
• • • • •
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Structure Number 2Rose Diagram of Ranges Dipping 60 DegreesScale:
300 Units
• • • • • • • • • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••••••••
•• • • • • • • • • •
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Horizontal Slices Through the Ellipsoids
Reference Cube
X-Y Planes Looking Down
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
ABC
N
bottom
topwest
east
C
bottom
topwest
east
B
bottom
topwest
east1188 units
A
Note -- the orientation, dip and lengths of the ellipsoid axes in these figures may be "apparent" rather than "true".
Cross Section Views Through the Ellipsoids
Reference Cube
X-Z Planes Looking North
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
AB
C
N
bottom
top
west
east
C
bottom
top
west
east
B
bottom
top
west
east
1188 units
A
Note -- the orientation, dip and lengths of the ellipsoid axes in these figures may be "apparent" rather than "true".
Long Section Views Through the Ellipsoids
Reference Cube
Y-Z Planes Looking West
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
CB
A
N
bottom
top
south
north
A
bottom
top
south
north
B
bottom
top
south
north
1188 units
C
Note -- the orientation, dip and lengths of the ellipsoid axes in these figures may be "apparent" rather than "true".
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1722
•25386
•50468
•23294
•20168
•7621
•4819
•1799
•1662
•1403 •3702
•3475
•4565 •5599
•4911
•2654 •1685
•762
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp9.4(h) + 0.206 Exp66.4(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•871 •9829
•9675
•8587
•18317
•15924
•9010 •1916 •1229
•7679
•6948
•8871
•2614
•1605
•2648
•2694 •1389
•382
AZIMUTH = 30 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp8.5(h) + 0.206 Exp67.1(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•424 •1649
•29193
•29677
•6070 •18550
•1696
•8393
•6547
•1250 •14412
•1532 •6703
•8993 •1969
•7562 •1947
•3025
•3198
•1030
•762
•439
AZIMUTH = 60 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp10.0(h) + 0.206 Exp88.1(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•356
•2331
•69502 •4299
•40246
•4158
•23502
•2445
•12929
•561
•9009
•521 •7459
•8670
•9459
•8006•623
•7494•1029 •4181
•990
•2284
AZIMUTH = 90 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp16.0(h) + 0.206 Exp157.6(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•382 •2200
•49366
•10879
•27173
•15348 •11314
•16415
•3294
•18922
•2866
•19444 •1650
•15968
•2256
•12223
•3041 •3587•4632
•2300
•4918
•389
•2093
•1828
AZIMUTH = 120 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp24.9(h) + 0.206 Exp149.3(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•506 •4544
•7880
•37865
•19921 •2442
•5276
•11665
•2029
•1831
•5540
•1301
•1060
•670
•621
•1210
•1693
•611
•1252
•982
AZIMUTH = 150 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp13.7(h) + 0.206 Exp85.1(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1722
•25386
•50468
•23294
•20168
•7621
•4819
•1799
•1662
•1403 •3702
•3475
•4565 •5599
•4911
•2654 •1685
•762
AZIMUTH = 180 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp9.4(h) + 0.206 Exp66.4(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•871 •9829
•9675
•8587
•18317
•15924
•9010 •1916 •1229
•7679
•6948
•8871
•2614
•1605
•2648
•2694 •1389
•382
AZIMUTH = 210 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp8.5(h) + 0.206 Exp67.1(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•424 •1649
•29193
•29677
•6070 •18550
•1696
•8393
•6547
•1250 •14412
•1532 •6703
•8993 •1969
•7562 •1947
•3025
•3198
•1030
•762
•439
AZIMUTH = 240 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp10.0(h) + 0.206 Exp88.1(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•356
•2331
•69502 •4299
•40246
•4158
•23502
•2445
•12929
•561
•9009
•521 •7459
•8670
•9459
•8006•623
•7494•1029 •4181
•990
•2284
AZIMUTH = 270 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp16.0(h) + 0.206 Exp157.6(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•382 •2200
•49366
•10879
•27173
•15348 •11314
•16415
•3294
•18922
•2866
•19444 •1650
•15968
•2256
•12223
•3041 •3587•4632
•2300
•4918
•389
•2093
•1828
AZIMUTH = 300 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp24.9(h) + 0.206 Exp149.3(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•506 •4544
•7880
•37865
•19921 •2442
•5276
•11665
•2029
•1831
•5540
•1301
•1060
•670
•621
•1210
•1693
•611
•1252
•982
AZIMUTH = 330 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp13.7(h) + 0.206 Exp85.1(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1597
•25643
•43119
•22347
•14633
•5822
•1168
•497
•438
•840
•722
•435
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp8.5(h) + 0.206 Exp76.9(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•870 •10757
•8761
•6695
•11796
•9381
•4033 •1090 •397
•2544
•2160 •3250 •486
AZIMUTH = 30 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp7.7(h) + 0.206 Exp73.1(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•455
•1842
•24438
•25744
•3776
•8708
•2488
•1344
•3492
•5280•1662
•907 •4958
•603
•618
•622
AZIMUTH = 60 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp8.6(h) + 0.206 Exp86.4(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1934
•57800
•5313
•25975
•2488 •11470
•3058 •4571
•1453
•1461
•1639 •945 •929
•1091
AZIMUTH = 90 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp12.1(h) + 0.206 Exp107.3(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•359 •1899
•40148
•11962
•13338
•16072 •3117
•10552
•1092
•6557 •1137
•4521
•612 •2252•1171
•782 •512
AZIMUTH = 120 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp18.0(h) + 0.206 Exp91.5(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•521
•4475
•6071 •28018
•15109
•2173
•2988 •4525
•2371 •1478
•1172
•493
•538
AZIMUTH = 150 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp14.6(h) + 0.206 Exp67.5(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1648
•24349
•42933
•22801
•13259
•5430
•2653
•1280
•838
•470
•496
•500
AZIMUTH = 180 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp10.8(h) + 0.206 Exp58.0(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•861 •9996
•9971 •6282
•14328
•11979
•6026
•1894 •918
•2150
•1026
•1246
•364
AZIMUTH = 210 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp10.1(h) + 0.206 Exp60.9(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•417
•1811
•26210
•31176
•5039
•17297
•3860
•5132
•4334
•1647
•2297
•540
AZIMUTH = 240 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp12.6(h) + 0.206 Exp81.9(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•366
•2112
•61800 •5559
•30629
•6253
•13964
•3942 •5113
•1662
•926
•877 •735
•1421 •1294•528
•946
•937
AZIMUTH = 270 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp25.4(h) + 0.206 Exp180.1(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•374
•2137
•44628•13689
•16069
•17583
•3681
•11250
•869
•4419
•475 •1355
•825
AZIMUTH = 300 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp31.1(h) + 0.206 Exp379.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•535
•4747
•7983
•29735
•17985
•2229
•2984
•2802
AZIMUTH = 330 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp12.5(h) + 0.206 Exp111.2(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•8361
•35319
•36394
•17017
•4487
•1844
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp8.2(h) + 0.206 Exp84.8(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•3210
•16301
•10454
•4681
•2417
•1965
•639
AZIMUTH = 30 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp7.4(h) + 0.206 Exp75.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•576
•2255
•13373
•23545
•3413
•1365
•1070
•378
AZIMUTH = 60 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp8.0(h) + 0.206 Exp78.3(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1647
•32919
•9078
•5106
•6420
•606
•1211 •417
AZIMUTH = 90 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp10.2(h) + 0.206 Exp79.5(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•384
•1840
•20514
•16852
•1534
•7271
•704 •816
•384
AZIMUTH = 120 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp14.1(h) + 0.206 Exp68.9(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•570
•4549
•4442
•13137
•9332 •2228
•406
AZIMUTH = 150 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp14.8(h) + 0.206 Exp57.4(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10782
•37637
•34628
•13932
•6621
•2390
•375
AZIMUTH = 180 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp12.7(h) + 0.206 Exp52.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•2246
•12509
•10701
•2415
•5409
•5738 •1344
AZIMUTH = 210 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp12.7(h) + 0.206 Exp56.1(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•417
•2238
•15299
•27687
•2998
•4293 •3156
•400 •727
AZIMUTH = 240 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp17.3(h) + 0.206 Exp72.6(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1659
•37543
•11469
•7672
•7568
•1388
•2189
AZIMUTH = 270 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp50.6(h) + 0.206 Exp127.9(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•358
•1935
•25753
•18968
•2658
•10986•1362
•1108
•558
AZIMUTH = 300 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp25.9(h) + 0.206 Exp251.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•734
•5223
•5914
•16039
•12208 •2165
AZIMUTH = 330 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp11.5(h) + 0.206 Exp126.0(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•8818
•32800
•29177
•16383
•3328
•431
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp8.2(h) + 0.206 Exp83.1(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•8279
•25988
•15813
•3305
•648
AZIMUTH = 30 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp7.4(h) + 0.206 Exp73.0(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•667
•3592
•4674 •10741
•4662
•646
AZIMUTH = 60 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp7.8(h) + 0.206 Exp69.3(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•363
•2274
•10070
•18039
•904
•482
•701
AZIMUTH = 90 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp9.4(h) + 0.206 Exp65.2(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•418
•2636
•5334
•14209
•1978 •631
AZIMUTH = 120 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp12.0(h) + 0.206 Exp58.3(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•3281
•10690
•4418 •2903
•4938
•1877
AZIMUTH = 150 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp14.1(h) + 0.206 Exp52.2(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11272
•34896
•28341
•14464
•3795
•1021
AZIMUTH = 180 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp14.6(h) + 0.206 Exp50.0(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10633
•28721
•16524
•1717
•1131
•439
AZIMUTH = 210 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp16.0(h) + 0.206 Exp53.2(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•590
•3528
•4800
•13001
•5663
•387
AZIMUTH = 240 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp22.7(h) + 0.206 Exp64.7(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•2047
•11529
•21078
•692
•2287 •679
AZIMUTH = 270 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp36.3(h) + 0.206 Exp90.1(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•418
•2794
•7948
•17393
•2636
•731
•773
AZIMUTH = 300 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp18.7(h) + 0.206 Exp120.3(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•3107
•10826
•5879
•3632
•5764
•1526
AZIMUTH = 330 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp10.8(h) + 0.206 Exp105.7(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•8752
•30190
•20514
•8156
•1839
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp8.6(h) + 0.206 Exp73.6(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•6383
•24360
•17218
•4815
•451
AZIMUTH = 30 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp8.0(h) + 0.206 Exp67.0(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•763
•7183
•3274 •2050 •1554
•558
AZIMUTH = 60 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp8.2(h) + 0.206 Exp62.3(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•548
•4278
•2045
•5266
•2694
AZIMUTH = 90 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp9.2(h) + 0.206 Exp58.0(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•782
•4920
•2533 •2098
•2302
AZIMUTH = 120 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp10.9(h) + 0.206 Exp53.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•2031
•11287
•8065
•1129
AZIMUTH = 150 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp12.9(h) + 0.206 Exp50.4(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10890
•31687
•20437
•7076 •2708 •758
AZIMUTH = 180 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp14.7(h) + 0.206 Exp49.6(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•8062
•26324
•18126
•3696
AZIMUTH = 210 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp17.0(h) + 0.206 Exp52.3(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•663
•6411
•4272
•1880
•2090
•677
AZIMUTH = 240 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp20.1(h) + 0.206 Exp59.3(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•574 •4011
•2865
•7582
•3567
AZIMUTH = 270 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp19.8(h) + 0.206 Exp70.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•775 •4668
•3338
•4170 •2966 •417
AZIMUTH = 300 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp14.4(h) + 0.206 Exp81.0(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•2051
•12762
•9969 •632
•468
•544
AZIMUTH = 330 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp10.5(h) + 0.206 Exp80.8(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11513
•31826
•20483
•6104
•1133
•359
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp9.5(h) + 0.206 Exp63.5(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11177
•30993
•20195
•5844
•1159
AZIMUTH = 30 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp9.1(h) + 0.206 Exp60.8(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10883
•29325
•16011
•2120
AZIMUTH = 60 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp9.1(h) + 0.206 Exp57.9(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10729
•27776
•13596
•617
AZIMUTH = 90 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp9.7(h) + 0.206 Exp55.2(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10768
•27901
•14628
•1158
AZIMUTH = 120 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp10.6(h) + 0.206 Exp53.0(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10889
•29236
•18439
•3895
AZIMUTH = 150 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp11.8(h) + 0.206 Exp51.6(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11389
•30001
•20116
•5628
•1093
AZIMUTH = 180 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp13.0(h) + 0.206 Exp51.6(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11228
•29663
•20058
•5427
•1096
AZIMUTH = 210 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp14.0(h) + 0.206 Exp53.2(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10862
•28047
•16604
•1864
AZIMUTH = 240 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp14.5(h) + 0.206 Exp56.5(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10751
•26967
•14651 •800
AZIMUTH = 270 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp13.7(h) + 0.206 Exp60.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10824
•27890
•16151
•1496
AZIMUTH = 300 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp12.1(h) + 0.206 Exp64.1(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11119
•30332
•20165
•3732
•400
AZIMUTH = 330 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp10.6(h) + 0.206 Exp65.0(h)
Silver Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 162.5 325.0 487.5 650.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11078
•30433
•23893
•6987
•1895
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = -90
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.694 Exp11.0(h) + 0.206 Exp56.1(h)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
Lag Distance (h)
Gam
ma
(h)
5924
5672
5433
5203
4981
4768
4569
43784185
39983825
36613501
33453203
30642929
27942665
25332401
22782157
Azim. Dip.0 .0
.0 .0 (cf)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid, Down HoleGamma(h)= .1 + .411Exp10.7(h) + .489Exp76(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Nugget ==> 0.100 C1 ==> 0.247 C2 ==> 0.653
First Structure -- Exponential with Practical Range
User Defined Rotation Conventions
RH Rotation about the Z axis ==> 6RH Rotation about the Y’ axis ==> -18RH Rotation about the Z’ axis ==> -71Range along the Z’ axis ==> 4.8 Azimuth ==> 264 Dip ==> 72Range along the Y’ axis ==> 23.8 Azimuth ==> 64 Dip ==> 17Range along the X’ axis ==> 18.4 Azimuth ==> 156 Dip ==> 6
Second Structure -- Exponential with Practical Range
RH Rotation about the Z axis ==> 63RH Rotation about the Y’ axis ==> -16RH Rotation about the Z’ axis ==> -76Range along the Z’ axis ==> 65.3 Azimuth ==> 207 Dip ==> 74Range along the Y’ axis ==> 50.0 Azimuth ==> 13 Dip ==> 15Range along the X’ axis ==> 148.4 Azimuth ==> 104 Dip ==> 4
Modeling Criteria
Minimum number pairs req’d ==> 350Sample variogram points weighted by # pairs
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Structure Number 1Rose Diagram of Ranges Dipping 0 DegreesScale:
20 Units
• •
•
•
•
•
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•
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•
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Structure Number 1Rose Diagram of Ranges Dipping 30 DegreesScale:
20 Units
• •• •
••
••
•
•••••••••••••••
••
••
••
••
••
••
••••••••••
••
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
••
••
•• • • • • • • • •
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Structure Number 1Rose Diagram of Ranges Dipping 60 DegreesScale:
20 Units
• • • • • • • • • • ••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••
••
•• • • • • • • • • •
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Structure Number 2Rose Diagram of Ranges Dipping 0 DegreesScale:
100 Units
• • • • • • • • • • • • • ••
••
•
•
•
•
•
••
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••
•
•
•
•
•
••
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Structure Number 2Rose Diagram of Ranges Dipping 30 DegreesScale:
100 Units
• • • • • • • • • • • ••
••
••
•
•
•
•
••
••
•••••••••••••••••••••••••
••
••
•
•
•
•
••
•• • • • • • • • • • •
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Structure Number 2Rose Diagram of Ranges Dipping 60 DegreesScale:
100 Units
• • • • • • • ••
••
••
••••••••
••
••
••
•••••••••••••••••••••
••
••••••••
••
••
•
•
• • • • • • • •
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Horizontal Slices Through the Ellipsoids
Reference Cube
X-Y Planes Looking Down
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
ABC
N
bottom
topwest
east
C
bottom
topwest
east
B
bottom
topwest
east400 units
A
Note -- the orientation, dip and lengths of the ellipsoid axes in these figures may be "apparent" rather than "true".
Cross Section Views Through the Ellipsoids
Reference Cube
X-Z Planes Looking North
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
AB
C
N
bottom
top
west
east
C
bottom
top
west
east
B
bottom
top
west
east
400 units
A
Note -- the orientation, dip and lengths of the ellipsoid axes in these figures may be "apparent" rather than "true".
Long Section Views Through the Ellipsoids
Reference Cube
Y-Z Planes Looking West
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
CB
A
N
bottom
top
south
north
A
bottom
top
south
north
B
bottom
top
south
north
400 units
C
Note -- the orientation, dip and lengths of the ellipsoid axes in these figures may be "apparent" rather than "true".
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1722
•25386
•50468
•23294 •20168
•7621 •4819
•1799
•1662
•1403
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp18.9(h) + 0.653 Exp52.0(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•871
•9829
•9675
•8587
•18317
•15924
•9010 •1916
•1229
•7679
•6948
AZIMUTH = 30 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp16.6(h) + 0.653 Exp52.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•424
•1649
•29193
•29677
•6070 •18550
•1696
•8393 •6547
•1250
AZIMUTH = 60 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp13.8(h) + 0.653 Exp69.6(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•356
•2331
•69502
•4299
•40246 •4158 •23502•2445
•12929
•561
AZIMUTH = 90 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp12.8(h) + 0.653 Exp125.1(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•382
•2200
•49366
•10879
•27173
•15348
•11314
•16415
•3294
•18922
AZIMUTH = 120 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp13.7(h) + 0.653 Exp115.5(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•506
•4544
•7880
•37865
•19921
•2442
•5276
•11665
•2029
•1831 •5540
AZIMUTH = 150 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp16.6(h) + 0.653 Exp66.2(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1722
•25386
•50468
•23294 •20168
•7621 •4819
•1799
•1662
•1403
AZIMUTH = 180 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp18.9(h) + 0.653 Exp52.0(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•871
•9829
•9675
•8587
•18317
•15924
•9010 •1916
•1229
•7679
•6948
AZIMUTH = 210 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp16.6(h) + 0.653 Exp52.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•424
•1649
•29193
•29677
•6070 •18550
•1696
•8393 •6547
•1250
AZIMUTH = 240 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp13.8(h) + 0.653 Exp69.6(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•356
•2331
•69502
•4299
•40246 •4158 •23502•2445
•12929
•561
AZIMUTH = 270 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp12.8(h) + 0.653 Exp125.1(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•382
•2200
•49366
•10879
•27173
•15348
•11314
•16415
•3294
•18922
AZIMUTH = 300 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp13.7(h) + 0.653 Exp115.5(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•506
•4544
•7880
•37865
•19921
•2442
•5276
•11665
•2029
•1831 •5540
AZIMUTH = 330 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp16.6(h) + 0.653 Exp66.2(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1597
•25643
•43119
•22347 •14633
•5822
•1168
•497
•438
•840
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp12.9(h) + 0.653 Exp54.2(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•870
•10757
•8761
•6695
•11796
•9381
•4033
•1090
•397
•2544 •2160
AZIMUTH = 30 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp10.1(h) + 0.653 Exp54.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•455
•1842
•24438
•25744
•3776
•8708
•2488
•1344
•3492
AZIMUTH = 60 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp8.7(h) + 0.653 Exp70.9(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1934
•57800
•5313
•25975
•2488
•11470•3058
•4571
•1453AZIMUTH = 90 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp8.3(h) + 0.653 Exp113.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•359
•1899
•40148
•11962
•13338 •16072
•3117
•10552
•1092 •6557
•1137
AZIMUTH = 120 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp8.9(h) + 0.653 Exp100.8(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•521
•4475
•6071 •28018
•15109
•2173
•2988
•4525
•2371 •1478
•1172
AZIMUTH = 150 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp10.8(h) + 0.653 Exp63.4(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1648
•24349
•42933
•22801
•13259
•5430 •2653
•1280•838 •470
AZIMUTH = 180 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp14.8(h) + 0.653 Exp51.1(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•861
•9996
•9971 •6282
•14328
•11979
•6026
•1894
•918
•2150
•1026
AZIMUTH = 210 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp20.8(h) + 0.653 Exp52.0(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•417
•1811
•26210
•31176
•5039 •17297 •3860
•5132
•4334
•1647
AZIMUTH = 240 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp23.4(h) + 0.653 Exp67.7(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•366
•2112
•61800
•5559
•30629
•6253 •13964
•3942•5113
•1662AZIMUTH = 270 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp21.7(h) + 0.653 Exp115.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•374
•2137
•44628
•13689
•16069
•17583
•3681
•11250
•869
•4419
•475
AZIMUTH = 300 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp19.8(h) + 0.653 Exp116.0(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•535
•4747
•7983
•29735
•17985 •2229
•2984
•2802
AZIMUTH = 330 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp16.8(h) + 0.653 Exp69.0(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•8361
•35319
•36394
•17017
•4487
•1844
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp8.7(h) + 0.653 Exp57.6(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•3210
•16301
•10454
•4681
•2417
•1965
•639
AZIMUTH = 30 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp7.2(h) + 0.653 Exp57.8(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•576
•2255
•13373
•23545 •3413
•1365 •1070
•378
AZIMUTH = 60 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp6.5(h) + 0.653 Exp70.9(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1647
•32919
•9078
•5106 •6420
•606
•1211 •417
AZIMUTH = 90 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp6.3(h) + 0.653 Exp94.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•384
•1840
•20514
•16852
•1534
•7271 •704 •816
•384
AZIMUTH = 120 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp6.6(h) + 0.653 Exp85.1(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•570
•4549
•4442 •13137
•9332
•2228
•406
AZIMUTH = 150 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp7.7(h) + 0.653 Exp61.3(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10782
•37637
•34628
•13932
•6621
•2390
•375
AZIMUTH = 180 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp9.6(h) + 0.653 Exp51.5(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•2246
•12509
•10701
•2415
•5409
•5738
•1344
AZIMUTH = 210 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp12.7(h) + 0.653 Exp52.5(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•417
•2238
•15299
•27687
•2998
•4293
•3156 •400
•727
AZIMUTH = 240 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp16.0(h) + 0.653 Exp65.6(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1659
•37543
•11469 •7672
•7568
•1388
•2189
AZIMUTH = 270 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp16.4(h) + 0.653 Exp96.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•358
•1935
•25753
•18968 •2658
•10986 •1362
•1108
•558
AZIMUTH = 300 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp13.9(h) + 0.653 Exp101.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•734
•5223
•5914
•16039
•12208
•2165
AZIMUTH = 330 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp11.0(h) + 0.653 Exp71.0(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•8818
•32800
•29177
•16383
•3328
•431
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp6.6(h) + 0.653 Exp61.5(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•8279
•25988
•15813
•3305
•648
AZIMUTH = 30 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp5.9(h) + 0.653 Exp61.3(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•667
•3592
•4674 •10741
•4662 •646
AZIMUTH = 60 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp5.4(h) + 0.653 Exp69.6(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•363 •2274
•10070 •18039
•904
•482 •701
AZIMUTH = 90 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp5.3(h) + 0.653 Exp79.8(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•418
•2636
•5334
•14209
•1978
•631
AZIMUTH = 120 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp5.5(h) + 0.653 Exp73.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•3281
•10690
•4418
•2903
•4938
•1877
AZIMUTH = 150 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp6.1(h) + 0.653 Exp60.3(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11272
•34896
•28341
•14464
•3795
•1021
AZIMUTH = 180 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp7.1(h) + 0.653 Exp53.4(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10633
•28721
•16524
•1717 •1131
•439
AZIMUTH = 210 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp8.4(h) + 0.653 Exp54.4(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•590
•3528
•4800
•13001
•5663
•387
AZIMUTH = 240 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp9.5(h) + 0.653 Exp63.9(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•2047
•11529
•21078 •692
•2287
•679
AZIMUTH = 270 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp9.8(h) + 0.653 Exp81.2(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•418
•2794
•7948
•17393
•2636
•731
•773
AZIMUTH = 300 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp9.0(h) + 0.653 Exp85.8(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•3107
•10826
•5879
•3632
•5764
•1526
AZIMUTH = 330 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp7.7(h) + 0.653 Exp71.1(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•8752
•30190
•20514
•8156 •1839
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp5.6(h) + 0.653 Exp64.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•6383
•24360
•17218
•4815
•451
AZIMUTH = 30 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp5.2(h) + 0.653 Exp64.3(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•763
•7183
•3274
•2050
•1554
•558
AZIMUTH = 60 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp4.9(h) + 0.653 Exp67.7(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•548
•4278
•2045
•5266
•2694
AZIMUTH = 90 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp4.9(h) + 0.653 Exp70.4(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•782
•4920
•2533
•2098
•2302
AZIMUTH = 120 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp5.0(h) + 0.653 Exp66.9(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•2031
•11287
•8065
•1129
AZIMUTH = 150 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp5.3(h) + 0.653 Exp60.4(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10890
•31687
•20437
•7076
•2708
•758
AZIMUTH = 180 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp5.8(h) + 0.653 Exp56.4(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•8062
•26324
•18126
•3696
AZIMUTH = 210 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp6.4(h) + 0.653 Exp57.3(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•663
•6411
•4272
•1880
•2090
•677
AZIMUTH = 240 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp6.9(h) + 0.653 Exp63.0(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•574
•4011
•2865
•7582
•3567
AZIMUTH = 270 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp7.0(h) + 0.653 Exp71.2(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•775
•4668
•3338
•4170
•2966
•417
AZIMUTH = 300 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp6.7(h) + 0.653 Exp74.2(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•2051
•12762
•9969
•632
•468
•544
AZIMUTH = 330 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp6.2(h) + 0.653 Exp69.5(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11513
•31826
•20483
•6104
•1133
•359
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp5.1(h) + 0.653 Exp65.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11177
•30993
•20195
•5844
•1159
AZIMUTH = 30 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp4.9(h) + 0.653 Exp65.3(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10883
•29325
•16011
•2120
AZIMUTH = 60 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp4.8(h) + 0.653 Exp65.6(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10729
•27776
•13596
•617
AZIMUTH = 90 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp4.8(h) + 0.653 Exp65.4(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10768
•27901
•14628
•1158
AZIMUTH = 120 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp4.9(h) + 0.653 Exp63.8(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10889
•29236
•18439
•3895
AZIMUTH = 150 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp5.0(h) + 0.653 Exp61.6(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11389
•30001
•20116
•5628
•1093
AZIMUTH = 180 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp5.2(h) + 0.653 Exp60.3(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11228
•29663
•20058
•5427
•1096
AZIMUTH = 210 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp5.5(h) + 0.653 Exp60.8(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10862
•28047
•16604
•1864
AZIMUTH = 240 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp5.6(h) + 0.653 Exp63.0(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10751
•26967
•14651
•800
AZIMUTH = 270 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp5.7(h) + 0.653 Exp65.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10824
•27890
•16151
•1496
AZIMUTH = 300 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp5.6(h) + 0.653 Exp67.2(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11119
•30332
•20165
•3732
•400
AZIMUTH = 330 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp5.4(h) + 0.653 Exp66.8(h)
Copper Composites, 2 metre, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11078
•30433
•23893
•6987
•1895
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = -90
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.100 + 0.247 Exp5.0(h) + 0.653 Exp63.9(h)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
Lag Distance (h)
Gam
ma
(h)
5924
5672
5433
5203
4981
4768
4569
43784185
39983825
36613501 3345
3203
3064
29292794
26652533
2401 2278 2157
Azim. Dip.0 .0
.0 .0 (cf)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid, Down HoleGamma(h)= .05 + .694Exp15(h) + .256Exp162.5(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Nugget ==> 0.050 C1 ==> 0.707 C2 ==> 0.243
First Structure -- Exponential with Practical Range
User Defined Rotation Conventions
RH Rotation about the Z axis ==> -51RH Rotation about the Y’ axis ==> 77RH Rotation about the Z’ axis ==> -38Range along the Z’ axis ==> 16.7 Azimuth ==> 141 Dip ==> 13Range along the Y’ axis ==> 11.4 Azimuth ==> 61 Dip ==> -37Range along the X’ axis ==> 38.6 Azimuth ==> 214 Dip ==> -50
Second Structure -- Exponential with Practical Range
RH Rotation about the Z axis ==> 68RH Rotation about the Y’ axis ==> -29RH Rotation about the Z’ axis ==> 20Range along the Z’ axis ==> 200.9 Azimuth ==> 202 Dip ==> 61Range along the Y’ axis ==> 372.9 Azimuth ==> 275 Dip ==> -9Range along the X’ axis ==> 111.9 Azimuth ==> 0 Dip ==> 27
Modeling Criteria
Minimum number pairs req’d ==> 350Sample variogram points weighted by # pairs
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Structure Number 1Rose Diagram of Ranges Dipping 0 DegreesScale:
30 Units
• • ••
••
••
•
•••••••••••••••
••
••
••
•••••••••
••
••
••
•
••••••••••••••
••
•
•
••
•• • • • •
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Structure Number 1Rose Diagram of Ranges Dipping 30 DegreesScale:
30 Units
• • • • • • ••
•
••••••••••••••••••
•
••
••
••
•
•
•
••••
•
••
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
••
••
••
••
••
•
• • • • • • • • •
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Structure Number 1Rose Diagram of Ranges Dipping 60 DegreesScale:
30 Units
• • • • • • • ••
••••••••••••••••
••
•
••
••
••
•
•
•
•
•
••••
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
••
••
••
•
• • • • • • • • •
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Structure Number 2Rose Diagram of Ranges Dipping 0 DegreesScale:
400 Units
• • • • • • • • • • • • • ••
••
•
•
•
•
••
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••
•
•
•
•
••
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Structure Number 2Rose Diagram of Ranges Dipping 30 DegreesScale:
400 Units
• • • • • • • • • • ••
••
••
•
•
•
••
••
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••
•
•
•
•
•
••
•• • • • • • • • • • •
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Structure Number 2Rose Diagram of Ranges Dipping 60 DegreesScale:
400 Units
• • • • • ••
••
••
•••••••
••
••
••
•••••••••••••••••••••••
••
••
••
••••••
••
••
•
••
• • • • • •
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Horizontal Slices Through the Ellipsoids
Reference Cube
X-Y Planes Looking Down
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
ABC
N
bottom
topwest
east
C
bottom
topwest
east
B
bottom
topwest
east550 units
A
Note -- the orientation, dip and lengths of the ellipsoid axes in these figures may be "apparent" rather than "true".
Cross Section Views Through the Ellipsoids
Reference Cube
X-Z Planes Looking North
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
AB
C
N
bottom
top
west
east
C
bottom
top
west
east
B
bottom
top
west
east
550 units
A
Note -- the orientation, dip and lengths of the ellipsoid axes in these figures may be "apparent" rather than "true".
Long Section Views Through the Ellipsoids
Reference Cube
Y-Z Planes Looking West
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
CB
A
N
bottom
top
south
north
A
bottom
top
south
north
B
bottom
top
south
north
550 units
C
Note -- the orientation, dip and lengths of the ellipsoid axes in these figures may be "apparent" rather than "true".
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1722
•25386
•50468
•23294 •20168
•7621
•4819
•1799
•1662
•1403
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp17.2(h) + 0.243 Exp121.0(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•871
•9829
•9675
•8587 •18317
•15924
•9010
•1916 •1229
•7679
•6948
AZIMUTH = 30 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp15.2(h) + 0.243 Exp135.5(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•424
•1649
•29193
•29677
•6070
•18550
•1696 •8393
•6547
•1250
AZIMUTH = 60 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp13.8(h) + 0.243 Exp203.2(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•356
•2331
•69502 •4299
•40246
•4158
•23502•2445
•12929
•561
AZIMUTH = 90 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp13.8(h) + 0.243 Exp358.5(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•382
•2200
•49366
•10879 •27173
•15348
•11314
•16415
•3294
•18922
AZIMUTH = 120 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp15.3(h) + 0.243 Exp215.2(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•506
•4544
•7880
•37865
•19921 •2442
•5276
•11665
•2029
•1831 •5540
AZIMUTH = 150 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp17.2(h) + 0.243 Exp138.9(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1722
•25386
•50468
•23294 •20168
•7621
•4819
•1799
•1662
•1403
AZIMUTH = 180 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp17.2(h) + 0.243 Exp121.0(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•871
•9829
•9675
•8587 •18317
•15924
•9010
•1916 •1229
•7679
•6948
AZIMUTH = 210 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp15.2(h) + 0.243 Exp135.5(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•424
•1649
•29193
•29677
•6070
•18550
•1696 •8393
•6547
•1250
AZIMUTH = 240 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp13.8(h) + 0.243 Exp203.2(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•356
•2331
•69502 •4299
•40246
•4158
•23502•2445
•12929
•561
AZIMUTH = 270 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp13.8(h) + 0.243 Exp358.5(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•382
•2200
•49366
•10879 •27173
•15348
•11314
•16415
•3294
•18922
AZIMUTH = 300 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp15.3(h) + 0.243 Exp215.2(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•506
•4544
•7880
•37865
•19921 •2442
•5276
•11665
•2029
•1831 •5540
AZIMUTH = 330 DIP = 0
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp17.2(h) + 0.243 Exp138.9(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1597
•25643
•43119
•22347 •14633 •5822
•1168
•497
•438
•840
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp15.0(h) + 0.243 Exp135.0(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•870
•10757
•8761
•6695
•11796
•9381
•4033 •1090
•397
•2544
•2160
AZIMUTH = 30 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp13.1(h) + 0.243 Exp150.5(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•455
•1842
•24438
•25744
•3776
•8708
•2488
•1344
•3492
AZIMUTH = 60 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp12.2(h) + 0.243 Exp220.5(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1934
•57800
•5313
•25975
•2488
•11470•3058
•4571
•1453AZIMUTH = 90 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp12.6(h) + 0.243 Exp300.9(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•359
•1899 •40148
•11962
•13338
•16072
•3117
•10552
•1092
•6557 •1137
AZIMUTH = 120 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp14.5(h) + 0.243 Exp184.5(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•521
•4475
•6071 •28018
•15109 •2173
•2988 •4525
•2371 •1478
•1172
AZIMUTH = 150 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp18.1(h) + 0.243 Exp127.8(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1648
•24349
•42933
•22801
•13259
•5430
•2653 •1280•838
•470
AZIMUTH = 180 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp20.8(h) + 0.243 Exp113.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•861
•9996
•9971 •6282
•14328
•11979
•6026 •1894
•918
•2150
•1026
AZIMUTH = 210 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp19.2(h) + 0.243 Exp126.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•417
•1811
•26210
•31176
•5039 •17297 •3860
•5132
•4334
•1647
AZIMUTH = 240 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp16.9(h) + 0.243 Exp184.3(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•366
•2112
•61800
•5559
•30629
•6253
•13964 •3942•5113
•1662AZIMUTH = 270 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp16.2(h) + 0.243 Exp347.9(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•374
•2137
•44628
•13689
•16069
•17583
•3681
•11250 •869
•4419
•475
AZIMUTH = 300 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp16.5(h) + 0.243 Exp252.4(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•535
•4747
•7983
•29735
•17985 •2229
•2984
•2802
AZIMUTH = 330 DIP = -15
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp16.5(h) + 0.243 Exp157.5(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•8361
•35319
•36394
•17017
•4487
•1844
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp13.8(h) + 0.243 Exp156.9(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•3210
•16301
•10454
•4681
•2417
•1965
•639
AZIMUTH = 30 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp12.2(h) + 0.243 Exp171.3(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•576
•2255
•13373
•23545
•3413
•1365
•1070
•378
AZIMUTH = 60 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp11.5(h) + 0.243 Exp226.9(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1647
•32919
•9078
•5106
•6420
•606
•1211
•417
AZIMUTH = 90 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp12.0(h) + 0.243 Exp241.3(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•384
•1840
•20514
•16852
•1534
•7271
•704
•816
•384
AZIMUTH = 120 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp14.1(h) + 0.243 Exp164.5(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•570
•4549
•4442
•13137
•9332 •2228
•406
AZIMUTH = 150 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp18.8(h) + 0.243 Exp123.2(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10782
•37637
•34628
•13932
•6621
•2390
•375
AZIMUTH = 180 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp25.6(h) + 0.243 Exp112.0(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•2246
•12509
•10701 •2415
•5409
•5738 •1344
AZIMUTH = 210 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp26.8(h) + 0.243 Exp123.6(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•417
•2238
•15299
•27687
•2998
•4293
•3156 •400
•727
AZIMUTH = 240 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp22.6(h) + 0.243 Exp169.6(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•1659
•37543
•11469
•7672
•7568
•1388
•2189
AZIMUTH = 270 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp19.7(h) + 0.243 Exp284.5(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•358
•1935
•25753
•18968
•2658
•10986
•1362 •1108
•558
AZIMUTH = 300 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp18.0(h) + 0.243 Exp274.5(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•734
•5223
•5914
•16039
•12208 •2165
AZIMUTH = 330 DIP = -30
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp16.1(h) + 0.243 Exp183.5(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•8818
•32800 •29177
•16383
•3328
•431
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp13.5(h) + 0.243 Exp184.3(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•8279
•25988
•15813
•3305
•648
AZIMUTH = 30 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp12.0(h) + 0.243 Exp192.6(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•667
•3592
•4674
•10741
•4662
•646
AZIMUTH = 60 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp11.5(h) + 0.243 Exp217.7(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•363
•2274
•10070 •18039
•904 •482
•701
AZIMUTH = 90 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp12.1(h) + 0.243 Exp201.9(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•418
•2636
•5334 •14209
•1978
•631
AZIMUTH = 120 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp14.3(h) + 0.243 Exp153.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•3281
•10690
•4418
•2903
•4938
•1877
AZIMUTH = 150 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp19.1(h) + 0.243 Exp124.3(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11272
•34896
•28341
•14464 •3795
•1021
AZIMUTH = 180 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp28.6(h) + 0.243 Exp115.8(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10633
•28721
•16524
•1717
•1131
•439
AZIMUTH = 210 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp37.2(h) + 0.243 Exp125.8(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•590
•3528
•4800
•13001
•5663
•387
AZIMUTH = 240 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp31.0(h) + 0.243 Exp160.5(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•2047
•11529
•21078
•692
•2287
•679
AZIMUTH = 270 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp23.9(h) + 0.243 Exp229.6(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•418
•2794
•7948
•17393 •2636
•731
•773
AZIMUTH = 300 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp19.3(h) + 0.243 Exp258.5(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•3107
•10826 •5879
•3632 •5764
•1526
AZIMUTH = 330 DIP = -45
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp15.9(h) + 0.243 Exp209.1(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•8752
•30190 •20514
•8156
•1839
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp13.9(h) + 0.243 Exp202.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•6383
•24360 •17218
•4815
•451
AZIMUTH = 30 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp12.6(h) + 0.243 Exp201.2(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•763
•7183
•3274 •2050
•1554
•558
AZIMUTH = 60 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp12.3(h) + 0.243 Exp199.4(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•548
•4278
•2045
•5266 •2694
AZIMUTH = 90 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp12.9(h) + 0.243 Exp179.2(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•782
•4920
•2533
•2098
•2302
AZIMUTH = 120 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp14.9(h) + 0.243 Exp150.7(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•2031
•11287
•8065
•1129
AZIMUTH = 150 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp18.8(h) + 0.243 Exp131.5(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10890
•31687
•20437
•7076
•2708
•758
AZIMUTH = 180 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp25.9(h) + 0.243 Exp125.6(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•8062
•26324
•18126
•3696
AZIMUTH = 210 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp33.6(h) + 0.243 Exp133.5(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•663
•6411
•4272
•1880
•2090
•677
AZIMUTH = 240 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp31.8(h) + 0.243 Exp157.1(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•574
•4011
•2865
•7582
•3567
AZIMUTH = 270 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp24.9(h) + 0.243 Exp194.9(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•775
•4668
•3338
•4170 •2966
•417
AZIMUTH = 300 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp19.6(h) + 0.243 Exp221.8(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•2051
•12762 •9969
•632
•468
•544
AZIMUTH = 330 DIP = -60
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp16.1(h) + 0.243 Exp215.0(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11513
•31826
•20483
•6104
•1133
•359
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp15.1(h) + 0.243 Exp193.8(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11177
•30993
•20195
•5844
•1159
AZIMUTH = 30 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp14.2(h) + 0.243 Exp189.3(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10883
•29325
•16011
•2120
AZIMUTH = 60 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp14.1(h) + 0.243 Exp181.1(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10729
•27776
•13596
•617
AZIMUTH = 90 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp14.6(h) + 0.243 Exp168.5(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10768
•27901
•14628
•1158
AZIMUTH = 120 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp15.9(h) + 0.243 Exp155.0(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10889
•29236
•18439
•3895
AZIMUTH = 150 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp18.2(h) + 0.243 Exp145.5(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11389
•30001
•20116
•5628
•1093
AZIMUTH = 180 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp21.1(h) + 0.243 Exp142.6(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11228
•29663
•20058
•5427
•1096
AZIMUTH = 210 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp23.4(h) + 0.243 Exp147.4(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10862
•28047
•16604
•1864
AZIMUTH = 240 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp23.4(h) + 0.243 Exp159.4(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10751
•26967
•14651 •800
AZIMUTH = 270 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp21.4(h) + 0.243 Exp175.6(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•10824
•27890
•16151
•1496
AZIMUTH = 300 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp18.8(h) + 0.243 Exp189.2(h)
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11119
•30332
•20165 •3732 •400
AZIMUTH = 330 DIP = -75
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp16.6(h) + 0.243 Exp194.9(h)
Manganese Composites, 2 metres, in solid
Isaaks & Co.Consultants in Spatial Statistics
Lag distance (h)
γ(h)
0 62.5 125.0 187.5 250.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
•11078
•30433
•23893 •6987
•1895
AZIMUTH = 0 DIP = -90
*Sample variogram points with less than 350 pairs have not been plotted.
γ(h) = 0.050 + 0.707 Exp17.4(h) + 0.243 Exp167.3(h)
Appendix 3
Assay Laboratory Certification