TECHNOLOGY INTELLIGENCE REPORT...Technology Intelligence Report | Commercial Manned Spaceflight 8...
Transcript of TECHNOLOGY INTELLIGENCE REPORT...Technology Intelligence Report | Commercial Manned Spaceflight 8...
ED WHITE, VICE PRESIDENT, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION INTELLIGENCE
TECHNOLOGY INTELLIGENCE REPORT COMMERCIAL MANNED SPACEFLIGHT
It’s rocket science How manned spaceflight is the new frontier of innovation
Technology Intelligence Report | Commercial Manned Spaceflight 2
CPA Global is the world’s leading Intellectual Property
management and technology company.
Trusted by many of the world’s most respected corporations and law firms, CPA Global empowers a global community to achieve excellence in IP management.
We support the day-to-day delivery of IP functions and provide the right information at the right time, enabling professionals to make better IP decisions for the future.
Our integrated suite of IP software, services and information is underpinned by an outstanding global team of IP people.
For further information please contact us at [email protected] or visit us online at cpaglobal.com.
ABOUT CPA GLOBAL
Technology Intelligence Report | Commercial Manned Spaceflight 3
Executive Summary 4
Key Findings 6
- Patents through the Space Era 9
- What is the Private Sector Investing In? 10
- How Important is IP in Commercial Manned Spaceflight? 11
Collection Summary 12
- Summary Patent Activity 12
- Activity Timeline 13
- Geographic Activity 14
- Geographic Distribution 15
- Commercial Spaceflight Patents 16
Commercial Analysis 17
- Major Active Entities 17
- Entity Timeline 19
- Applicant Activity Focus 20
- Emerging Entities 21
- Current US Commercial Space Launch Entities 22
- SpaceX vs. Blue Origin...Musk vs. Bezos 23
- Summary Commercial Findings 24
Technical Analysis 25
- Technology Trends 26
- Emerging Technologies 27
- Commercial vs. Government Focus: Historical 28
- Commercial vs. Government Focus: United States - Last Decade 29
- Inter-Technology Patented Innovation: Hot Spot Analysis 31
- Entities by Technology (1) 32
- Entities by Technology (2) 33
Conclusion 34
About the Author 35
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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The world of intellectual property (IP) and patents in particular, can be seen as arcane and complex. In reality studying IP and patents can help discover key technology trends across complex industries.
In this report CPA Global, the
world’s leading Intellectual
Property management and
technology company, applies an
analysis of patent information
to uncover intelligence within
the specific industry sector of
manned spaceflight.
This sector has seen incredible
technical advancements and
fundamental, systemic changes
as the private sector enters
commercial spaceflight.
Less than 600 people have left
planet earth since Yuri Gagarin
made his historic first orbits in
1961. The mission of commercial
spaceflight is to increase this
number by making access to
space cheaper, safer and more
common.
It is notable that to date, no-one
has ridden a private space vehicle
into orbit. That fact is likely to
change in the next 5-10 years.
While the commercialization
of manned spaceflight will be
available to the general public
– the largest customer is still
likely to be government entities,
such as the Commercial Crew
Development Program underway
at NASA that is funding private
businesses such as Boeing,
SpaceX and Blue Origin to
develop new vehicles.
If mankind is to return to the
moon, or fly to Mars, the chances
are that astronauts will do so
in vehicles developed by a
much wider and diverse group
of innovators than previous
generations of vehicles.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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This report covers who these innovators are, what they are developing and where the opportunities for commercial advantage lie.
This report details the
fundamental shift in the US
space industry – a change from
corporate entities such as the
Boeing Company supplying
components and building
spacecraft to NASA or DOD
specifications, to corporations
developing and specifying the
mission, vehicles and underlying
technologies.
The nature of this shift surrounds
next generation versions of
space launch technologies and
increasing focus on the activities
of astronauts themselves once
in space, and less expensive yet
safer methods of getting them
there in the first place.
This report explores the nature
of intellectual property rights
in manned spaceflight and how
those rights compare to the
aviation industry in general. This
report also reviews the various
intellectual property strategies
of the launch providers at the
forefront of manned spaceflight
and looks at the way that patent
activity maps closely to the
technical and commercial insights
that are widely known.
Patents are a unique source of
data that reliably and accurately
links commerce and technology.
This report shows how you
can exploit patent data to get
powerful, usable and sharable
intelligence.
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• Manned spaceflight patent
activity is much larger and
diverse than one would
anticipate. While it’s difficult
to calculate, we estimate that
there are over 17,000 manned
spaceflight inventions that
have been patented since the
early 1960s.
• Patent filings are trending
sharply upwards, particularly
since China’s entry into the
crewed space race. China’s
first astronaut, Yang Liwei,
flew aboard the Shenzhou
5 space craft on October 15,
2003, making China the third
country in the world with a
manned spaceflight program.
• The filing trend is also due to
increasing patent activity by
private launch providers in the
United States – where a clear
transition from the public to
private sector is currently
underway.
• The US, China and Russia,
each with active manned
spaceflight programs,
represent three-fifths of all
patent filings.
• Other countries, including
Japan, represent only 5%
of the patent activity that’s
occurred in the last 5 years.
• The National Aeronautics
and Space Administration
(NASA) is the top applicant
of manned spaceflight patent
rights. However, our analysis
shows that securing patent
protection is not a core
strategy of the agency.
• Boeing in the United States
and Energia in Russia, both of
which are major contractors
to the US and Russian space
programs, are the largest
patent applicants.
• Airbus in Europe is also filing,
but in a more limited manner.
KEY FINDINGS
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• Chinese patent filings,
though large in volume, are
generally limited to academic
institutions which likely means
that commercial interests in
the Chinese program is very
small.
• Emerging private entities
include Microsoft, French-
engine manufacturer Safran,
US defence contractor Harris
Corporation and Blue Origin –
a private spaceflight company
founded by Amazon founder
and CEO, Jeff Bezos.
• Blue Origin is one of a number
of firms to have received $25M
in US government funding via
the Commercial Crew Program
(CCP).
• SpaceX has been awarded
$3.1 billion in CCP funding,
reflecting its supply contracts
for the International Space
Station.
• The SpaceX “no-IP” strategy
was recently tested by Blue
Origin’s patent for sea-based
soft landing systems for launch
vehicles. This technology
enables booster rockets to
be reused, which significantly
lowers launch costs. This
patent was subsequently held
to be invalid.
• So far, SpaceX has successfully
navigated the IP minefield,
but considering the volume
of information included in this
study, it is likely that this test
will not be the last.
• The more “rocket science”
technologies of propulsion,
spacecraft design and launch
systems are only a proportion
of the technologies from
an IP perspective. Primary
concentrations of patent
protection technology occur in
guidance, control systems, life
support and vehicle docking
systems.
KEY FINDINGS cont’d.
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• Interest in human-enablement
in space is growing:
astronaut tools and on-orbit
manipulators, astronaut
training and simulation aids,
spacecraft tracking and
observation technologies
are high growth areas. In
aggregate, these topics
suggest increasingly complex
tasks that astronauts are
performing once they are in
space.
• Vehicle launch and propulsion
systems exhibit high levels
of strategic IP Innovation in
these fields, enabling cheaper,
safer access to space.
• Where once the space
industry was driven by
being a partner and supplier
to government-run space
programs, the industry is
now generating innovation
to shape future space
exploration directly.
• The current focus on
astronaut capabilities and
cheaper access to space all
point to the fact that human
spaceflight is maturing rapidly
and is being driven by the
private sector.
KEY FINDINGS cont’d.
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PATENTS THROUGH THE SPACE ERA
• In the United States, a
fundamental shift has
occurred in technical
innovation supporting the
astronaut program.
• NASA was the primary source
of patented innovation, but
private industry is now the
main source of innovation.
• This patent trend goes hand
in hand with the increasing
presence of the private
sector in manned spaceflight
innovation.
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WHAT IS THE PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTING IN?
• The shift to private sector
manned spaceflight has seen
a reversal of technical focus.
• Industry supported
government programs
by supplying parts and
components (guidance,
electronics, life support etc.),
but commerce is now fully
engaged in the development
of “core” space technologies
of propulsion and spacecraft
design.
• Commerce is also focusing
on empowering astronauts to
do more in space – through
training aids, simulators and
in-orbit tools.
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HOW IMPORTANT IS IP IN COMMERCIAL MANNED SPACEFLIGHT?
• A comparable industry is
commercial aviation – a sector that
has seen an increase in patent filing
from entities such as Airbus, Boeing
and Bombardier.
• Companies competing in the
commercial manned spaceflight
market appear to be placing more
emphasis on IP rights than their
aerospace counterparts. This is
based on the following four factors:
1. Applicants commitment in
securing IP rights (granted
and active patents);
2. CPA Global’s PatentStrength™
score;
3. Geographic breadth of
patent protection (proxy for
investment in IP rights); and
4. Number of forward patent
citations (a proxy for impact).
Technology Intelligence Report | Commercial Manned Spaceflight 12
COLLECTION SUMMARYSUMMARY PATENT ACTIVITY
• Innovation related to the
transportation of human
crew into orbit (and beyond)
is an active field of patent
protection.
• Our data collection contains
4,320 inventions that have been
registered with patent offices
around the world, related to
technologies to get people into
orbit.
• Key topics for research and
technical improvement relate
to launching a spacecraft,
controlling it, propulsion and
maintaining a life-sustaining
environment on-board.
• However, these topics are now
giving way to those that help
astronauts do more once they
are in orbit – patent volumes in
training aids, simulators, tools
and observation innovations are
growing rapidly.
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ACTIVITY TIMELINE
• The pace of patent protection
activity is accelerating.
• During 1960s, 70s and
early 80s activity was light
– this era was dominated
by government space
programmes where
commercial entities (those
most likely to want to achieve
the commercial benefits of
a patent right) were simply
subcontractors.
• In 1987, a new phase of
activity began with NASA’s
large-scale patenting
of manned spaceflight
innovations.
• Patent filings remained at
a similar level for the next
twenty years until 2007, when
growth in patent applications
began to increase rapidly.
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GEOGRAPHIC ACTIVITY
• Three countries have sent people
into space: The United States,
Russia and China.
• These three countries stand out
for the significant increase in
patent activity. However, patent
activity in China has grown
particularly quickly.
• 93% of Chinese patent filings
occurred after 2003, the year
China sent its first taikonaut into
orbit.
• Other trends include a large
historical volume of patents
from Japan, and recent low level
activity from South Korea.
– Primary patent protection nations include three with current manned spaceflight programs - The United States, Russia and China.
– Japan has a high number of patents filed, although only a small proportion have been registered since 2012.
– China has seen a large scale increase in patent activity, with the most registered since 2003, the date of China’s first crewed mission, Shenzhou 5, that launched the taikonaut, Yang Liwei.
– South Korea has also seen growing patent activity, although two-thirds of this is from non-Korean applicants protecting IP in this country.
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GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
• The three nations with active
human spaceflight programs
have registered 60% of all
patent filings.
• Chinese patent activity since
2003 has jumped from the
8th largest location of manned
spaceflight patent protection
to the 2nd largest position.
• China is also the single most
prolific protection location in
terms of patents filed per year:
- In 2014, 148 manned
spaceflight patents
were filed in China, in
comparison to just 40 in
the United States.
- The vast majority of
these patents were filed
by Chinese academic
institutions.
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COMMERCIAL SPACEFLIGHT PATENTS
• Since patent filings from
NASA collapsed in 1994,
the US private sector has
experienced prolific patent
activity.
• Recent data suggests that a
retrenchment in commercial
spaceflight is currently
underway.
• Technical innovation in crewed
space vehicles is being passed
from government entities
to corporate entities with
commercial interests.
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COMMERCIAL ANALYSISMAJOR ACTIVE ENTITIES
• NASA is the top applicant of
manned spaceflight patent rights:
- However, very little of
NASA’s patenting activity
is recent and only a small
proportion of their patents
remains in force. Being a
government organization, IP
protection is not a core to
their success.
• Government space program
contractors Boeing (United
States) and Energia (Russia)
currently represent the largest
patent applicants.
• Chinese patent filings are
generally limited to academic
institutions:
- This raises questions about
the commercial viability
of Chinese IP rights in the
manned spaceflight sector.
• Japanese electronics and heavy
industry corporations have patent
portfolios available:
- Indicates supply chain
ecosystem extending to
Japan.
Technology Intelligence Report | Commercial Manned Spaceflight 18
MAJOR ACTIVE ENTITIES cont’d.
– The top patent applicant in manned spaceflight is the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), although just 18% of its filed patents remain in force and only 9% have been filed in the last 5 years.
– Major US and Russian space and aerospace contractors show high levels of activity with both large and active portfolios: Boeing (US), Energia (Russia) and to a lesser extent Airbus (EU).
– China tops applicants overall. These are primarily academic institutions: Beihang University and the Harbin Institute of Technology.
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ENTITY TIMELINE
• NASA IP filing was at its peak
during the space shuttle era in the
1980s.
• Boeing and Energia’s patent
filings are more recent, and
illustrates the shift in innovation
from the government to the
private sector.
• The activity of Japanese firms
– Toshiba, MHI, NEC, IHI – is
concentrated in the late 1980s
and early 1990s, with little activity
in the last decade.
• General Motors patent filings are
due to its acquisition of Hughes
Aircraft in 1987.
- These assets have now
almost completely lapsed,
rendering the recent
corporate development
of the Hughes entities
somewhat moot.
– Boeing, Energia and Airbus are the primary current patent applicants, alongside Beihang University and the Harbin Institute of Technology in China.
– Major Japanese Corporations Toshiba, MHI and NEC have essentially exited the space industry.
– Timeline extends from 1960 to 2014, the most recent year of complete data (as measured by the filing date of the patent application).
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APPLICANT ACTIVITY FOCUS
• A review of the technical focus of
the major applicants shows highly
diverse portfolios.
• Major concentrations include:
- Japanese organizational
interest in guidance, control
and navigation innovation;
- Airbus and Northrop
Grumman’s concentration in
spacecraft designs;
- NASA’s focus on docking
systems, in preparation for
use by the Space Shuttle’s
International Space Station
program; and
- Energia’s patent activity
concentration on life support
systems.
• Boeing has likely the most diverse
portfolio, indicating strength in
depth.
Proportion of activity by applicant within each technical field. Note due to overlap sum may exceed 100%.
Technology Intelligence Report | Commercial Manned Spaceflight 21
EMERGING ENTITIES
• A model to identify interesting
recent entrants to the field is used
to add context to the list of major
applicants since the 1960s.
• Entities which have both
protected their IP rights in
multiple territories (x-axis, proxy
for investment level) and have a
high proportion of activity filed
in the last 5 years (y-axis) are
annotated.
• Identifies Microsoft, French-
engine manufacturer Safran,
Harris Corporation (a US defense
contractor) and Blue Origin
(a private spaceflight company
founded by Jeff Bezos, founder
and CEO of Amazon.com).
• Blue Origin is one of a number of
firms that have received funding
from the US government via the
Commercial Crew Program.
– The analysis reveals the convergence of high levels of recent activity and above-average levels (for this technology space) of geographic patent protection (bubble size reflects volume).
– The latter is strongly linked to investment levels and thus a flag for strategic IP.
Technology Intelligence Report | Commercial Manned Spaceflight 22
CURRENT US COMMERCIAL SPACE LAUNCH ENTITIES
• A list of entities that are active in
private manned spaceflight are
analysed separately for patent
activity.
• The most successful, Elon
Musk’s SpaceX, has no patent
rights at all. Indeed, Mr. Musk is
on record as pursuing a trade
secret approach to technology
development and protection.
• SpaceX has highly developed
technology and an active
program of supply flights to the
International Space Station (ISS).
• Bigelow Aerospace has
conducted on-orbit tests of its
crew habitats, including the April
2016 flight of an expandable
module to the ISS.
• Blue Origin is focused to date
on reducing the cost of access
to orbit through soft landing
and re-use of launch vehicles
– something SpaceX is also
pursuing.
Technology Intelligence Report | Commercial Manned Spaceflight 23
SPACEX vs. BLUE ORIGIN…MUSK vs. BEZOS
• SpaceX’s no-registered IP
policy had its first test due
to a patent of Blue Origin’s
concerning powered soft
landing of launch vehicles at
sea.
• Overall, the powered landing
of launchers seeks to hugely
reduce the cost of access to
space.
• Using legal procedures at
the US Patent Office, SpaceX
successfully removed this
patent threat, though it is
notable that Blue Origin’s
patent likely covered activities
and technologies that SpaceX
wishes to use.
• These procedures are not
yet fully complete, and
therefore it will be interesting
to see how this first foray
into legal procedure in the
next generation manned
spaceflight industry evolves.
Technology Intelligence Report | Commercial Manned Spaceflight 24
• The top applicant of manned
spaceflight patent rights
is NASA, as would be
expected. However, analysis
of its activity shows that IP
protection is not currently a
core strategy of the agency.
• Instead, major contractors
for the US and Russian space
programs represent the
largest current applicants,
Boeing in the US and Energia
in Russia.
• Airbus is also present, though
in a more limited manner
to Boeing, and with no EU
manned spaceflight program,
its commercial interests and
revenues are more limited.
• Chinese representation in the
list of applicants, though large
in volume across the entire
patent ecosystem, is limited
to academic institutions
which means that commercial
interests in the Chinese
program is very small.
• Emerging entities include
Microsoft, French-engine
manufacturer Safran, Harris
Corporation (a US defense
contractor) and Blue Origin
(a private spaceflight
company founded by Jeff
Bezos, founder and CEO of
Amazon.com).
• Blue Origin is one of a
number of firms that have
received funding from the
US government via the
Commercial Crew Program
(CCP) – to date the firm has
received just over $25m.
• Other recipients of funding
under the CCP include
SpaceX (to date awarded
$3.1 billion in CCP funding,
reflecting its contracts to
supply the International
Space Station).
• SpaceX follows a
“no-IP” strategy – reflected
in this study as no patent
applications or granted
patents were found for the
company.
SUMMARY COMMERCIAL FINDINGS
Technology Intelligence Report | Commercial Manned Spaceflight 25
• Designing craft that can take
humans into the unforgiving
environment of space is
challenging – the epitome of
“rocket science”.
• However, the rockets
themselves are only a
proportion of the technology
involved, indeed they are not
the highest volume fields in
terms of patents filed.
• Instead, primary
concentrations occur in
guiding and controlling
these vehicles, maintaining a
life supporting environment
on-board and docking
systems allowing astronauts
to disembark while on orbit.
TECHNICAL ANALYSIS
– Largest volume technology sectors are: guidance, life support and atmospheric regulation, docking systems and propulsion.
– New, lower volume fields include astronaut training and simulation technologies, on-orbit tools, and manipulators and spacecraft tracking/observation innovations.
Technology Intelligence Report | Commercial Manned Spaceflight 26
• High level trends across the 11
topics (note normalised axes) show
growing interest in a more diverse
group of technologies, in particular
astronaut tools and on-orbit
manipulators, astronaut training and
simulation aids, spacecraft tracking
and observation technologies.
• These topics surround the
increasingly complex tasks that
astronauts are performing once
in space – for example, the
construction and operation of the
ISS.
• Tracking and observation
technologies (monitoring spacecraft
on orbit, or detecting debris or
threats to the craft) are related to
this increasing complexity.
• It is notable, however, that these
overall trends run somewhat counter
to the focus of companies such as
SpaceX and Blue Origin on revised,
innovative launch and propulsion
systems, indicating multiple axes of
innovation for manned spaceflight.
TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
Technology Intelligence Report | Commercial Manned Spaceflight 27
• These counter-trends are
evident when an emerging
technology model is applied.
• No technical field can be
described as both high
investment and young.
• Three sectors, launch, propulsion
systems and power supplies,
do exhibit high levels of
“strategic” IP.
• Launch and propulsion
innovation maps closely to the
focus of SpaceX and Blue Origin
and points to a 2nd phase of
R&D occurring in these sectors.
• Innovation in these topics would
enable cheaper, safer access to
space for human beings, which
when considered in conjunction
with increased capability once
there (training, tools, etc.), paints
an optimistic picture for future
manned spaceflight.
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
– The analysis assesses the convergence between high levels of recent activity and above average (for this technology space) levels of geographic patent protection; bubble size reflects overall volume.
– The latter is strongly linked to investment levels and thus a flag for strategic IP.
– Technologies that exhibit high levels of both metrics are therefore identified as “emergent”: recent increases in patent output in a strong and committed manner by any applicant. This is particularly useful assessing trends in low volume technologies.
Technology Intelligence Report | Commercial Manned Spaceflight 28
• The split between government
and private sector patent
innovation across the entire
space era shows historical
commercial interests in 8
out of 11 topics, in particular
guidance, docking, launch
and power supply fields, with
less emphasis on propulsion
systems and astronaut
operations (training and tools).
• The profile suggests (and
indeed history proves) that
the space industry was a
partner and supplier to
the government run space
programs – components
and parts were the focus,
while critical systems such as
propulsion were developed in
house.
COMMERCIAL vs. GOVERNMENT FOCUS: HISTORICAL
– Review of the concentration of commercial activity by technical field or spacecraft design attribute.
– Annotation is a comparison to collection-wide average of commercial versus non-commercial spaceflight patent activity.
– Evidence of commercial specialisms in component manufacture (guidance, docking, power, launch systems, tracking).
– Note time frame is entire spaceflight era, 1960 to present.
Commercial Manned Spaceflight | Technology Intelligence Report 29
• Focusing on the present day and
just within the US, this “supplier”
profile for the private sector is
almost completely reversed.
• Now, commerce is focused on
propulsion, spacecraft design,
astronaut operations (training
and tools), with significantly less
emphasis on the component
technologies.
• The trends shown on previous
pages – focus on astronaut
capabilities, SpaceX/Blue Origin-
led focus on cheaper access to
orbit – are evident in this analysis
and can be considered at this
point confirmed.
• The maturation of human
spaceflight is underway, enabled
by the increasing independence
and engagement of the private
sector.
COMMERCIAL vs. GOVERNMENT FOCUS: UNITED STATES – LAST DECADE
Technology Intelligence Report | Commercial Manned Spaceflight 30
– Review of the concentration of commercial activity by technical field or spacecraft design attribute.
– Annotation is a comparison to collection-wide average of commercial versus non-commercial spaceflight patent activity.
– Previous evidence of focus on components is reversed. Focus is now on major facets including propulsion, spacecraft design, astronaut training and on-orbit tools.
– Note time frame is 2006 patent applications onwards and only those in the United States.
COMMERCIAL vs. GOVERNMENT FOCUS: UNITED STATES – LAST DECADE cont’d.
% Filed by Commercial Entity
Technology Intelligence Report | Commercial Manned Spaceflight 31
• Gaps remain ready to be
exploited.
• The intersection of the study’s
technology fields shows the
volume of protection across
the subdivisions. These are
particularly evident in the
“astronaut enablement” sectors
(training and tools).
• Little, if any, IP exists in the
fields of training and simulation
aids for on-orbit tools.
Training systems are only
concentrated in life support,
indicating a current focus on
safety technologies.
• The hot topics are propulsion
and launch. These are fields in
which commercial interests are
currently switching attention
to, indicating a second wave
of potentially disruptive
innovation.
INTER-TECHNOLOGY PATENTED INNOVATION: HOT SPOT ANALYSIS
Technology Intelligence Report | Commercial Manned Spaceflight 32
• Each of the topics measured
in this study are reviewed here
for the major patent applicants
within them.
• Mostly, this reflects the overall
major applicants, though
deviations from this (non-major
applicants in the top 5 on a per
topic basis) are noted.
• Additionally, entities with
strategic patents in the
topic are also noted, though
their volume of protection may
be light.
ENTITIES BY TECHNOLOGY (1)
Technology Intelligence Report | Commercial Manned Spaceflight 33
• The inclusion of several
Chinese academic institutions
in the astronaut training sector
is notable.
• The Canadian Space Agency
(CSA) is involved in activity in
on-orbit tools:
- This reflects the fact that
the CSA has specialised
in supplying NASA for
many years with robot
arms for its Space Shuttle
and the Mobile Servicing
System, currently
on-board the ISS is
supplied by the CSA and
known colloquially as
“Canadarm2”.
ENTITIES BY TECHNOLOGY (2)
Technology Intelligence Report | Commercial Manned Spaceflight 34
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CONCLUSION
Technology Intelligence Report | Commercial Manned Spaceflight 35
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Ed WhiteVice President, Technology and Innovation Intelligence London, United Kingdom
Ed leads the Technology Intelligence practice at CPA Global. He has 10 years
of experience as a manager and consultant within innovation intelligence and
intellectual property.
Ed has a background in developing new communication methods for advanced
statistical analysis of R&D activity, including patent strength measurement, scoring
algorithms and harmonization of patent and non-patent data sources.
Ed has worked with hundreds of different client organisations across almost all
R&D intensive industries, delivering to Fortune 500 board members, government
agency heads and ministers and CTOs/General Counsels. He has a Bachelor of
Engineering from the University of Nottingham in the UK.