Technologies in the Control of Legionella€¦ · ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems Engineering for...
Transcript of Technologies in the Control of Legionella€¦ · ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems Engineering for...
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Presented by • Antony Amorico – Ecas4 Director Australia Supported by • Sergio Ferro – Electrochemist, University of Ferrara, Italy
Technologies in the
Control of Legionella
Mimicking Nature’s Way:
Biofilms predator - Hypochlorous Acid
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Presentation Overview Understanding Bio Film structures Disinfection Approaches - Pros & Cons HOCl - Relationship to nature and Biofilm destruction Ecas4 Technology and the Active Anolyte solution Hospital Installations and equipment requirements Hospital- Disinfection results Legionella detection limits - Australian vs European Conclusion
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Microorganisms & Biofilms: of what are we talking about?
Microorganism: any organism too small to be viewed by the unaided eye, as bacteria, protozoa, and some fungi and algae.
Biofilm: a thin layer of microorganisms adhering to the surface of a structure, which may be organic or inorganic, together with the polymers that they secrete.
[microbiology] a slimy matrix of extracellular polymeric substances produced by bacteria which protects them when aggregated, as in dental plaque, the in ear, intestine, skin, etc.
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
A hint from the scientific literature
Science, vol. 284, pp. 1318-1322 (1999)
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Antimicrobial agents and biofilm
Science, vol. 284, pp. 1318-1322 (1999)
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Biofilm: structure and composition
I.W. Sutherland, TRENDS in Microbiology, vol. 9, pp. 222-227 (2001)
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Reactivity of the various components: Microbial cells (1/2)
Table 1 (in the paper) reports evidences for 31 aerobic/facultative bacteria, 12 anaerobic bacteria, 7 bacterial spores, and 3 eukaryotes.
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Reactivity of the various components: Microbial cells (2/2)
Among the different target organisms, those listed below are typically of particular concern: Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp Staphylococcus spp. (MRSA), Streptococcus spp. Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium difficile Aspergillus spp., Candida spp., Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Reactivity of the various components: Proteins (1/2)
Proteins are large complex molecules, consisting of one or more long chains of aminoacidic residues:
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Reactivity of the various components: Proteins (2/2)
Amino- and sulfur- functional groups, as well as peptide bonds (–C(=O)–NH–) are particularly sensitive to oxidation:
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Reactivity of the various components: DNA, RNA
DNA and RNA are biopolymers (polynucleotides) composed by nitrogen-containing molecules, monosaccharide molecules and phosphate groups:
As seen for proteins, amino-groups can be attacked by an oxidizing agent
RNA
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Reactivity of the various components: Polysaccharides (2/2)
Contrary to hypochlorite, which only allows a conversion (partial oxidation) of the sugar molecules, but in the form of Hypochlorous acid it is able to completely mineralize the various substrates (i.e., it converts them into carbon dioxide and water) Experimental evidences are available in the literature: • “Action of chlorine on cellulose”, Tappi 49, 310 (1966)
• “Identification of the adsorbed intermediate of the electrooxidation of chloride by the CV technique” Electrochim. Acta 41, 2917 (1996)
• “Electrochemical incineration of glucose as a model organic substrate. Role of active chlorine mediation”, J. Electrochem. Soc. 147, 592 (2000)
• “Anodic mineralization of organic substrates in chloride-containing aqueous media”, Electrochim. Acta 46, 305 (2000
• “Electrosynthesis of dehydrocholic acid from cholic acid”, J. Appl. Electrochem. 30, 995-998 (2000)
• “Electrochemical incineration in the presence of halides”, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 8, D35 (2005)
• “Green electrochemical approach for delignification of wheat straw in second-generation bioethanol production”, Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 551 (2011)
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Disinfecting approaches: pros & cons (1/2)
system Effects on microorganisms Effects on biofilm
Thermal treatment ++ (temporary) - Chlorination (NaClO) + - Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) +++ ++ Copper / Silver ions ++ - Ozone ++ (temporary) - Chloro-amines ++ + Filtering ++ - UV radiations + - Hydrogen peroxide ++ (temporary) + Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) +++ +++
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Disinfecting approaches: pros & cons (2/2)
system cons
Thermal treatment high energy costs, damage to pipes, burns, no residual effects
Chlorination (NaClO) chlorinated byproducts, chlorates
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) chlorites, damage to pipes, doesn’t work in hot water
Copper / Silver ions loss of potability, no residual effects
Ozone high costs, no residual effects
Chloro-amines low efficacy
Filtering high costs, no residual effects
UV radiations high costs, no residual effects
Hydrogen peroxide low efficacy, no residual effects
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) none (newest approach) effective - in Cold, Warm and Hot water systems
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
A new (old) active agent: hypochlorous acid
Phagocytes deliberately generate Oxygen O2
●-, Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 and Hypochlorous Acid. These chemical compounds are used to inactivate bacteria and viruses. The “reactive oxygen metabolites” (ROMs) can oxidize lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and other macromolecules, causing tissue damage and cell death.
How nature does it?
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
At first, (white blood cells) are responsible for destroying foreign substances or, at least, for limiting the disease; their action is based on phagocytosis, and on the cytotoxic activity of hypochlorous acid, which is produced with the aid of an enzyme (myeloperoxidase) through a reaction involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and chloride anions.
Our immune systems defense levels
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
The human body produces hypochlorous acid naturally to fight against bacteria and pathogens; the Ecas4 reactor mirrors our body’s defence system
Once hypochlorous acid is introduced into water systems, it is able to destroy and remove biofilm from the pipe networks and eradicate microorganisms effectively.
So what is the connection to natures way.?
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Why not “copy” natures way?
There is no evidence of mutagenicity / carcinogenicity M.K. Bruch in Disinfection by sodium hypochlorites: dialysis applications,
C. Ronco and G.J. Mishkin (Eds.), Contributions to Nephrology vol. 154, Karger AG, Basel (Switzerland), 2007
“industrial” electrochemical reactors allow to operate safely, while optimizing the process yield
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Electrolysis of dilute brine solutions (chlorine and oxygen evolution reactions)
�
�
o
o2 2
2Cl + 2
2H O O + 4H + 4
e
e2Cl
� �2Cl + OH + ClHOCl
+2 3HOCl + H O + H O-ClO
Anode reactions:
Equilibria in solution:
Cathode reaction: o -OH2 22H O + 2e H + 2
o
o
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Ecas4 – the secret lies in the Reactor (1/2)
Actually, various approaches exist, which are all based on electrochemical cells, provided with or without a separator.
However, only a few of them allow the synthesis of a biocide solution under controlled and well reproducible conditions.
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Our patented technology relies upon a reactor with four chambers; it represents the optimized outcome of the original research as previously mentioned, focused on the electrochemical activation of water, and it allows the production of the so-called Anolyte: a solution containing HOCl, at a rigorously neutral pH.
Ecas4 – Reactor (2/2)
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Ecas4: It’s a water solution containing HOCl
The active hypochlorous acid solution is produced just before utilization through an electrochemical synthesis (electrolysis of a diluted brine solution).
HOCl has a Higher disinfectant efficacy, with respect to ClO− At around 80 times more; see e.g., S.D. Faust, O.M. Aly, Chemistry of Water Treatment, 2nd ed.; Lewis Publishers: New York, USA, 1998; pp. 509-517
Contrary to other forms of so-called active chlorine (i.e., hypochlorite and gaseous chlorine), the HOCl molecule is rather unstable, and cannot be synthesized or stored for long periods and used at request.
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
So the Legionella detection limits in Australia are not as rigorous as the European standards. As a result, the success of the Ecas4 technology obtained overseas must be regarded as particularly significant.
Drinking Water guidelines: Australia vs. Overseas Australian Legionella detection limits are 10 cfu/mL using 50-100 mL water sample European, Legionella detection limits 10 cfu/L with greater than 1 Litre water samples and most regulations are based on 1-10 cfu/L
Testing samples are 1000 times lower than in Australia
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Reference list – Italy
“S. Andrea” Hospital, Vercelli 250 beds (280 m3/d water) Installed machine: 1×WDS80
“C. Besta” National Neurological Institute, Milan 220 beds (250 m3/d water) Installed machine: 2×WDS80
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
“Villa Igea” Private Hospital, Ancona 100 beds (45 m3/d water) Installed machine: 1×WDS40
“Cardinal Massaia” Hospital, Asti 471 beds Installed machines: 4×WDS80 + 1×WDS40
Reference list – Italy
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Reference list – Italy
“Maria Vittoria” Hospital, Turin 302 beds Installed machine: 1×WDS80
“Camilliani” Hospital, Casoria (NA) 90 beds (40 m3/d water) Installed machine: 1×WDS80
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
“San Camillo Forlanini” Hospital, Roma 90 beds (50 m3/d water) Installed machine: 1×WDS40
Leno Hospital (BS) 80 beds (140 m3/d water) Installed machines: 2×WDS80
Reference list – Italy
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
“Santo Spirito” Private Hospital, Bressanone (BZ) 105 beds Installed machine: 1×WDS80
Muraglia Hospital (PU) 100 beds (100 m3/d water) Installed machine: 1×WDS40
Reference list – Italy
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Reference list – Italy
“Quisisana” Private Hospital, Ostellato (FE) 120 beds Installed machine: 1×WDS40
“Santa Croce” Hospital, Fano (PU) 290 beds (200 m3/d water) Installed machine: 1×WDS40
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Rosenheim Clinic (D) Installed machines: 2×WDS80
“St. Hubertus” Medical Park Bad Wiessee (D) 125 beds Installed machine: 1×WDS40
Reference list – Germany
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Donostia-San Sebastián Hospital (E) 1172 beds (750 m3/d water) Installed machines: 5×WDS80
Basurto Hospital, Bilbao (E) 200 beds (136 m3/d water) Installed machine: 1×WDS80
Reference list – Spain
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Reference list – hotels
Hotel Admiral Park, Bologna (I) 120 beds (40 m3/d water) Installed machine: 1×WDS80
Hotel Ghironi, La Spezia (I) 104 beds Installed machine: 1×WDS40
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Reference list – Food processing, flowers, cosmetics
Center for treatment of Mussels, Oristano (I) Installed machine: 1×WDS80
Agricola Campidanese, Terralba (I) Installed machine: 1×WDS80
Dostofarm Westerstede (D) Installed machines: 2×WDS80
Adelaide (AU) Installed machines: 2×WDS80
Colep Laupheim, Lauphen (D) Installed machines: 2×WDS80
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Example 1: “Marche Nord” Hospitals, Pesaro (I)
“S. Salvatore” hospital
Muraglia hospital
“Santa Croce” hospital
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
The hospital has 373 beds and 1,281 employees; the area of installation comprises 240 beds, with an average daily consumption of cold water that amounts to a 150 m3
(two separated systems)
“S. Salvatore” Hospital, Pesaro (I)
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Installation 1×WDS40
2nd dosing unit
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
“S. Salvatore” Hospital, Pesaro (I)
The hospital was initially managed through periodic hyper-chlorination. The installation treats both the cold water system (even if it generally does not represent a problem for Legionella) and the hot water system; In the former network (CWS), the Anolyte solution is dosed in such a way to obtain a residual chlorine content of about 0.3 mg/L on distal points . Regarding the HWS, the anolyte is typically dosed at about 0.5 mg/L.
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Muraglia Hospital, Pesaro (I)
This establishment comprises 100 beds, with an average daily consumption of cold water that amounts to a 100 m3
It has two separate dosing systems.
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Installation 1×WDS40
2nd dosing unit
The hospital was initially managed through a Chlorine Dioxide equipment (manufactured by XXXXX) with two storage tanks (3+3 m3).
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Santa Croce Hospital, Pesaro (I)
The hospital has 290 beds and 768 employees; the water treated with Ecas Anolyte comprises 270 beds, with an average daily consumption of cold water that amounts to a 200 m3
The hospital was initially managed with four separate systems: three of them were based on Chlorine dioxide ClO2. disinfection agent.
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Installation 1×WDS40
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Typical Set-up remote monitoring
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Results obtained at the Muraglia hospital
As previously anticipated, this healthcare facility was initially managed through a chlorine dioxide system, which was repeatedly modified in order to optimize its functioning. Unfortunately, results have never been satisfactory. Looking for a better solution, the Medical Direction decided to test the ECAS technology, which was implemented in pavilion n. 5 on November 2013. Water samples were collected monthly from 22 different sites distributed within the three levels of the pavilion, starting on November 20:
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Results obtained at the Muraglia hospital
Lines show the number of samples that were above the indicated thresholds (100, 1.000 and 10.000 CFU/L)
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Results obtained at the Muraglia hospital
All tendencies show a clear decrease of the contamination: in most cases, Legionella colonies were eradicated after 5-6 months of operation.
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Results obtained at the Muraglia hospital
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Results obtained at the Muraglia hospital
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
New installation (in progress): “Ospedale del Mare”, Napoli
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
New installation (in progress): “Ospedale del Mare”, Napoli
The hospital comprises about 460 beds, with an average daily consumption of cold water estimated in a 600 m3.
The thermal power plant comprises 4 boilers (5 m3 each); the flow rate under recirculation (HWS) amounts to 48 m3/h. Installed machines: 2×WDS80
The ECAS Anolyte will be dosed on both the cold and hot water systems, in such a way to guarantee 0.2 mg/L of residual chlorine within the CWS, and 0.2-0.3 mg/L of residual biocide at distal points in the case of the HWS.
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Ecas4 systems have been successfully installed in major hospitals, university clinics, on ferries, in hotels and in swimming pools.
We have acquired a considerable expertise in dealing the issues related to water disinfection.
Ecas4
Legionella Eliminates Legionella in hot & cold water systems.
Biofilm Eliminates Biofilm in network pipe systems.
Cooling Tower Eradicates Legionella from cooling tower water network.
Air Sanitiser Nebulisation: sanitises Air and working area to maintain CIP areas. Hospital air-ducts.
ECAS4 Systems in Healthcare Facilities
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
• Mimics natural occurring immune defence mechanism
• Non toxic / Non Corrosive / Non Hazardous
• Has no synthetic chemical residue • Destroys & Removes Biofilms • Replaces all disinfecting agents • Effective in Cold, Warm and Hot water • Verified Results by Australian Water Quality Centre Drinking water Standard AS/NZS 4020
Electro-Chemical Disinfection
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Ecas4 technologies challenge all current disinfecting systems The Equipment and systems are easy to work with, fully Automated, Completely Safe, Reliable and able to be electronically and remotely monitored. Reduce maintenance and infrastructure replacement costs Energy Saving No requirements for Hyper Chlorination.
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
WSD 80
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
WSD 40
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Ecas4 – Anolyte Nebulisation (MRI)
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Nebulisation - Dry Fog
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Air & Electric Room Nebulisers
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
We had been advised…
Today’s problems cannot be solved by thinking the way we thought when we created them
Albert Einstein
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Presented by • Antony Amorico – Ecas4 Director Australia Supported by • Sergio Ferro – Electrochemist, University of Ferrara, Italy
Technologies in the Control of Legionella
mimicking Nature: the potentialities
of hypochlorous acid
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
Contact us Unit 8 / 1 London Road Mile End South Adelaide 5031 [email protected]
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
the Ecas4 equipment – the main apparatus
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
the Ecas4 equipment – the softener
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
the Ecas4 equipment – the dosing pump
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
the Ecas4 equipment – the counter
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
the Ecas4 equipment – the injection point
Thermostatic probe
injection of
anolyte
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
the Ecas4 equipment – the chlorine meter
filter
chlorine meter
chlorine probe
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
the Ecas4 equipment – the chlorine probe
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Engineering for Health and Hygiene ECAS4 Water Disinfection Systems
the Ecas4 equipment – remote monitoring