Response to in vitro callus induction and shoot tip culture of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Duch.)
Technologies Developed Tissue Culture Shoot Tip Grafting ...
Transcript of Technologies Developed Tissue Culture Shoot Tip Grafting ...
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Technologies Developed
Tissue Culture
Shoot Tip Grafting Technique in Citrus for Elimination of Virus and Virus like
Diseases In vitro shoot tip grafting (STG) is a miniature grafting which involves grafting a minute
shoot tip (0.1 to 0.3 mm) on two week old seedling rootstock performed under aseptic
conditions. It produces true to type, non juvenile disease free plants unlike nucellar
embryony in vitro or in vivo. This technique is a prerequisite for cleaning the citrus
cultivars /indigenous collections from diseases (virus, virus like diseases and greening
bacteria),since absolutely there is no control measure once the virus enters the plant
system except shoot tip grafting (STG). Standardized age, type of rootstocks, size and
source of shoot tip and growth regulator to improve the efficiency of grafting. The
technology developed facilitated cleaning of local selections and production of true to
type healthy mother tree from even infected sources.
Shoot tip grafting technique for commercial production of disease free planting
material in Citrus
The technology consists of selection of mother trees, indexing of mother trees, Shoot tip
grafting in vitro, Indexing of micrografts, Establishment of field foundation/mother block
and release of certified elite disease free planting stock.
Selection and indexing of existing cultivars which is being followed in the present
conventional budwood certification for large scale multiplication is not practical under
Indian conditions because of the massive infection with viruses. The only possibility is to
obtain virus-free plants from virus infected mother trees through Shoot tip grafting.
Under this program protected and field foundation blocks of registered mother trees as
healthy citrus repositories were established. Released 3,48,150 certified healthy planting
material to the citrus growers/nursery men of Maharashtra, M.P. , Gujarat, Rajasthan,
Punjab, Haryana and all southern states of India. Around 800 ha. healthy orchards were
raised predominantly in Central India. Initial field performance was significantly better in
In vitro seed
inoculation
Shoot tip graft ready for
transfer
Successful double graft
In vitro STG transferred to protected
green house
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Exotic Sun burst mandarin shoot tip graft (STG)
Exotic Shamouti mandarin shoot tip graft (STG)
STG derived, healthy planting stock compared to conventionally raised plants. Field
transferred STG derived healthy planting stock performed true to type unlike nucellar
embryony in vitro or in vivo. By sale of STG derived elite disease free planting stock
created revenue of Rs. 1,19,37,800 to NRCC.
Shoot Tip Grafting of Exotic Germplasm
It consists of culturing in vitro at 320C, the imported bud wood to induce the flushes
from which shoot tips are excised and micro grafted to recover the whole plants. The only
material actually introduced in the country by this method is a 0.1-0.3 mm long shoot tip
that is free from pests and diseases. It prevents the entry of any new virus and virus like
diseases along with the introduced bud wood as a post entry quarantine check and
facilitates safe movement of germplasm from one citrus growing region to the other.
Standardization of STG (shoot tip grafting) at NRCC has paved the way for cleaning
exotic cultivars and widening the gene pool. Through this program cleaned 23 exotic
citrus cultivars introduced from U.S.A., France, Australia and maintained in the
quarantine green house. Shoot tip grafting (STG) helps in establishment of clean nucleus
stock of diverse Citrus exotic (foreign introduction) germplasm of commercial
importance, that will facilitate improvement program and also takes care of even diseases
of unknown etiology in Citrus introduction program.
STG based Citrus Quarantine
Classical quarantine procedures, which requires the introduction of material into an
isolated area, where citrus is not grown, has posed many problems, mainly due to lack of
facilities and trained personnel in these areas. The quarantine tissue culture method
mentioned below was developed for safe introduction of citrus germplasm, which are as
follow: 1. In vitro shoot tip grafting of introduced citrus germplasm. 2. Indexing of micro
grafted exotic cultivar for major graft transmissible citrus pathogens. 3. Healthy micro
grafted (23 exotic cultivars) and tested exotic germplasm is being maintained as a healthy
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diverse citrus repository in protected green house. All the tested 23 exotic micrografted
citrus scions cultivars were declared free from major graft transmissible pathogens and
recommendate for field evaluation.
Micro Budding: A New Propagation Technique to Minimize the Citrus Nursery
Phase Micro budding is a miniature budding on young citrus root stocks measuring 3 mm
diameter in which the bud is inserted on the detopped root stock in a wedge cut and
immediately protected by covering with a micropipette tip. After a week, micro buds are
observed and then micro tips are removed after their sprouting within 12-14 days. Micro
budding facilitates faster propagation with reduced cost. This biotech break has a
tremendous scope in commercial propagation and research. It reduces huge cost on
labour and maintenance during the commercial propagation on low cost green house. It
can be utilized in biological indexing of virus, viroids, greening bacterium and other
disease inoculation and expression studies at much faster pace, enable year round
multiplication and shortens the nursery phase. Micro budded Nagpur mandarin on 5000
citrus rootstocks (6 month old) were commercially released to citrus growers in 2015.
In-vitro Regeneration of Citrus Scions and Citrus Rootstocks through Somatic
Embryogenesis In citrus, nucellar embryony has been commercially exploited for breeding and genetic
studies. Numerous schemes have been proposed to utilize embryogenic capability of
citrus in plant improvement program. Nucellar embryos, like shoot tip are free of virus
and can be used for raising virus free clones, especially in citrus where shoot tip culture
has not been successful. Hence technology was developed for whole plant
regeneration via somatic embryogenesis. Ovules were excised from 8-10 weeks old fruits
of Citrus reticulata cv. Nagpur mandarin and C. limonia cv. Rangpur lime Brazilian
(commercially important rootstocks) and cultured in MS - medium supplemented with
various organic compounds. Cotyledonary embryoids obtained from MS + ME medium
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were subcultured and MS medium supplemented with various growth regulators kinetin
in combination with IAA promoted plantlet formation.
Micropropagation of Troyer Citrange Gonicoppal (Citrus sinensis) (L.) Osbeck x
(Poncirus trifoliata) (L.) Raf. ):An Economically Important Rootstock
Callus culture were initiated from epicotyl of 4 weeks old in vitro grown nucellar
seedlings of Troyer Citrange Chetthali ( C. Sinensis (L) Osbeck x (Poncirus trifoliate L.
Raf).
Tested the in vitro propagation protocol of Troyer Citrange Chetthali ( C. Sinensis (L)
Osbeck x (Poncirus trifoliate L. Raf) in terms of multiple shooting and rooting.
The maximum number of shoot proliferation from epicotyls callus/ somatic embryonic
callus were observed in media composition MS+2BAP+AA+CC And another media MS
+2BA+AA+CC. the shoots generated from epicotyl callus were harvested and transferred
into the rooting media.
In the Troyer Citrange the best rooting media observed MS+2IBA +AA+CC with pulse
treatment of 1000ppm IBA for a 4 minutes gives the maximum number of roots and
length of the roots were observed. In vitro regenerated Troyer Citrange plants were
successfully transferred to potting mixture in the lab condition. Then after 30 days these
pre acclamitized plants were transferred to the green house.
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In- vitro Regeneration Protocol for in- vivo Clonal Propagation of Citrus Rootstocks
The in vivo clonal propagation of plants is an often difficult, expensive and season-
specific. Tissue culture methods offer an alternative means of vegetative propagation in
short time, space and throughout the year. The objective of present technology is to
determine the feasibility of using tissue culture technique for propagation of citrus
rootstocks emerged as economically/ horticulturally important citrus rootstocks from
rootstock screening studies at NRCC. Multiple shoots obtained from mature axillary bud
explant / single node of mature trees (>10 years old) of Citrus limonia Osbeck cultivars
Rangpur lime Gonicoppal and Brazillian Rangpur lime, when cultured in MS medium
supplemented with BAP, kinetin and NAA. In vitro proliferated shoots rooted when
shoots were cultured on MS supplemented with IBA. Multiple shoots obtained in
modified MS media fortified with BA from the nodal explants of complete in vitro
regenerated plants. Rooted complete plantlets transferred to micro pots having sterilized
soil mixture with 60% survival. Hardened and acclimatized plants were transferred to the
green house &successfully survived in harsh ex vitro condition.
Complete plantlet regeneration protocol and lab to land transfer of Citrus
macrophylla cv. Alemow : A promising rootstock for Nagpur mandarin and Acid
lime
One of the essential requirements for the successful application of plant propagation
technology to agriculture is the capacity to regenerate elite plantlets. Micro propagation
of commercially important Citrus species has been reported by many workers but the in
vitro studies for Citrus macrophylla cv. Alemow are not yet reported. With above view a
protocol for clonal propagation of Citrus macrophylla has been developed using mature
auxillary buds as a starting material in MS media supplemented with growth regulator
BA. Auxillary bud formation and growth can be used to regenerate whole plant from
some types of tissue culture. Complete plantlet regeneration after culturing the micro
shoots obtained from mature axillary bud. Multiple shoots obtained from the nodal
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segments of in vitro regenerated plants. Micro shoots rooted to complete plants in MS
supplemented with IBA. In vitro plants acclimatized in the micro pots having soil rite
mix and successfully transferred to the green house and survived the shock of ex vitro
conditions.
In vitro Regeneration Protocol of Citrus Rootstocks for Genetic Conservation
Testing the repeatability of in vitro propagation of economically important Citrus
rootstocks (Citrus limonia Osbeck Cv., Rangpur lime Brazilian, Rough lemon and Citrus
macrophylla) through direct organogenesis viz., bud proliferation, multiple shooting
from the sub cultured shoots and rooting from mature explants tissue.
Primary cultures are established through auxiliary bud proliferation in the following
media viz. 1/2MS+2BA+250 ammonium sulphate+25 adenine sulphate,
1/2MS+2BA+25adenine sulphate, MS+2BA+AA+CC, 1/2MS+2BAP+250ammonium
sulphate+25adenine sulphate, 1/2MS+2BAP+25adenine sulphate, MS+2BAP+AA+CC,
DKW+2BAP, DKW+2BA. Shoot proliferation was maximum in ½ MS +2 BA +
250mg/lit ammonium sulphate+25mg/lit adenine sulphate and 1/2MS+2 BA +25mg
Adenine Sulphate with additional 4mg tyrosine.
Elongated shoots obtained from both auxiliary bud proliferation and subcultured shoots
were transferred to different rooting medium 1/2MS+ 1IBA+1NAA with pretreatment
and without pretreatment, MS+2IBA with pretreatment and without pretreatment
proliferation was maximum in ½ MS + 1IBA and 1NAA along with pulse treatment of
1000ppm IBA for 4minutes. Successful in vitro regenerated plants of Rangpur lime
Brazallian, Rough lemon and Citrus macrphylla were transferred for pre acclimitization
to pot culture in the lab. Successfully transferred surviving plants are transferred to the
green house and data analysis is in progress.
The regeneration of Citrus macrophylla, Rangpur lime Brazallian, Rough lemon through
direct organogenesis showed the maximum number of shoots. Maximum shoot
proliferation from primery culture of all the rootstock ranged between 3-4 shoots in ½
MS+2mg/litBA+250mg/lit ammonium sulphate+25 adenine sulphate. shoots harvested
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from initial primary culture and shifted to 3 subsequent subculture in the same media
with a rate of multiplication in 1:6 ratio.
Induction of Triploidy in two commercial Citrus scion species through in vitro
technique
Complete plantlets were successfully regenerated from hybrid endosperm tissue via
somatic embryogenesis of C. reticulata Blanco Cv. Nagpur mandarin & C. sinensis
Osbeck Cv. Sweet orange, after attempting various permutations & combinations of
media, right from primary callus to complete totipotency. The endosperm was excised
from young fruitlets 10-12 weeks post anthesis. The primary induction of calli from
endosperm requires MT media with supplements and different hormone combinations &
to attain the maximum number of somatic embryos from cotyledonary stage. Complete
Plantlet regeneration from somatic embryogenesis of Nagpur mandarin and Sweet orange
in different concentrations of gibberalic acid. From the above media combinations,
regenerated shoots of Nagpur mandarin and Sweet orange from somatic embryos were
rooted & developed to complete plantlets. Successfully surviving plantlets from
embryogenesis were tested for ploidy & DNA content by flow cytometry by Partek
ploidy analyser to the extent of 40%. Triploid plants were minigrafted on standard Rough
lemon rootstocks for green house acclimatization. These results demonstrated the
recovery of stable viable triploids from the hybrid endosperm via somatic embryogenesis
at CCRI, Nagpur, which is first of its kind in the field of Citrus triploid breeding in India,
that can overcome the barriers to sexual hybridization resulting from apomixes, towards
breeding seedless Citrus scions.
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Triploid plant of
Triploid plant of
Nagpur Nagpur
Sweet orange
Sweet Orange-Flow cytometry
analysis of
Standardization of Top working
Standardized top working technique in Citrus on mature citrus scions and rootstocks for
early evaluation of newly evolved varieties by breeding and in vitro/tissue culture
techniques.
Standardization of protocol by cytological study for ploidy analysis
At NRCC standardization of methodology on chromosomal analysis of root tips by
microscope is standardized. Repeatability needs to be tested after availability of
microscope wit karyotype software at the institute.
Molecular characterization of Citrus germplasm.
Revalidated SCAR protocol developed in collaboration with IIHR, for identification
of Citrus commercial rootstocks along with Galgal at CCRI.
Optimized PCR protocol with 25 RAPD primers. for 55 different accessions of
Citrus and completed analysis by UPGMA, NTSYS software and reported 89.6%
polymorphism. In the cluster analysis examined that the Alemow (C. macrophylla
L.) l-55(line 55) and Rangpur Lime – Brazilian (C. limonia Osb.)l-41 are two
germplasm accessions that are similar to each other but diverse from other reported
germplasm. l-55 is more prominently used germplasm in phytopthora resistance and
similar to Rangpur Lime – Brazilian (C. limonia Osb.)- 41which is also governed
for one of the quantitative trait loci (QTL), Which further indicates that the
germplasm Rangpur Lime – Brazilian (C. limonia Osb.)-41 can be used for
resistance breeding studies as potential root stock for phytophthora tolerance.
According to Jaccard’s similarity coefficient, highest similarity was observed
between germplasm Saville Orange (C. aurantium L.) l-48(0.687) and Ruby Blood
Orange (C. sinesis L. Osb) l-49(0.688), while lowest similarity between Darjeeling
mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) l-21(0.327) and Flame Grape Fruit (C.
paradisii Macf) l- 50 (0.89)
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Citriculture
Leaf water potential in excess of –3.5 MPa was found effective in imposing water
stress in Nagpur mandarin for inducing flowering.
For inducing flowering in Nagpur mandarin planted in problematic high clay soils
paclobutrazol @ 18 g/plant or stem girdling of scaffold branches (0.5 cm) is found
effective
Resuming irrigation early in first week of January ensures better retention of fruits
and avoids failure of Ambia crop in Nagpur mandarin.
Post fruit-set fruit drop: Two sprays at monthly interval in May and June of either
2,4-D, 15 ppm or GA3 15 ppm + Benomyl 1000 ppm + Urea 1 %.
Pre-harvest fruit drop : Two sprays at monthly interval in September and October
of 2,4-D, 15 ppm or GA3 15 ppm + Benomyl 1000 ppm + Urea 1 %.
For taking Hasta bahar (October-November flowering ) crop in acid lime, foliar
spray application of chlormequat chloride (2000 ppm) or stem girdling (0.3 cm) in the
month of September is found effective.
Application of combinations of monopotassium phosphate 2 %, DAP 2 %, 2,4-D 10
ppm and GA3 10 ppm can be alternatively used for increasing the fruit size of Nagpur
mandarin.
WEED MANAGEMENT IN CITRUS ORCHARDS
Pre-emergence weed control :
Weed control: Two pre-emergence applications of Diuron @ 3 kg a.i./ha or
Simazine 4 kg a.i./ha at interval of 120 days control the weeds upto 300 days. For
post-emergence weed control Glyphosate @41 a.i./ha or gramoxone @ 21 a.i./ha is
effective.
Glyphosate
4 l/ha
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Post-emergence weed control:
For post-emergence spray, glyphosate @ 4 l/ha gives complete control of all
weeds in citrus orchards and is more economical than hand weeding. Gramoxone, a post-
emergence weedicide when used at the rate of 1.5 l/ha kills both monocot and dicot
weeds but regrowth of weeds starts especially in bermuda grass after 20 days
Intercropping in Citrus Orchards :
Leguminous intercrops such as soybean, black gram, chick pea, pigeon pea and cow
pea were found remunerative in pre-bearing citrus orchards.
Nagpur mandarin + Blackgram
Nagpur mandarin + Soyabean Nagpur mandarin + Gram
Nagpur mandarin + Cotton+ Groundnut
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Technologies developed
Promising rootstock for Nagpur mandarin : An exotic rootstock Alemow (Citrus
macrophylla Wester) was found to be a most promising rootstock for Nagpur mandarin
under black clay soils of central India condition. The rootstock Alemow produced
maximum fruit yield(21.t/ha) with medium canopy of Nagpur mandarin whereas
conventional rootstock rough lemon and Rangpur lime yielded only 10 t/ha. The highest
nutrient uptake of all the macro and micro(except Cu) was recorded with this rootstock.
Alemow showed as the most potent rootstock for Nagpur mandarin having all the
promising horticultural traits will go a long way in imparting not only production
sustainability but improved orchard life as well in addition to fitting this rootstock under
high density orcharding.
Fig. (1-3): Nagpur mandarin on Alemow
Promising Rangpur lime and rough lemon rootstock strains : Among Rangpur lime a
rootstock strain Rangpur lime (Brazillian) produced maximum fruit yield(15.61t/ha)
than the conventional Rangpur lime strain whereas for rough lemon a strain 14-9-13 and
Jullandhary khatti resulted higher fruit yield (14.48 &14.08t/ha resp.) with 100% tree
survival after 18years of tree life.
Potent rootstock for Acid lime :
Alemow (C. macrophylla Wester, an old Philippine lemon/ pummelo hybrid) as a
classical rootstock possessing
outstanding traits as the most potent
rootstock for acid lime with
maximum macro and micro nutrient
extraction capacity with 100% tree
survival. The highest fruit yield (13.4
t/ha) was recorded with Alemow,
whereas seedling produced only 5.88
t/ha on pooled yield basis
.
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Less seeded acid lime on
Chase rough lemon
Compatible and smooth bud union: Some of the rootstocks such as Alemow, Sun chu
sha, Willits citrange, Rangpur lime and rough lemon exhibited smooth bud union, showing
the congenial relationship of stock and scion with Nagpur mandarin. As the incompatible
rootstocks resulted over growth cup shape formation and after 2-3 years it started bark
splitting. Mostly these rootstocks were affected by various diseases and later stage declined.
The bud union of all the strains of rough lemon and Rangpur lime were found smooth and
showing congenial relationship with stock and scion of Nagpur mandarin.
Disease tolerant rootstock: The rootstock X-639(Cleopatra mandarin x Poncirous trifoliata)
showed less disease susceptibility(1.25) on Nagpur mandarin with 100% tree survival after18
years of tree life. The least no. of gummosis lesions were also observed in Sour orange
Tirupati(1.11 lesion/tree) whereas conventional rootstock rough lemon and Rangpur lime
resulted higher disease susceptibility(2.17 and 2.06 lesion/tree respectively).
Dwarfing rootstocks: The exotic rootstock Flying dragon trifoliate orange(Poncirous
trifoliata) and trifoliate orange (Chethalli) exhibited dwarfing growth with Nagpur mandarin
in black cotton soil of Central India. The tree canopy of Nagpur mandarin on Flying dragon
rootstock is only 27.2m3 with better fruit quality whereas the plants on rough lemon and
Rangpur lime canopy is ranging from 80 to 100m3 canopy after 15 years of tree life. These
rootstocks are useful for high density planting for Nagpur mandarin with double planting
density.
Seedless acid lime: An exotic rootstock Chase rough lemon produced less seeded (2.09
seeds/fruit) acid lime fruits whereas seedling produces maximum seeds(8-10 seeds/fruit) and
almost similar trend was recorded for more than ten years fruit
samples with 100% tree survival after 18 years of tree life. This
is very much useful finding for processing industry.
Fig.6 Less seeded acid lime on Chase rough lemon
Post-harvest management of Nagpur mandarin: Nagpur mandarin fruits having orange
colour, firmness und TSS/ and ratio (not less than 14-15%) can be stored at 5.250-6.85
0C
with 90-95% RH for 45 to 60 days considering storage and post storage losses and fruit
palatability. The techniques of combined pre and post-harvest treatment and packing in
vented polythene (bag in box) resulted in retention of natural freshness of fruit with
negligible decay and fruits had higher score of flavors and acceptability as compared with
and pre-harvest treated fruits.
Packaging: Technique of over- wrapping of Nagpur mandarin in trays with LLDPE stretch
cling film would be benefit in extending shelf life up to 2 months at low temperature. The
technique may serve as a consumer packing of ½ or 1 dozen fruit for easy and hygienic
handling and transport of fruit in CBF boxes with minimum deterioration during retail
marketing. Carbendazim (4000 ppm) treatment before wrapping reduced decay. ‘Cryovac’
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films resulted in eye-catching sparkle, glossiness and reduced fruit shape deformation. The
tray wrapping resulted in attractive and convenient consumer pack of one dozen fruits.
‘Cryovac’ films (BDF-2001 and D 955) were more suitable for tray wrapping due to their
strength as compared to polyethylene films.
Processing: Standardized the debittering process of Nagpur mandarin juice in continuous
flow process with - cyclodextrin and XAD-16 polymers.Standardized the juice extraction
method for Nagpur mandarin fruits as screw type juice extractor produced less bitter juice
with maximum juice recovery as compared to other method of juice extraction. Maximum
acceptability was also found in this method of juice extraction.
Integrated management of Citrus nematode
The observation on vegetative growth parameter indicated that maximum increase over
previous(18.86%) year was noted in treatment Phorat 10G@15 g.a.i. per tree and Neem
cake@ 20kg/tree whereas fruit yield recorded higher in Neem cake treatment with maximum
fruit weight(170.6g/fruit).
A survey indicated that the average fruit yield was higher in Morshi, Chandurbazar and
Durgapur areas ranging 300-800 fruits/tree whereas tree canopy was noted
maximum(81.8m3) in Durgapur orchards. As the nematode population was recorded
maximum in Paratwada area where the fruit samples showed maximum juice content
(55.7%) and TSS-acid ratio(14.68%). A study demonstrated that Trichoderma viridae and
various oil cakes exhibited nematode suppressing ability in acid lime under glass house
conditions.
Finalizing crop specific DUS testing guidelines for Citrus (Citrus reticulata, C. sinensis
and C. aurantifolia)
Standardizes DUS characters for Nagpur mandarin: Nagpur mandarin is the most
important mandarin cultivar in particularly central India and it is grown in largest area in the
country. The observations on leaf, flower, fruit and seed characters of this cultivar were
standardized.
Standardizes DUS characters for Coorg mandarin: This is commercially grown in Coorg
areas of Karnataka mostly in mixed plantation with Coffee and black pepper. The
observations on leaf, flower, fruit and seed characters of this cultivar were recorded for
further submission.
Standardizes DUS characters for Acid lime: Acid lime commonly known as Kagzi
nimboo which is commercially grown in different parts of the country. The observations on
leaf, flower, fruit and seed characters were recorded in acid lime for finalizing DUS
characters of this cultivar.
Raised bed planting system: The plantation of Nagpur mandarin, sweet orange, grapefruit
and acid lime are performing well with good growth and it indicated that the plantations of
all the citrus spp on raised bed has very good future and it”ll boost the production under
black soils of Central India.
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Use of PVC pipe: The use of two feet length and 2” dia meter PVC pipe in new plantation
has shown promising result in mandarin, sweet orange and grapefruit. Use of pvc pipe has
prevented the side shoot growth and resulted better growth towards foliage part and the bud
union was protected with soil born disease.
Soil Science and Nutrition
Leaf nutrient standards: For the first time in the country, cultivar based (Nagpur
mandarin, mosambi sweet orange, Khasi mandarin, Malta sweet orange, Sathgudi sweet
orange, acid lime, and Kinnow mandarin) leaf nutrient standards have been developed
using Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) through large scale
survey, modeling, experimentation and refinement based on crop response data based on
which advisory service initiated on countrywide basis and currently, a huge database of
456 orchards covering nationwide citrus belts has been created at the laboratory. Based on
above technology, Govt. of Maharashtra has declared 50% subsidy to private
entrepreneurs for establishing of Leaf Analysis Laboratory.
Development of cultivar specific fertilizer scheduling: The fertilizer scheduling of
nutrients like N, P and K was developed for cultivars like Nagpur mandarin and Acid
lime through multi-location trials. Likewise foliar spray schedule using nutrients such as
Fe and Zn was developed for Nagpur mandarin
Soil suitability diagnostic criteria for establishing soil constraint free citrus orchards
: The soil suitability criteria considering the effective soil depth has been developed using
21 soil physico-chemical properties in relation to fruit yield for 3 major citrus cultivars
(Nagpur mandarin, mosambi sweet orange, Khasi mandarin, Malta sweet orange,
Sathgudi sweet orange, acid lime and Kinnow mandarin) using Diagnosis &
Recommendation Integrated system (DRIS) through large scale survey, modeling,
experimentation and refinement based on crop response data.For the first time, the soil
suitability criteria in relation to fruit yield has been developed to put check on unsuitable
soils brought into cultivation and improved the productivity with area expansion. The Soil
Science Laboratory has been identified by ICAR for training foreign scientists visiting
India.
Site specific nutrient management strategy for improved fertilizer use efficiency
based on targeted yield concept: The blanket application of fertilizers within the big
orchard has failed to inflict improved orchard efficiency. Site specific nutrient
management strategy developed for Nagpur mandarin and mosambi sweet orange has
enabled to realize the potential productivity at specific soil site by mitigating all the
multiple nutrient deficiencies. The technique involves rationale use of fertilizers within
the orchard having large variation in soil properties both horizontally as well as vertically.
This technology is regularly disseminated to the citrus
growers on country wide basis at all the platforms associated
with various transfer of technologies like Rashtriya Kisan
Mela on Citrus, Mini Mission-I mode for NEH Region etc.
Citrus specific microbial consortium and its evaluation
under INM module: Growth promoting microbes were
isolated from rhizosphere (0-20 cm) for development of
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microbial consortium through extensive soil sampling at the experimental site. The
microbial diversity existing within rhizosphere soil was characterized and isolated the
promising microbes viz., Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus mycoids, Pseudomonas
fluorescens, Bacillus polymyxa and Trichoderma harzianum. Pure culture of these
microbes in value added form was developed and prepared a mixture called microbial
consortium (MC) having a minimum shelf life of 6 months. The microbial consortium so
developed was evaluated under INM mode.
Ready reckoner for soil-test-based fertilizer recommendation for different citrus
cultivars: Ready reckoner based on variation in magnitude of fertilizer response to
variable rate of fertilizer application was developed using the fertilizer doses prediction
model at a given soil-test values for a range of targeted fruit yield. The ready reckoner
developed for soil N-based (KMNO4-N) fertilizer production at various targeted yield of
Nagpur mandarin showed, if at soil test value of 100 kg ha-1
in order to get 110 q ha-1
(11.0 tons ha-1
fruit yield), we need to apply 130.10 kg N ha-1
, which will increase to
219.70 kg N ha-1
for targeted fruit yield of 150 q ha-1
(15.0 tons ha-1
) or to 299.30 kg N
ha-1
for targeted fruit yield of 200 q ha-1
(20.0 tons ha-1
) or to 159.82 kg N ha-1
for
targeted fruit yield of 300 q ha-1
(30.0 tons ha-1
) at soil N test value of 500 g N ha-1
.
Various recommendations for P at different soil test P values as the target fruit yield is
increased, e.g. 100 q ha-1
to 300 q ha-1
at soil P value of 5 kg ha-1
, the P recommendation
increased from 34.58 kg ha-1
to 130.58 kg ha-1
which further reduced to -32.49 kg ha-1
to
546.32 kg P ha-1
, respectively for targeted fruit yield of 100 q ha-1
(10.0 tons ha-1
) and 300
q ha-1
(30.0 tons ha-1
)at soil P test value of 30 kg ha-1.
Ready reckoner developed for
prediction of K fertilizers which varied to great extent depending upon the soil test value
NH4OAc-K. If soil K value is 100 kg ha-1
, we will need to apply 130.00 kg K ha-1
for
targeted fruit yield 100 q ha-1
(10.0 tons ha-1
) which will increase to 299.30 kg K ha-1
and
to 468.50 kg K ha-1
for targeted fruit yield of 200 q ha-1
(20.0 tons ha-1
) and 300 q ha-
1(30.0 tons ha
-1), respectively.
Developed 11 technology calendars for exclusive use of citrus growers as an Extension
Teaching Aid, These comprise of: i.Soil-Plant nutrient diagnostics in Nagpur mandarin;
ii.Nutrient management in Nagpur mandarin; iii.Suitable soils for Nagpur mandarin; iv.Fruit
yield prediction in intercropped citrus orchards; v.Soil fertility and plant nutrition in khasi
mandarin; vi.Nutritional disorders and management in citrus; vii. Analysis of citrus orchard
efficiency vis-a-vis Soil properties; viii.Site specific nutrient management in mandarin
orchards; ix.Nutrient management in sweet orange; x.Development of microbial consortium
and xi.Evaluation of microbial consortium under INM mode.
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Bedding System of Plantation for Citrus fruit crops
For citrus plants, in view of planting distance of 6 x 6 m modified raised beds have
been prepared. These beds are 5 m wide, 45 cm high at the middle (near the stem of the plant)
and sloping down towards both ends. The beds are
separated by parallel, 1 m width, trapezoidal shape
dead furrows oriented in the direction of land
slope. The water drains from the beds into dead
furrows, which discharge into a field drain
constructed at the lower end of the field and
perpendicular to the dead furrows.
Benefits of the system
In heavy soils, during rainy season, this system was highly effective in providing well-
drained conditions, at least in upper 0-30 cm soil depth. This is the zone where as much
as 80 to 90 per cent root activities of the citrus are confined.
The top soil drainage in bedding sytem promotes early restoration of aeration of the upper
root zone (usually a main rootzone in this type of soils).
Nutrient availability in the soil and its uptake by the plants was better in this system.
Considerable increase in vegetative growth of the plant was observed in this system of
plantation as compared to other methods.
This system induced more flowering, check the fruit drop problems thereby increasing
fruit yield of the plants.
In central India, land topography is very undulating having shallow depth. This system is
equally beneficial for these soils as it provides increased rooting depth (at least 50 cm) for
citrus plants.
On sloping land these beds can be constructed by digging trenches, refilling it with top
soil from same field or pond soil brought from outside. These types of beds constructed
across the slope acts as a soil conservation measures during low rainfall period.
During high rainfall period it increased percolation, drained water with non-erosive
velocity, thereby checking soil erosion losses.
Developed ready-reckoner indicating different soil types in central India with their
suitability for Nagpur mandarin
Identified and characterised five different types of soil under Nagpur mandarin
cultivation occurring in central India. A Ready - Reckoner has been developed which gives
an idea about physic-chemical characteristics of soils and its influence on the performance of
Nagpur mandarin. A farmer has to simply match his soil type with the developed reckoner
and he will get an idea about suitability of his soil for mandarin cultivation, its performance
and management practices to be followed under his soil types.
17
18
Identification of Drainage Problems and Their Management In Citrus Orchards
Better performance of citrus trees was observed on the soils having good drainage conditions.
Similarly, in the orchards having poor drainage conditions, considerable improvement in
orchard health was observed with the provision of drainage system.
Works on rainfall Analysis and Drainage coefficient for citrus orchards.
Table 1: Probable rainfall occurrence for 10 years of return period and drainage coefficient of
different Nagpur mandarin growing regions of Vidarbha
Name of the Rainfall (mm) (10 years return period) Drainage coefficient
(mm/day) Return period
District 1 day 2 days 3 days 4 days 5 days 5 years 10 years
Nagpur 190.6 240.1 252.6 284.9 311.8 50.0 71.2
Amravati 139.0 212.6 265.8 269.2 286.6 53.7 67.3
Wardha 174.4 233.9 262.3 303.1 328.6 63.4 75.7
Akola 132.1 170.6 192.2 207.6 208.4 44.9 51.9
Yavatmal 153.1 221.2 251.0 264.9 276.7 57.6 66.2
Suitability of drainage systems
The different surface drainage system suitable for cultivation of Nagpur mandarin
orchards grown on black soils of central India are discussed below.
The depression ditch system: This system is applicable to fields in which a limited
number of pronounced elongated depressions exists leading themselves to drainage by
means of ditches. The depressions may be drained individually or be linked. The ditches
discharge towards the field boundary into the main system.
The cross-slope parallel open ditch system: Ditch spacing should not exceed the
maximum safe (from erosion point of view) length of run which depends on soil type
slope, intensity of rainfall and feasibility. The open ditches are comparatively deeper and
have steep side slopes. The across the slope ditches are connected to main ditch which is
along the slope. Sufficient grade is being provided to the ditches. So that the some may be
used for water conservation in case of little amount of rainfall. Drainage provision
should be made right from the stage of layout and that spacing of the drain should be
multiple of row width, 4 to 6 times for very permeable soils and 2 to 3 times in heavy
impermeable soils.
Bedding system: Bedding (6 m wide beds separated by furrows, 45 cm high at the
middle and sloping down towards both ends) is the classical drainage method for flat
heavy lands.
19
Evaluation and Recommendation of ‘Alemow’ Rootstock For Citrus
Worked as a ‘Co-Principal Investigator’ in research project on ‘Evaluation of different
citrus rootstocks for citrus’. Studied nutrient uptake pattern in Nagpur mandarin and Acid
lime plants budded on Alemow rootstock in comparison with other rootstocks.
Technologies Developed in Soil and Water management in Citrus
Micro-irrigation systems in Nagpur mandarin and acid lime : Micro-irrigation
system was standerdised. Growth, soil moisture distribution, yield and fruit quality of
bearing Nagpur mandarin was superior with Micro-jet 1800 (2/plant) and Micro-jet 300
0
(2/plant) irrigation system in comparison with basin method of irrigation. Water use
efficiency was more in micro-irrigation systems.
Irrigation scheduling in Nagpur mandarin and acid lime : Irrigation scheduling based
on soil water with 20% and 30% depletion of Available Water Content and based on pan
evaporation with 0.8 of open pan evaporation resulted better growth, yield and fruit
quality of Nagpur mandarin and acid lime besides improving the water use efficiency.
Fertigation in Nagpur mandarin and acid lime : Standardized the NPK fertigation in
Nagpur mandarin and acid lime. The fertilizer dose of 500 : 140 :70 (N:P:K) was
developed for fertigation using water soluble fertilizers, which improved fertilizer
efficiency.
Mulching in Nagpur mandarin and acid lime : Black polyethylene of 100 and grass
mulch @ 3 ton/ha. was found better in conserving the soil moisture, increasing the
growth, yield and fruit quality in Nagpur mandarin and acid lime.
Automatic drip irrigation scheduling : The Nagpur mandarin yield was highest (30.91
t/ha.) with irrigation on alternate day 120 minutes three times followed by irrigation
scheduled with 90 minutes interval two times daily (30.11 t/ha.).
Micro-jet systems with controller : The mandarin yield was highest with 1800 fan type
micro-jet (2/plant) (29.34 t/ha.) followed by 3000 ray type micro-jet (2/plant) (26.22
t/ha.). The mandarin yield was highest i.e. 28.78 t/ha. with 4 lph eight emitters on single
lateral in octagonal arrangement
K- fertilizer fertigation : The mandarin yield was highest (31.13 t/ha) with fertigation
with Mono Potassium Phosphate (150 g K2O/plant) followed by fertigation with
Potassium Nitrate (150 g K2O/plant) at 15 days interval (29.4 t/ha).
K-fertigation dose standerdization : The mandarin yield was highest (25.52 t/ha) with
sulphate of potash (40 g K2O/plant) fertigation followed by fertigation with 50 g
K2O/plant at 30 days interval (23.67t/ha).
Critical growth stages and water requirements : The critical stage of water
requirement in Nagpur mandarin was found from January to June (Stage I (Jan-Feb),
II(Mar-Apr) and III(May-June). The stage wise water requirement in Nagpur mandarin
was optimum with 80 % ER in all the stages.
Interaction of irrigation and fertigation levels : The irrigation at 80 % evaporation
replenishment ER and fertigation with 75 % RDF interaction gave higher yield in Nagpur
mandarin.
20
Micro-nutrients dose standerdization of zinc sulphate and iron sulphate : The
highest fruit yield per tree as well as fruit quality of Nagpur mandarin was observed in the
fertigation of FeSO4 @ 200 g/plant and ZnSO4 @ 300 g/plant compared to soil
application.
Entomology
Insect Pests Management
Citrus psylla: Foliar application with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.5 ml or
quinolphos 25 EC @ 1ml or thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.3 g/l or Azadirachitin
1% @ 4 ml or novaluron 10 EC @ 1 ml/l and Mak All Season HMO @ 1.5%
at bud burst stage during February March in Ambia, July in Mrig and October
to November in Hasta flushing seasons reduces citrus psylla infestation levels.
Time of breaking water stress on 1st January in Nagpur mandarin in
central India, 6mx6m spacing, application of vermicompost @ 10 kg /tree and
soil application of thiamethoxam @ 0.008% recorded significantly reduced
levels of citrus psylla.
Citrus leaf miner : Foliar spray of imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.5 ml or
quinolphos 25 EC @ 2 ml or dimethoate 30 EC @ 1.5 ml or neem oil @ 5 ml
or phosalone 35 EC @ 1.5 ml or fenvalerate 20EC @ 1ml/l or Mak All Season
HMO @ 1.5% at 10 days interval as soon as the infestation noticed checks the
incidence of leaf miner.
Citrus blackfly : Foliar spray with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.5 ml or
quinolphos 25 EC @ 1.25 ml or acephate 75 WP @ 0.8 g or dimetoate
30 EC @ 2 ml /l of water at 50% egg hatching stage or first instar
nymphal stage of the pest on the under surface of leaf twice at 15 days
interval during Ambia (April), Mrig (June-Aug) and Hasta (Oct-Dec.)
flushing periods reduces the blackfly infestation.
Thrips: Foliar application of dimethoate 30 EC @ 2 ml or
acephate 75 WP @ 1.25 ml or phosalone 35 EC @ 1.5 ml/l or Mak
All Season HMO @ 2.0 % at bud burst stage and berry stage
reduces the thrips infestation.
21
Fruit Sucking Moth: Foliar application of neem oil @ 10ml or malathion 50 EC @ 2 ml or
DDVP 76 EC @ 1 ml/l at the time of colour break stage at 10 -15 days interval till harvest
reduces the infestation of fruit sucking moth.
Generation of smoke in the orchard for 2 hours in the
evening repels adult moths, poison baiting with malathion 50 EC
@ 10 ml + 100 g jaggary +100 ml mandarin juice + 900 ml of
water (two bottles containing poison bait per 25-30 trees), foliar
application of neem oil @ 10ml/l at fortnightly interval followed
by treatment with potted tomato plants with soil application of
imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.5 ml/l in Nagpur mandarin rows +
neem oil @ 10ml/l spray over canopy reduces the incidence of
fruit piercing moths.
Citrus rust mite: Foliar application of dicofol 18.5 EC @ 2 ml /l
water or propargite 57 EC @ 1ml or ethion 50 EC @ 1 ml/l or
Mak All Season HMO @ 2.0 % or Azdirachitin (1%) @ 4 ml or
wettable sulphur 85 DP @ 3 g /lit water twice at 14 days during
mite active period was effective against rust mites.
Bark eating caterpillar: Injection of 5-10 ml of dichlorovos 76
EC @ (0.1%) in the fresh larval tunnel and covering it with
cotton wad reduces the bark eating caterpillar infestation.
Multiplication of Chrysopid Predator, Mallada desjardinsi Navas
Mass multiplication of chrysopid predator, Mallada desjardinsi (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
has been standardized using protinex 40g + fructose 70g in 250 ml water as adult diet and
Corcyra cephalonica eggs (inactivated) as larval diet. Fresh citrus twigs followed by black
paper were found as preferred substrate for egg laying by M. desjardinsi. Using this
technique, a modest culture of 200-300 adults, 1500-2000 larvae and 2000-3000 eggs could
be maintained throughout the year by inoculating C. cephalonica at 30 day interval, so that
predatory larval stage of M. desjardinsi and egg stage of C. cephalonica could be well
synchronized.
Field Release: Evaluation of various stages/doses of a chrysopid predator, M. desjardensi
against citrus psylla and blackfly showed that release of M. desjardensi @ 4 larvae/shoot, 2
adult pairs/shoot followed by 6 eggs/shoot under caged condition twice at 2 weeks interval
reduced the psylla and blackfly nymphal population considerably. Further, release of M.
desjardensi @ 30 larvae or 50 eggs/ tree twice in each flushing season reduces the overall
pest population.
22
Mallada desjardinsi adult Mallada desjardinsi larva
feeding on psylla nymphs
Mallada desjardinsi egg
laying on fresh mandarin
twig
23
Plant Pathology
Development of Diagnostics for Phytophthora species infecting citrus: Correctly
identifying Phytophthora to species level is the first critical step in mitigating the crop health
risk. Diagnostic tools have been developed with integration of
classical isolation & morphology-based approach and modern
DNA finger printing technology. ITS-RFLP, sequencing of nuclear
rDNA, species-specific primers, Taqman real time PCR have been
developed to detect Phytophthora spp. in soil, water and host
tissues.
Production of Phytophthora-free Nursery plants:
The methodologies for the elimination of soil-borne pathogens like
Phytophthora in the potting media have been standardized by soil
solarization and fumigation.
Chemical control of Phytophthora root rot and gummosis of
citrus
Chemical control measures against Phytophthora root rot and
gummosis of citrus using Copper (Bordeaux Paste) and systemic
fungicides like mefenoxam and fosetyl-Al have been established.
Management of Twig Blight/ Die-back
Twig blight can be controlled by pruning the affected branches/twigs followed by application
of benzimidazole fungices.
Biological control of Phytophthora root rot and gummosis of citrus
Trichoderma is a genus of fungi that is present naturally in all soils, and helps control soil-
borne diseases and hence are among the most promising biocontrol agents against plant
pathogens. An isolate of T. harizanium (NRCfBA-44) has been found very effective in
controlling Phytophthora root rot of citrus under central India conditions. Talc-based
formulation products of T. harizanium (strain NRCfBA-44) have been developed at ICAR-
CCRI, Nagpur for citrus nursery and field applications.
24
IDM package for citrus Phytophthora diseases
An integrated disease management (IDM) package
combining cultural, resistance, biological and chemical
measures has been developed for Phytophthora diseases
of citrus
Diagnostics for Citrus greening bacterium
Rapid detection of Citrus greening bacterium in plant and
insect vector by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -based
molecular technique was developed. A rapid and sensitive
diagnostic kit based on PCR has been developed. This
technique is being used routinely in the Centre’s ongoing
budwood certification programme i.e. production of disease -
free planting material.
Real time Quanatitative (q) PCR and LAMP method for rapid detection of Citrus
greening bacterium A real time Quanatitative (q) PCR method was
standardized and developed for rapid and sensitive
detection of greening bacterium with primers and probe
(Taqman) specific for ‘Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus’. The
real-time PCR system is a more efficient tool in the
early diagnosis of the disease. A rapid and easy Loop
mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based
diagnostic assay for citrus greening bacterium was also
standardized using Hydroxy Naphthol Blue (HNB) as
the visualization dye.
Management of greening disease
Management strategy for the control of greening disease was developed using bactericide
(Tetracycline hydrochloride) and application of micronutrients ZnSO4 and FeSO4.
Mangement of citrus bacterial canker disease
Pruning of the infected twigs during summer followed by 4 foliar sprays with the
combination of Copper Oxychloride (COC) 0.3%, Streptocycline 100 ppm, and Neem cake
extract (5%) during July-Sept at monthly intervals effectively reduced the disease incidence
under Nagpur conditions.
SCAR markers for molecular identification of three citrus rootstock cultivars: rough
lemon, Rangpur lime and Galgal
Two pairs of SCAR markers (SCO and SCd) were tested and validated for their efficacy in
identifying rough lemon, Rangpur lime and Galagal rootstock cultivars.
25
Technologies for virus and virus like diseases
Standardized PCR based (RT-PCR, IC-PCR, nested PCR and real time) rapid and
sensitive molecular diagnostic tools for major virus and virus-like pathogens infecting
citrus in India viz. Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), Citrus mosaic badna virus (CMBV),
Indian citrus ring spot virus (ICRSV), Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Citrus greening
pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and Candidatus Phytoplasma spp.
Recently, one LAMP based low cost and highly sensitive Quick disease diagnostic kit
for rapid detection of Citrus greening disease has been standardized which can be
successfully applied in centres located even in remote places with limited resources.
This technology is now ready for commercialization
Developed CTV specific polyclonal antibodies using both purified virus preparation
and expressed recombinant coat protein of the virus which is being used for routine
diagnosis purpose in ELISA
Cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of coat protein gene of 54 CTV isolates
has been done which reveals significant molecular variations among these virus isolates
RT-PCR based protocol for diagnosis of CTV in aphid vectors has been standardized
which is useful for epidemiological studies. Role of insect vectors viz. aphids and citrus
psylla for the natural spread of CTV and HLB respectively has been evaluated
For simultaneous detection of several viruses infecting citrus in an orchard, duplex
PCR technique has been standardized for detection of CTV and CMBV, CTV and
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, CTV and ICRSV and this duplex PCR technique is
more economical and user friendly
Etiology of citrus exocortis viroid and hop stunt viroid mixed infection in citrus has
been established
Identifed a new disease, Phytoplasma induced witches broom disease of citrus which
was a new record from India. Nested PCR techniques for its diagnosis has been
standardized
Based on tandem reat numbers (TRN) at hyper variable region of the genome
(CLIBASIA_01645), genetic diversity of citrus greening pathogen Candidatus
Liberibacter asiaticus has been assayed . A total of 81 pathogen isolates collected from
all citrus growing belts of India was used for this study which has been published as full
research article in ' Phytopathology '
Standardized diagnostic tools has been used to successfully implement citrus bud wood
certification program at the institute for commercial production of virus-free
planting material of citrus and its distribution to the citrus growers.
Disease-free planting material of citrus was also developed by using STG technique
that cleans virus infection from superior citrus clones / varieties with virus infection
During last fifteen years (2000-15), more than thirty lakhs virus-free planting material
has been developed for distribution to the citrus growers which has helped CCRI to
generate resources of about three crore rupees
Citrus being vegetatively propagated crop always involves risk of introducing new
pathogens with introduced germplasms. Therefore virus indexing of all introduced
26
germplasm is being done in our lab that minimizes the risk of introducing new pathogens
in India
Role of different virus and virus-like pathogens (VLPs) in causing citrus decline in India
has been assessed
A new micro-grafting technique has been standardized for bio-diagnosis of citrus viruses
which reduces time period for virus detection
Actively involved in clonal selection of different citrus cultivars with superior
horticultural parameters
Total number of NCBI Genbank sequence submissions: 254
27
Post-Harvest Handling
Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)
Maturity indices for Ambia (Spring blossom) and Mrig( Monsoon blossom) crop
Mechanized process of mandarin fruit sorting, washing, wax coating and grading
Evaluation of manual vis-a-vis mechanical system
Effects of packaging material on storage life
Unipacking (individual fruit) or tray-wrapping (half-dozen fruit)
Process of pre-cooling.
Standardization of refrigerated storage conditions
Shelf life after long term refrigerated storage
Intermittent warming during storage at chilling temperatures
‘Mosambi’ Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck)
Degreening of sweet orange echanized handling, wax coating and grading of
Mosambi orange
Standardization of refrigerated storage conditions
Evaporative cool chamber for storage of Mosambi
Acid Lime (’Kagzi’) Citrus aurantifolia Swingle
Standardization of maturity indices
Standardization of refrigerated storage conditions
Storage of acid lime in evaporative cool chamber
Mechanized process of wax application and grading
Packaging and storage
Nagpur Mandarin Processing
Methods of juice extraction and juice quality
Amberlite polymers for reduction of bitterness in juice
Utilization of Processing Waste
Survey of processing units
Replacement of maize by orange pomace-peel feed in broiler mash
NRCC - CIRCOT (Mumbai) Joint Project
Development of CFB Boxes from cotton plant stalks
Materials developed
Pre -cooling Unit ( ½ tonne capacity)
Degreening Unit (1 tonne capacity)
Corrugated fibre board containers for packaging of Nagpur mandarin
Cartons of following specifications and designs developed
Effect of curing on shelf life of citrus fruits
Effect of carnuba wax coating on shelf life of mandarins and sweet orange fruits
Effects of hot water treatment on the storage stability of Nagpur mandarin
Studies on organic manuring in Nagpur mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco)
Effect of Lac coating on storage ability of Nagpur mandarin fruits
28
Impact of Post-harvest Technologies
Mechanized sorting, wax coating and grading
Consultancy Services
Mandarin handling and storage facility at Karanja Ghadge (APEDA assisted)
Mandarin handling and storage facility at Warud
Mandarin handling and storage facility at Morshi (Dist- Amravati)
Nagpur mandarin packinghouse (Private ownership)
Use of plastic crates and corrugated fibre board boxes
Adoption of evaporative cool chamber technology developed at NRCC, Nagpur
Blended Juice
Mosambi blended Nagpur mandarin juice
Mosambi and acid lime blended Nagpur mandarin juice
Grapes and Aonla blended Nagpur mandarin juice.
Carrot blended Nagpur mandarin juice
Honey blended Nagpur mandarin juice
Citrus Juice Concentrate
Flash evaporation techniques
Frozen juice concentrate
Citrus Fruit Segments Dehydration
Segment dehydration
Osmotically dehydrated Nagpur mandarin Segments
Technology Commercialization
RTS drinks of Acid lime fruits.
Carbonated drinks developed from Acid lime fruits.
Carbonated drinks from Nagpur mandarin fruits.