PRODUCED WATER Technological/Environmental Issues and Solutions

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH

Series Editor:

Herbert S. Rosenkranz Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh 130 DeSoto Street Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Founding Editor: Alexander Hollaender

Recent Volumes in this Series

Volume 39-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY OF COMPLEX MIXTURES Edited by Michael D. Waters, F. Bernard Daniel, Joellen Lewtas, Martha M. Moore, and Stephen Nesnow

Volume 40-NITROARENES: Occurrence, Metabolism, and Biological Impact Edited by Paul C. Howard, Stephen S. Hecht, and Frederick A. Beland

Volume 41-ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR WASTE TREATMENT Edited by Gary S. Sayler, Robert Fox, and James W. Blackburn

Volume 42-CHEMISTRY FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT Edited by L. Pawlowski, W. J. Lacy, and J. J. Dlugosz

Volume 43-PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES IN THE SEA Edited by Paul G. Falkowski and Avril D. Woodhead

Volume 44 - SECONDARY-METABOLITE BIOSYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM Edited by Richard J. Petroski and Susan P. McCormick

Volume 45 -GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE: Linking Energy, Environment, Economy, and Equity Edited by James C. White

Volume 46 - PRODUCED WATER: Technological/Environmental Issues and Solutions Edited by James P. Ray and F. Rainer Engelhardt

A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.

PRODUCED W ATER T echnolog ical/Environ mental Issues and Solutions

Edited by

James P. Ray Shell Oii Company Houston, Texas

and

F. Rainer Engelhardt Marine Spill Response Corporation Washington, D.C.

SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC

Llbrary of Congress Cataloglng-ln-Publlcatlon Data

International Produced Water Symposium (1992 , San Oiego. Calif.) Produced water , technological/environmental issues and solutions edited by James P. Ray and F. Ralner Engelhardt.

p. cm. -- (Environmental science research ; v.46) "Proceedings of the 1992 International Produced Water Symposium.

held February 4-7. 1992. in San Oiego. California"--T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4613-6258-6 1. Oil field brines--Congresses. 1. Ray. J. P. II. Engelhardt.

F. R. (F. Ranier) III. Title. IV. Series. TN871.1523 1992 622' .33819--dc20 92-44262

Proceedings of the 1992 International Produced Water Symposium, held February 4-7, 1992, in San Diego, California

ISBN 978-1-4613-6258-6 ISBN 978-1-4615-2902-6 (eBook) DOI1O.1007/978-1-4615-2902-6 © 1992 Springer Science+ Business Media New York

Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1992 Softcover re print ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1992

Ali rights reserved

CIP

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

FOREWORD

This book represents the proceedings of the first major international meeting dedi­cated to discuss environmental aspects of produced water. The 1992 International Pro­duced Water Symposium was held at the Catamaran Hotel, San Diego, California, USA, on February 4-7, 1992. The objectives of the conference were to provide a forum where scientists, regulators, industry, academia, and the enviromental community could gather to hear and discuss the latest information related to the environmental considerations of produced water discharges. It was also an objective to provide a forum for the peer review and international publication of the symposium papers so that they would have wide availability to all parties interested in produced water environmental issues.

Produced water is the largest volume waste stream from oil and gas production activities. Onshore, well over 90% is reinjected to subsurface formations. Offshore, and in the coastal zone, most produced water is discharged to the ocean. Over the past several years there has been increasing concern from regulators and the environmental commu­nity. There has been a quest for more information on the composition, treatment systems and chemicals, discharge characteristics, disposal options, and fate and effects of the produced water. As so often happens, much of this information exists in the forms of reports and internal research papers. This symposium and publication was intended to make this information available, both for open discussion at the conference, and for peer review before publication.

In the years to come as discharge options become more limited, and production operations more costly, this new information could provide a valuable technical basis upon which to make new regulatory decisions. It is hoped that the information presented will prove useful to operators in developing better and more efficient treatment technologies, and also will prove valuable to regulators in developing beUer, scientifically based, envi­ronmental controls.

It also should provide a clear basis upon which to plan future research to both strengthen our current knowledge base as well as fill data gaps.

James P. Ray F. Rainer Engelhardt

\I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank all of the contributing authors who participated in the 1992 International Produced Water Symposium, San Diego, California, (Feb. 4-7, 1992), and their co-authors who made the papers presented in this book possible. We would also like to thank the 239 participants who contributed to the quality of the conference and these papers by their active participation in the question and answer sessions which followed each presentation.

Key to the success of the conference were Annmarie Pittman and Cathy Coyle of Courtesy Associates, Washington, D.C. Theywere the professionals behind the organiza­tion and execution of the conference. Mr.John Taylor and the staffofthe Catamaran Hotel provided an excellent atmosphere and facilities for the conference.

The following sponsors provided funds and professional staff so that this conference could be organized:

American Petroleum Institute

Canadian Petroleum Association

E&P Forum

Environment Canada

Fisheries & Oceans Canada

Gas Research Institute

Indian & Northern Affairs Canada

Interstate Oil & Gas Compact Commission

National Energy Board of Canada

U.S. Department of Energy

U.S. DOl, Bureau of Land Management

U.S. DOl, Minerals Management Service

vi;

Representing the sponsoring organizations, and making the conference possible, were the following Steering Committee Members:

Dr. James P. Ray, (Chairman- Symposium) Ms. Nancy Johnson Shell Oil Company U.S. Department of Energy Houston, Texas USA Washington, D.C. USA

Dr. James Anderson National Energy Board Calgary, Alberta CANADA

Dr. Daniel Caudle Conoco, Inc. Houston, Texas USA

Dr. Sie Ling Chiang Bureau of Land Management Washington, D.C. USA

Ms. Susan Clarke (Chairman, Program Committee) Environment Canada Hull, Quebec CANADA

Dr. Rainer Engelhardt (Chairman, Review Committee) Marine Spill Response Corporation Washington, D.C. USA

Mr. James Evans Gas Research Institute Chicago, Illinois USA

Dr. Arthur Hartstein U.S. Department of Energy Washington, D.C. USA

Mr. T.A. Herenius Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij B.V. The Hague, NETHERlANDS

viii

Mr. Rodney Paterson Fisheries and Oceans Canada Ottawa, Ontario CANADA

Mr. Jerry Simmons Interstate Oil & Gas Compact Commission Oklahoma City, Oklahoma USA

Ms. Cheryl Starke Milpark Drilling Fluids Houston, Texas USA

Ms. Alexis Steen American Petroleum Institute Washington, D.C. USA

Dr. Kenneth Turgeon U.S. Minerals Management SelVice Washington, D.C. USA

Mr. Gary Webster (Co-Chairman Symposium) Canadian Petroleum Association Calgary, Alberta CANADA

Dr. Abbas Zaidi Wastewater Technology Centre Burlington, Ontario CANADA

In addition, Drs. R.C. Ayers, Jr., and Michael Stephenson contributed to the Review Committee. Special thanks go to our group of invited speakers that made plenary pre­sentations to set the tone of the conference:

Dr. Alasdair McIntyre (Keynote) University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, Scotland

Mr. Dale Gilliam Amoco Production Company Houston, Texas USA

Dr. Brian Bietz Alberta Energy Resources

Conservation Board Calgary, Alberta CANADA

Dr. David Monk BP Exploration, Europe Aberdeen, Scotland

And finally, credit for the high quality of this publication go to over 150 scientists and technical specialists who served as peer reviewers and gave of their valuable time to re­view papers, and to Chris Noble of Noble Publishing who spent long hours preparing the final manuscripts via desktop publishing.

James P. Ray Chairman

Gary Webster Co-Chairman

IX

CONTENTS

MANAGEMENT CONCERNS

A SURVEY OF PRODUCED WATER STUDIES M. T. Stephenson

.............. 1

THE COMPOSITION OF PRODUCED WATER FROM SHELL OPERATED OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION IN THE NORTH SEA ............ 13

R.P.W.M. Jacobs., R.O.H. Grant, J. Kwant, J.M., Marquenie, and E. Mentzer

REVIEW OF THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF EPA'S OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS EFFLUENT GUIDELINES .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

J.A. Veil

PROCEDURE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CONTINGENCY PLANS TO MITIGATE PRODUCED WATER RELEASES ON BLM LANDS ...... 35

J.L. Rogers, R.T. Hicks, and J.Jensen

DEVELOPMENT OF A PRODUCT SCREENING PROTOCOL FOR EVALUATING ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECfS OF OILFIELD CHEMICALS ............................ 45

J. D. Berg, S. Bakke, E. A. Vik, and B. S. Nesgard

MODELING APPROACHES

MODELING OFFSHORE DISCHARGES OF PRODUCED WATER . 59 M. G. Brandsma, J. P. Smith, J. E. O'Reilly, R. C. Ayers, Jr., and A. L. Holmquist

AN ANALYSIS OF MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR PRODUCED WATERS FROM NATURAL GAS PRODUCfION .............. 73

D. V. Nakles, I. Ortiz, and J. R. Frank

A STATISTICAL MODEL TO PREDICT TOXICITY OF SALINE PRODUCED WATERS TO FRESHWATER ORGANISMS ................. 89

D.D. Gulley, D.R. Mount, J.R. Hockett, and H.L. Bergman

xi

CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION

A COMPREHENSIVE DETERMINATION OF PRODUCED WATER COMPOSITION. . . . .. . ..... . . ........ 97

P.J.C. Tibbetts, l.T. Buchanan, L.J. Gawel, and R. Large

CHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PRODUCED WATER FREON EXTRACTS .................. 113

J.S. Brown, T.C. Sauer, Jr., M.J. Wade, and J.M. Neff

SPECIFIC TOXIC ORGANICS IN PRODUCED WATERS FROM IN-SITU HEAVY OIL RECOVERY OPERATIONS IN WESTERN CANADA .... 133

J. Carey, A. Zaidi, and J. Ribo

SOURCES, CHARACTERISTICS, AND MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCED WATERS FROM NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION AND STORAGE OPERATIONS ........................... 151

J.P. Fillo, S.M. Koraido, and J.M. Evans

CHARACTERIZATION OF PRODUCED WATERS FROM NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION AND STORAGE OPERATIONS: REGULATORY ANALYSIS OF A COMPLEX MATRIX .................... 163

M.C. Shepherd, F.L. Shore, S.K. Mertens, and J.S. Gibson

TOXICITY

USE OF LABORATORY TOXICITY DATA FOR EVALUATING THE ENVIRONMENTAL ACCEPTABILITY OF PRODUCED WATER DISCHARGE TO SURFACE WATERS .................... 175

D.R. Mount, KR. Drottar, D.D. Gulley, J.P. Fillo, and P.E. O'Neil

TOXICITY IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PRODUCED WATER DISCHARGES FROM COLORADO AND WYOMING. . .... 187

K W. Fucik

A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF PRODUCED WATER TOXICITY ...... 199 KC. Schiff, D.J. Reish, J.W. Anderson, and S.M. Bay

IDENTIFICATION OF TOXICITY IN LOW-TDS PRODUCED WATERS ....... 209 T.C. Sauer, Jr., T.J. Ward, J.S. Brown, S. O'Neil, and M.J. Wade

AN APPROACH TO TOXICANT ISOLATION FROM A PRODUCED WATER SOURCE IN THE SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL .............. 223

R.M. Higashi, G.N. Cherr, c.A. Bergens, and T;W.M. Fan

SHORT-TERM CHRONIC TOXICITY OF PRODUCED WATER AND ITS VARIABILITY AS A FUNCTION OF SAMPLE TIME AND DISCHARGE RATE ........................ .

C.M. Moffitt, M.R. Rhea, P.B. Dorn, J.F. Hall, J.M. Bruney, and S.H. Evans

TOXICITY TESTING AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF

. ... 235

PRODUCED WATER - A PRELIMINARY STUDY. . ............ 245 J. Brendehaug, S.Johnsen, K H.Bryne , A. L. Gjose, T.H. Eide, and E. Aamot

xii

RADIOACTIVITY

RADIOCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF NORM IN PRODUCED WATER UTILIZING WET CHEMISTRY SEPARATION FOLLOWED BY RADIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS ......................... 257

D.L. Demorest and E.S. Wallace

RADIUM FATE AND OIL REMOVAL FOR DISCHARGED PRODUCED SAND ................ .

T.M. Randolph, R.C. Ayers, Jr. , R.A. Shaul, A.D. Hart, W.T. Shebs, J.P. Ray, S.A. Savant-Malhiet, and R.V. Rivera

.. 267

PRODUCED WATER RADIONUCLIDES FATE AND EFFECTS ........... 281 M.M. Mulino and M.F. Rayle

RADIUM CONCENTRATION FACTORS AND THEIR USE IN HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT .................. 293

A.F. Meinhold and L.D. Hamilton

HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FOR RADIUM DISCHARGED IN PRODUCED WATERS ............................. 303

L.D. Hamilton, A.F. Meinhold, and J. Nagy

FATE AND EFFECT

BIOLOGICAL FATE AND EFFECT OF COALBED METHANE PRODUCED WATERS DISCHARGED INTO STREAMS OF THE WARRIOR BASIN, ALABAMA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... 315

P. E. O'Neil, S. C Harris, M. F. Mettee, H. R. Isaacson, and J. M. Evans

SURFACE DISCHARGE OF COALBED METHANE PRODUCED WATERS IN THE WARRIOR BASIN OF ALABAMA, THE CEDAR COVE MODEL ................................. 329

P. E. O'Neil, H. R. Isaacson, and J. M. Evans

PRODUCED WATER IMPACTS IN LOUISIANA COASTAL WATERS ........ 343 M.F. Rayle and M.M. Mulino

FATE AND EFFECTS OF PRODUCED WATER DISCHARGES IN COASTAL LOUISIANA, GULF OF MEXICO, USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

N.N. Rabalais, B.A. McKee, DJ. Reed, and J.C Means

COMPOSITION, FATE AND EFFECTS OF PRODUCED WATER DISCHARGES TO NEARSHORE MARINE WATERS .......... 371

J.M. Neff, T.C Sauer, Jr., and N. Maciolek

SPATIAL SCALE OF ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH AN OPEN COAST DISCHARGE OF PRODUCED WATER ........... 387

C.W. Osenberg, , R.J. Schmitt, S.J. Holbrook, and D. Canestro

xiii

USE OF NONINVASIVE NMR SPECTROSCOPY AND IMAGING FOR ASSESSING PRODUCED WATER EFFECTS ON MUSSEL REPRODUCTION .......................... 403

T.\V.-M. Fan, R.M. Higashi, G.N. Cherr, and M. C. Pillai

EFFECTS OF PRODUCED WATER ON SETTLEMENT OF LARVAE: FIELD TESTS USING RED ABALONE ........................ 415

P.T. Raimondi and R.J. Schmitt

EFFECTS OF PRODUCED WATER ON EARLY LIFE STAGES OF A SEA URCHIN: STAGE-SPECIFIC RESPONSES AND DELAYED EXPRESSION ............................ 431

P. R. Krause, C. W. Osenberg, and R. J. Schmitt

SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF PRODUCED WATER FROM CRUDE OIL TERMINALS ON THE CLAM Donax faha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

Z. b. Din and A.b. Abu

METHODS DEVELOPMENT AND NEW TECHNOLOGY

A PROTOCOL FOR DETERMINING OIL AND GREASE IN PRODUCED WATERS ............................. 455

K. Simms, A. Zaidi, and O. Bhargava

INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE USE OF MODIFIED ZEOLITES FOR REMOVING BENZENE, TOLUENE, AND XYLENE FROM SALINE PRODUCED WATER .............................. 473

J.S. Janks and F. Cadena

RECENT ADVANCES IN THE APPLICATION OF MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY FOR THE REMOVAL OF OIL AND SUSPENDED SOLIDS FROM PRODUCED WATERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 489

A. Zaidi, K. Simms, S. Kok, and R. Nelson

SULPHATE SEPARATION FROM SEAWATER BY NANOFILTRATION ...... 503 T. Bilstad

INITIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR A COST EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF STRIPPER OIL WELL PRODUCED WATER ....... 511

M.A. Adewumi, J.E. Erb, and R.W. Watson

BIORECLAMATION OF OILFIELD PRODUCED WASTEWATERS: CHARACTERIZATION AND FEASIBILITY STUDY ............ 523

G.T.Tellez and N. Nirmalakhanda

USE OF SOLAR PONDS TO RECLAIM SALT PRODUCTS FROM BRINE WATERS FROM OILAND GAS WELL OPERATIONS IN NEW YORK ................................... 535

J.F. Atkinson, M.R. Matsumoto, M.D. Bunn, and D.S. Hodge

SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF PRODUCED WATERS: AN ALBERTA

xiv

PERSPECTIVE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 R. J. Cox

WATER REUSE TESTING AT SHELL'S PEACE RIVER COMPLEX ......... 561 O. D. Giesbrecht, F. Chang, and R. Nelson

OVERVIEW OF THE PRODUCED WATER SYSTEM AT THE PRUDHOE BAY UNIT - ALASKA, NORTH SLOPE .................... 569

T. A. Denman and S. Starr

PRODUCTION WATER/WASTE TREATMENT AND SITE REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY DATABASE FOR THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY ... 579

J. T. Tallon, J. P. FilIo, and J. M. Evans

TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF WASTWATERS PRODUCED WITH COALBED METHANE BY REVERSE OSMOSIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

P.F. Simmons

CONVERSION TABLE .. 605

AUTHORS INDEX .607

SUBJECT INDEX. .609

xv