Student perceptions on language learning in a technological environment
Technological Environment
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Transcript of Technological Environment
Technological Environment
Presented By:•Adesh Thangden•Anmol Pasa Shrestha•Asish Tandukar•Chhitiz Shrestha•Dikshya Acharya
NepalDeveloping economy: transferring from rural
to urban and traditional to modern market oriented
Predominantly agricultural country, about 80 percent populations deriving their livelihood from this sector and the main source of gross domestic production (about 40%)
Literacy rate: 68.2% ( According to the UNDP report 2011)
Nepal’s economy at a glance
142 Cote D’Ivoire
$1,700
143 Kenya $1,600
143 Ghana $1,600
143 Benin $1,600
144 Tanzania $1,500
144 Zambia $1,500
145 Nepal $1200
145 Uganda $1,200
145 Haiti $1,200
145 Mali $1,200
145 Burkina Faso
$1,200
146 Rwanda $1,100
146 Burma $1,100
146 Ethiopia $1,100
1 QatarUS$ 91,379
2 Luxembourg 89,562
3 United Arab Emirates
57,744
4 Norway 56,9205 Singapore 56,797
6 United States 47,084
7 Switzerland 46,424
8 Hong Kong 46,333
9 Netherlands 42,447
10 Austria 39,71111 Denmark 39,41012 Australia 39,23113 Sweden 38,88514 Canada 38,84115 Germany 37,622
IntroductionTechnology includes all aspects of applied
science for achieving a practical purpose.Technology is viewed as a means of
combining four factors of production( land, labor, capital and knowledge) which increases the ability to create new product from combining these factors.
DefinitionsAccording to G. Jones And C. Hill : “Technology
is the combination of skills and equipments that managers use in the design, production and distribution of goods and services.”
According to R.W. Griffin (2007) :- “Technology is the set of processes and systems used by organizations to convert resources in to products or services”.
Business and TechnologyBusiness and technology are inseparable, and
complementary to each other.Technology advancement increases the
production, effective use of resources, and brings opportunity for upgrading business firms.
Technological change leads to improved production of goods and services
Business and TechnologyTechnology which are related to business are:-
Reduced running costsImproved productivityImproved competitivenessLower costs per unit of productImproved quality of service (e.g. speed of
service)Reduced wastage
Technology and Human FactorThere are 3 areas which make the effective
use of technology and they are: Production, Investment, &Innovation
The capability of technology revolves around its people.
Managers should be skillful for full utilization of technology.
Technology and Human FactorEmployee must have ability to acquire new
skills.Technology can cause impact on business
firm:• Shutting down of old business• Changes in occupational structure and• Displace of employees
Status of Technology in Nepalese Industrial SectorResearch and DevelopmentExports as Indicators of TechnologySkill base for TechnologyTechnology transfer
Research and DevelopmentR&D is generally dominated by
universities and government research agencies
Industrial sector basically classifies it as “Quality control and Production Engineering” activities
Most industries are dependent on imported and low grade technologies
Less focus is given to the importance of R&D Only 0.13% of GNP and GDP
activitiesR&D is classified tax deductible by
the government in theory only
Exports as Indicators of TechnologyTechnological status of a nation can be
measured by its export statusNepalese exports are mainly focused on raw or
semi-processed materialsMajor exports in the form of finished goods
include:CarpetsGarmentsLeather Products
This deficiency is primarily caused due to lack of efficiency and competitiveness
Skill base for TechnologySkill base for technology can be gauged by education
enrollment statisticsNepal has witnessed more than 5 decades of
educational enrollment yet, enrollment ratio is minimalThe nation needs
Mechanical skillsElectriciansIT ProfessionalsChemical TechniciansBusiness Entrepreneurs
Yet the required level of Human capital is well below the need.
Technology TransferThe most commonly used
modalities:
FDI via joint ventures, technical collaboration, import of machinery and equipment, technical assistance through human assistance
Other mechanisms -- through license, exchange patents, or a know-how agreement, personal contact etc.
Technology Transfer in NepalForeign Investment and Technology Transfer Act, 1992
The Act defines technology transfer as any transfer of technology to be made under an agreement between an industry and a foreign investor on the following matters:Use of any technological right, specialization,
formula, process, patent or technical know-how of foreign origin;
Use of any trademark of foreign ownership;Acquiring any foreign technical, consultancy,
management and marketing service
Status of Technology Transfer (as per 2007)
No. of projects approved
0
50
100
150
200
250
Upto
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Number of projects with foreign collaboration
Status…Scale of projects with foreign collaboration
146199
1151
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Nu
mb
ers
Large Medium Small
Industry category
Status…Category of projects with foreign collaboration
Manufacturing89%
Energy-based3%
Agro-based3%
Construction4% Mineral-based
1%
Status…Status of foreign investment projects
Operational27%
Under construction
17%Licensed
8%
Approved42%
Cancelled5%Closed
1%
Science and Technology policyNepal adopted the science and technology
policy in 1989.Objective was to improve country’s S&T for
the over all development and scientific creativity.
Later S&T adopt new innovation and development of science and technology to increase production and productivity.
Science and Technology policyThe following strategies were adopted for the
sector:-• Development of technologies and services for priority
areas of socio-economic development.• Fulfillment of people’s basic needs. • Qualitative development of human resources
Three Year plan (2010/2013) focused on• Ensuring maximum utilization of the resources.• Developing and adopting appropriate technology
through mobilization of private sector. • Developing a mechanism to conduct research and
development activities.
Science and Technology policy• Contribution in the socio-economic
development of people.• Encouraging universities, concerned institutions
and individuals in scientific researches.
Information TechnologyInformation technology (IT) is a branch of
knowledge concerned with the development, management, and use of computer-based information systems.
The term "information technology", or IT, commonly refers to computers and computer networks but is also used to encompass other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones etc.
IT policy Government adopted Information technology
policy in 2000.The main objectives were:
To increase employment through reaching IT among the general public
To create knowledge based societyTo established knowledge based industry
IT in NepalIn Nepal, Mercantile Office System introduced
e-mail services in 1993.Mercantile Office Systems, the first Internet
Service Provider (ISP) in Nepal started its services since July 1995
Today there are about 30 ISPs in NepalIT mostly limited to urban areasYet due to low costs of computers nowadays,
it is spreading nation wide gradually
IT in NepalIn recent years, the use of Internet has
increased in the countryThe most web-effected areas of information in
Nepal are Education, Travel,Tourism, and Media
The past few years have seen an impressive growth in Internet use and web-based information dispersal in the country
IT in NepalToday, there are about 300,000 users of
Internet in the countryHowever, the majority of the internet users
are in the Kathmandu valley.Yet, it has much scope Nation wide
The End