Technician License Class Gordon West Technician Class Manual Pages 102-114 Presented by Heart Of...

Technician Technician License ClassLicense Class

Gordon West Gordon West Technician Class ManualTechnician Class Manual

Pages 102-114Pages 102-114Presented byPresented by

Heart Of Texas Heart Of Texas Amateur Radio Amateur Radio

ClubClub(HOTARC)(HOTARC)

Emergency CommunicationsEmergency Communications 22

Emergency Emergency Communications Communications


Identifying an Emergency Identifying an Emergency EmergencyEmergency

Threat to Threat to lifelife or or propertyproperty

Key WordsKey WordsMayday, SOS, Break, HelpMayday, SOS, Break, Help

FCC declares an emergency and posts rulesFCC declares an emergency and posts rulesAny special conditions and rules to be observedAny special conditions and rules to be observed

Remember:Remember:Emergency traffic always has right of wayEmergency traffic always has right of way

FCC follows Good Samaritan rules and will forgive FCC follows Good Samaritan rules and will forgive those that helpthose that help

The FCC also punishes those that are fraudulent (lie)The FCC also punishes those that are fraudulent (lie)


Reacting to an EmergencyReacting to an EmergencyDo’sDo’s

Assume the emergency is real.Assume the emergency is real.

Open the frequency.Open the frequency.Stop your contact.Stop your contact.

Take the emergency call.Take the emergency call.

Avoid FCC declared emergency frequencies.Avoid FCC declared emergency frequencies.

Don’tsDon’tsNo false emergencies.No false emergencies.

You can lose your license and go to jail for declaring a false You can lose your license and go to jail for declaring a false emergency.emergency.

You can be held liable if you interfere with emergency traffiYou can be held liable if you interfere with emergency traffi

You can be required to pay the cost of the search and You can be required to pay the cost of the search and rescue effort.rescue effort.


Emergency Emergency MessagesMessages

What What isis in an in an emergency message?emergency message?Header/PreambleHeader/Preamble

Information to track/confirm Information to track/confirm the message. Such as: the message. Such as: Identifier/number, date-time Identifier/number, date-time from/to; check valuefrom/to; check value

Body/TextBody/TextThe message – keep it short, The message – keep it short,

25 words or less25 words or less

SignatureSignature

What should What should notnot be in be in an emergency an emergency message?message?Personal informationPersonal informationRemember this is open to the Remember this is open to the publipubli

Confidential informationConfidential information

Remember: This is an Remember: This is an emergency.emergency.

The message is important.The message is important.

Job 1: Get the message Job 1: Get the message through.through.

Emergency Messages = “Traffic”Emergency Messages = “Traffic”

Preamble

includes” check”

25 words


T8C01 T8C01 (pg 102)(pg 102)

Which type of traffic has the highest priority?Which type of traffic has the highest priority?

A.A. EmergencyEmergency traffic trafficB.B. Priority trafficPriority traffic

C.C. Health and welfare trafficHealth and welfare traffic

D.D. Routine trafficRoutine traffic


T8A11 T8A11 (pg 102)(pg 102)

What type of communications has What type of communications has prioritypriority at at all times in the Amateur Radio Service?all times in the Amateur Radio Service?

A.A. Repeater communicationsRepeater communications

B.B. EmergencyEmergency communications communicationsC.C. Simplex communicationsSimplex communications

D.D. Third-party communicationsThird-party communications


T8A12 T8A12 (pg 103)(pg 103)

When must When must prioritypriority be given to stations be given to stations providing emergency communications? providing emergency communications?

A.A. Only when operating under RACES Only when operating under RACES

B.B. Only when an emergency has been Only when an emergency has been declared declared

C.C. Any time a net control station is on the Any time a net control station is on the air air

D.D. At At allall times and on times and on allall frequencies frequencies


T8A09 T8A09 (pg 103)(pg 103)

What is an appropriate way to initiate an What is an appropriate way to initiate an emergencyemergency call on amateur radio? call on amateur radio?

A.A. Yell as loudly as you can into the microphoneYell as loudly as you can into the microphone

B.B. Ask if the frequency is in use and wait Ask if the frequency is in use and wait for someone to give you permission to go for someone to give you permission to go ahead before proceedingahead before proceeding

C.C. Declare a communications emergencyDeclare a communications emergency

D.D. Say "Say "Mayday, Mayday, MaydayMayday, Mayday, Mayday" " followed by "any station come in followed by "any station come in please" and identify your stationplease" and identify your station


Declaring an EmergencyDeclaring an Emergency

VoiceVoiceMAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAYMAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY any station any station come in please. This is <come in please. This is <your call signyour call sign* > …* > …

Morse CodeMorse CodeSOS SOS SOSSOS SOS SOS DE DE < <your call signyour call sign* > …* > …

On a net or repeaterOn a net or repeaterBreakBreak or or Break, Break, BreakBreak, Break, Break

* Call sign can be a tactical call sign or your * Call sign can be a tactical call sign or your namename


T8B02 T8B02 (pg 103)(pg 103)

When may you use your amateur station to When may you use your amateur station to transmit a "transmit a "SOSSOS" or "" or "MAYDAYMAYDAY" signal?" signal?

A.A. Only when you are transmitting from a Only when you are transmitting from a ship at seaship at sea

B.B. Only at 15 and 30 minutes after the Only at 15 and 30 minutes after the hourhour

C.C. When there is When there is immediate threatimmediate threat to human life or propertyto human life or property

D.D. When the National Weather Service When the National Weather Service has announced a weather warninghas announced a weather warning


T8B08 T8B08 (pg 104)(pg 104)

When can you use non-amateur frequencies or When can you use non-amateur frequencies or equipment to call for help in a situation involving equipment to call for help in a situation involving immediate danger to life or property?immediate danger to life or property?

A.A. Never; your license only allows you to use the Never; your license only allows you to use the frequencies authorized to your class of licensefrequencies authorized to your class of license

B.B. In a genuine emergencyIn a genuine emergency you may you may use use any means at your disposalany means at your disposal to call for to call for help on any frequencyhelp on any frequency

C.C. When you have permission from the owner of When you have permission from the owner of the setthe set

D.D. When you have permission from a police When you have permission from a police officer on the sceneofficer on the scene


T8A10 T8A10 (pg 104)(pg 104)

What are the penalties for making a false What are the penalties for making a false emergency call? emergency call?

A.A. You could have your license revokedYou could have your license revoked

B.B. You could be fined a large sum of moneyYou could be fined a large sum of money

C.C. You could be sent to prisonYou could be sent to prison

D.D. All of these answers are correctAll of these answers are correct

The FCC takes emergencies very seriously, The FCC takes emergencies very seriously, so false alarms are also taken very seriously.so false alarms are also taken very seriously.


T8A08 T8A08 (pg 104)(pg 104)

What should you do if you hear someone What should you do if you hear someone reporting an reporting an emergencyemergency??

A.A. Report the station to the FCC Report the station to the FCC immediatelyimmediately

B.B. Assume the Assume the emergencyemergency is real is real and act accordinglyand act accordingly

C.C. Ask the other station to move to a Ask the other station to move to a different frequencydifferent frequency

D.D. Tell the station to call the police on the Tell the station to call the police on the telephonetelephone


T8A03 T8A03 (pg 105)(pg 105)

What should you do if you are in contact What should you do if you are in contact with another station and an with another station and an emergencyemergency call call is heard? is heard?

A.A. Tell the calling station that the frequency is in Tell the calling station that the frequency is in useuse

B.B. Direct the calling station to the nearest Direct the calling station to the nearest emergency net frequencyemergency net frequency

C.C. Disregard the call and continue with Disregard the call and continue with your contactyour contact

D.D. Stop your contact immediately Stop your contact immediately and take the and take the emergencyemergency call call


Radio NetsRadio Nets

Open/Closed NetsOpen/Closed NetsOpen NetsOpen Nets

Free formFree form

Low or sporadic trafficLow or sporadic traffic

Listen before talk Listen before talk protocolprotocol

Normal operationsNormal operations

Closed NetsClosed NetsNet Control Station Net Control Station (NCS)(NCS)

Only transmit when Only transmit when approved by net approved by net controlcontrol

Types of NetsTypes of NetsTactical Net – the Tactical Net – the front line net during front line net during the incident - where the incident - where the action isthe action is

Resource Net – used Resource Net – used to recruit operators to recruit operators and equipment to and equipment to support tactical effortsupport tactical effort

Command Net – Command Net – interagency and interagency and managersmanagers


T8C07 T8C07 (pg 105)(pg 105)

What should the net control station do if What should the net control station do if someone breaks in with someone breaks in with emergencyemergency traffic? traffic?

A.A. Ask them to wait until the roll has been Ask them to wait until the roll has been calledcalled

B.B. Stop all net activity until the Stop all net activity until the emergencyemergency has been handled has been handled

C.C. Ask the station to call the local police Ask the station to call the local police and then resume normal net activitiesand then resume normal net activities

D.D. Ask them to move off your net Ask them to move off your net frequency immediatelyfrequency immediately


T8C08 T8C08 (pg 106)(pg 106)

What should you do if a large scale What should you do if a large scale emergencyemergency has just occurred and no net control station is has just occurred and no net control station is available?available?

A.A. Wait until the assigned net control station comes on Wait until the assigned net control station comes on the air and pass your traffic when calledthe air and pass your traffic when called

B.B. Transmit a call for help and hope someone Transmit a call for help and hope someone will hear youwill hear you

C.C. Open the Open the emergencyemergency net net immediately and ask for check-insimmediately and ask for check-ins

D.D. Listen to the local NOAA weather broadcast Listen to the local NOAA weather broadcast to find out how long the emergency will lastto find out how long the emergency will last


T8C03 T8C03 (pg 106)(pg 106)

What should you do to minimize disruptions to an What should you do to minimize disruptions to an emergency traffic net once you have checked in?emergency traffic net once you have checked in?

A.A. Whenever the net frequency is quiet, announce Whenever the net frequency is quiet, announce your call sign and locationyour call sign and location

B.B. Move 5 kHz away from the net's frequency and Move 5 kHz away from the net's frequency and use high power to ask other hams to keep clear of the use high power to ask other hams to keep clear of the net frequencynet frequency

C.C. Do not transmit on the net frequency Do not transmit on the net frequency until asked to do so by the net control until asked to do so by the net control stationstation

D.D. Wait until the net frequency is quiet, then ask Wait until the net frequency is quiet, then ask for any emergency traffic for your areafor any emergency traffic for your area

Always let the Net Control be Always let the Net Control be in control.in control.


T8A02 T8A02 (pg 106)(pg 106)

Under what conditions are amateur stations Under what conditions are amateur stations allowed to communicate with stations allowed to communicate with stations operating in other radio services?operating in other radio services?

A.A. When communicating with the space When communicating with the space shuttleshuttle

B.B. When specially authorized by the When specially authorized by the FCC, or in an actual emergencyFCC, or in an actual emergency

C.C. When communicating with stations in the When communicating with stations in the Citizens Radio ServiceCitizens Radio Service

D.D. When a commercial broadcast station is When a commercial broadcast station is reporting news during a natural disasterreporting news during a natural disaster


T8A06 T8A06 (pg 107)(pg 107)

What is legally required to restrict a What is legally required to restrict a frequency to frequency to emergency-onlyemergency-only communication?communication?

A.A. An An FCCFCC declaration of a declaration of a communications communications emergencyemergency

B.B. Determination by the designated net Determination by the designated net manager for an emergency netmanager for an emergency net

C.C. Authorization by an ARES/RACES Authorization by an ARES/RACES emergency coordinatoremergency coordinator

D.D. A Congressional declaration of intentA Congressional declaration of intent


T8A04 T8A04 (pg 107)(pg 107)

What are the restrictions on amateur radio What are the restrictions on amateur radio communications after the FCC has declared a communications after the FCC has declared a communications emergency?communications emergency?

A.A. The emergency declaration prohibits all The emergency declaration prohibits all communicationscommunications

B.B. There are no restrictions if you have a There are no restrictions if you have a special emergency certificationspecial emergency certification

C.C. You must avoid those frequencies You must avoid those frequencies dedicated to supporting the emergency dedicated to supporting the emergency unless you are participating in the relief unless you are participating in the relief efforteffort

D.D. Only military stations are allowed to use the Only military stations are allowed to use the amateur radio frequencies during an emergencyamateur radio frequencies during an emergency


T8A01 T8A01 (pg 107)(pg 107)

What information is included in an What information is included in an FCC FCC declarationdeclaration of a temporary state of of a temporary state of communication emergency? communication emergency?

A.A. A list of organizations authorized to use radio A list of organizations authorized to use radio communications in the affected areacommunications in the affected area

B.B. A list of amateur frequency bands to be A list of amateur frequency bands to be used in the affected areaused in the affected area

C.C. Any special conditions and Any special conditions and rulesrules to be observed during the to be observed during the emergencyemergency

D.D. An operating schedule for authorized An operating schedule for authorized amateur emergency stationsamateur emergency stations


T8A07 T8A07 (pg 108)(pg 108)

Who has the exclusive use of a frequency if Who has the exclusive use of a frequency if the FCC has not declared a communication the FCC has not declared a communication emergency? emergency?

A.A. Any net station that has trafficAny net station that has traffic

B.B. The station first occupying the The station first occupying the frequencyfrequency

C.C. Individuals passing health and welfare Individuals passing health and welfare communicationscommunications

D.D. No station has exclusive use in No station has exclusive use in this circumstancethis circumstance


T8A05 T8A05 (pg 108)(pg 108)

What is one reason for using tactical call What is one reason for using tactical call signs such as "command post" or "weather signs such as "command post" or "weather center" during an emergency?center" during an emergency?

A.A. They help to keep the general public They help to keep the general public informedinformed

B.B. They are more efficient and help They are more efficient and help coordinate public-service coordinate public-service communicationscommunications

C.C. They are required by the FCCThey are required by the FCCD.D. They increase goodwill and sound They increase goodwill and sound

professionalprofessional


T8B11 T8B11 (pg 108)(pg 108)

When can you use a modified amateur radio When can you use a modified amateur radio transceiver to transmit on the local fire department transceiver to transmit on the local fire department frequency?frequency?

A.A. When you are helping the Fire Department When you are helping the Fire Department raise moneyraise money

B.B. Only when the Fire Department is short of Only when the Fire Department is short of regular equipmentregular equipment

C.C. In a genuine emergency you may In a genuine emergency you may use any meansuse any means at your disposal to call for at your disposal to call for help on any frequencyhelp on any frequency

D.D. When the local Fire Chief has given written When the local Fire Chief has given written permissionpermission


T3D09 T3D09 (pg 109)(pg 109)

What What rulesrules apply to your station when using apply to your station when using amateur radio at the request of public amateur radio at the request of public service officials or at the scene of an service officials or at the scene of an emergency?emergency?

A.A. RACESRACES

B.B. ARESARES

C.C. FCCFCCD.D. FEMAFEMA


T8C04 T8C04 (pg 109)(pg 109)

What is one thing that must be included What is one thing that must be included when passing emergency messages? when passing emergency messages?

A.A. The call signs of all the stations passing the The call signs of all the stations passing the messagemessage

B.B. The name of the person The name of the person originating the messageoriginating the message

C.C. A status reportA status report

D.D. The message titleThe message title


T8C09 T8C09 (pg 109)(pg 109)

What is the preamble of a What is the preamble of a messagemessage??A.A. The first paragraph of the message textThe first paragraph of the message text

B.B. The message numberThe message number

C.C. The priority handling indicator for the The priority handling indicator for the messagemessage

D.D. The information needed to track The information needed to track the message as it passes through the message as it passes through the amateur radio the amateur radio traffictraffic handling handling systemsystem


T8C05 T8C05 (pg 109)(pg 109)

What is one way to reduce the chances of What is one way to reduce the chances of casual listeners overhearing sensitive casual listeners overhearing sensitive emergency emergency traffictraffic? ?

A.A. Pass Pass messagesmessages using a non-voice using a non-voice mode such as packet radio or Morse mode such as packet radio or Morse codecode

B.B. Speak as rapidly as possible to reduce Speak as rapidly as possible to reduce your on-air timeyour on-air time

C.C. Spell out every word using phoneticsSpell out every word using phoneticsD.D. Restrict transmission of messages to Restrict transmission of messages to

the hours between midnight and 4:00 AMthe hours between midnight and 4:00 AM


T2D05 T2D05 (pg 110)(pg 110)

What is the definition of third-party What is the definition of third-party communications?communications?

A.A. A message sent between two A message sent between two amateur stations for someone elseamateur stations for someone else

B.B. Public service communications for a Public service communications for a political partypolitical party

C.C. Any messages sent by amateur Any messages sent by amateur stationsstations

D.D. A three-minute transmission to another A three-minute transmission to another amateuramateur


T8C02 T8C02 (pg 110)(pg 110)

What type of messages should not be What type of messages should not be transmitted over amateur radio frequencies transmitted over amateur radio frequencies during emergencies?during emergencies?

A.A. Requests for suppliesRequests for supplies

B.B. Personal information Personal information concerning victimsconcerning victims

C.C. A schedule of relief operatorsA schedule of relief operators

D.D. Estimates of how much longer the Estimates of how much longer the emergency will lastemergency will last


T8C10 T8C10 (pg 111)(pg 111)

What is meant by the term "check" in What is meant by the term "check" in reference to a message?reference to a message?

A.A. The check is a count of the The check is a count of the number of wordsnumber of words in the message in the message

B.B. The check is the value of a money The check is the value of a money order attached to the messageorder attached to the message

C.C. The check is a list of stations that have The check is a list of stations that have relayed the messagerelayed the message

D.D. The check is a box on the message The check is a box on the message form that tells you the message was receivedform that tells you the message was received


T8C11 T8C11 (pg 111)(pg 111)

What is the recommended guideline for the What is the recommended guideline for the maximum maximum number of wordsnumber of words to be included in to be included in the text of an emergency message? the text of an emergency message?

A.A. 10 words10 words

B.B. 2525 words wordsC.C. 50 words50 words

D.D. 75 words75 words


RACES / ARESRACES / ARES

RACES: Radio Amateur RACES: Radio Amateur Civil Emergency ServiceCivil Emergency Service

A.A.Work with local, state and Work with local, state and federal government onlyfederal government only

B.B.When activated, you work When activated, you work for the government for the government (Restricted)(Restricted)

C.C.When activated, mission When activated, mission participants are covered participants are covered by government insuranceby government insurance

ARES: Amateur Radio ARES: Amateur Radio Emergency ServiceEmergency Service

A.A.Health and welfareHealth and welfare

B.B.Work with government Work with government and NGO (Red Cross, and NGO (Red Cross, Salvation Army) and Salvation Army) and support services support services

C.C.When activated, you still When activated, you still are a civilian are a civilian

Note: Both groups do good work, and many hams belong to both groups. Also, both groups are often combine


T8B03 (pg 111)T8B03 (pg 111)

What is the primary function of What is the primary function of RACESRACES in relation in relation to emergency activities? to emergency activities?

A.A. RACES organizations are RACES organizations are restrictedrestricted to to serving local, state, and federal serving local, state, and federal government emergency management government emergency management agenciesagencies

B.B. RACES supports agencies like the Red RACES supports agencies like the Red Cross, Salvation Army, and National Weather Cross, Salvation Army, and National Weather ServiceService

C.C. RACES supports the National Traffic SystemRACES supports the National Traffic System

D.D. RACES is a part of the National Emergency RACES is a part of the National Emergency Warning SystemWarning System


T8B05 T8B05 (pg 112)(pg 112)

What organization must you register with What organization must you register with before you can participate in RACES before you can participate in RACES activities? activities?

A.A. A local amateur radio clubA local amateur radio club

B.B. A local racing organizationA local racing organization

C.C. The responsible civil defense The responsible civil defense organizationorganization

D.D. The Federal Communications The Federal Communications CommissionCommission


T8B06 T8B06 (pg 112)(pg 112)

What is necessary before you can join an What is necessary before you can join an ARES group? ARES group?

A.A. You are required to join the ARRLYou are required to join the ARRL

B.B. You must have an amateur You must have an amateur radio licenseradio license

C.C. You must have an amateur radio You must have an amateur radio license and have Red Cross CPR traininglicense and have Red Cross CPR training

D.D. You must register with a civil defense You must register with a civil defense organizationorganization


T8B04 T8B04 (pg 112)(pg 112)

What is the primary function of ARES in What is the primary function of ARES in relation to emergency activities?relation to emergency activities?

A.A. ARES organizations are restricted to serving ARES organizations are restricted to serving local, state, and federal government local, state, and federal government emergency management agenciesemergency management agencies

B.B. ARES supports agencies like ARES supports agencies like the Red Cross, Salvation Army, and the Red Cross, Salvation Army, and National Weather ServiceNational Weather Service

C.C. ARES groups work only with local ARES groups work only with local school districtsschool districts

D.D. ARES supports local National Guard ARES supports local National Guard unitsunits


T3D10 T3D10 (pg 112)(pg 112)

What do RACES and ARES have in What do RACES and ARES have in common?common?

A.A. They represent the two largest ham clubs in They represent the two largest ham clubs in the United Statesthe United States

B.B. One handles road traffic, the other weather One handles road traffic, the other weather traffictraffic

C.C. Neither may handle emergency trafficNeither may handle emergency traffic

D.D. Both organizations provide Both organizations provide communications during communications during emergenciesemergencies


Emergency PreparednessEmergency Preparedness

Things you might want to have/do:Things you might want to have/do:72 hour Go-Kit72 hour Go-Kit

Batteries – for your radio, flashlight …Batteries – for your radio, flashlight …

Alternate Power – generator, solar cells, etAlternate Power – generator, solar cells, et

TrainingTrainingOn-line coursesOn-line courses

Local coursesLocal courses

Know how to use your radio(s)Know how to use your radio(s)

Emergency communication trainingEmergency communication training

Net operations (practice)Net operations (practice)


Example “Go Kit”Example “Go Kit”Snacks Liquid refreshments3 day supply of food and water Toilet articlesPacket Gear Message Forms, Name Tags, Paper, PencilsRF Connector Adaptor Kit Shelter (tent and sleeping bag)Log Book Foul Weather GearFlashlight (regular and pen) Portable Stove and Mess kit with cleaning kitCandles Batteries (for everything)Alarm Clock Waterproof matchesElectrical and Duct tape ToolboxSafety glasses Soldering iron and solderAdditional Radios Digital multimeterTrash bags, Plastic Sheeting Microphone, HeadphonesPatch Cords, Extra Coax Power supply, chargerARRL Standardized Connectors Antennas with mounts, small spool of wire3 day change of clothes SWR Bridge (VHF and HF)

First Aid SuppliesPrescriptions Triage Tape Whistle Paper BagsThroat lozenges Aspirin Ace Bandage Space blanketLatex Gloves Adhesive tape 1” & 2” Saline solution (1 qt) Scissors/tweezersRoller Bandages (4) Band-Aids (assorted) Antiseptic solution Sterile needleGauze Pads 4x4 (20) Safety pins (1 box) Triangular bandage Eye DropperSanitary Napkins (for

bleeding control)Chemical Ice Packs (4) Bandage strips Thermometer


T8B01 T8B01 (pg 113)(pg 113)

What can you do to be prepared for an emergency What can you do to be prepared for an emergency situation where your assistance might be needed?situation where your assistance might be needed?

A.A. Check at least twice a year to make sure Check at least twice a year to make sure you have all of your emergency response you have all of your emergency response equipment and know where it is equipment and know where it is

B.B. Make sure you have a way to run your Make sure you have a way to run your equipment if there is a power failure in your areaequipment if there is a power failure in your area

C.C. Participate in drills that test your ability to Participate in drills that test your ability to set up and operate in the field set up and operate in the field

D.D. All of these answers are correct All of these answers are correct


T8B07 T8B07 (pg 113)(pg 113)

What could be used as an alternate source What could be used as an alternate source of power to operate radio equipment during of power to operate radio equipment during emergencies? emergencies?

A.A. The battery in a car or truckThe battery in a car or truck

B.B. A bicycle generatorA bicycle generator

C.C. A portable solar panelA portable solar panel

D.D. All of these answers are correctAll of these answers are correct


T7A02 T7A02 (pg 114)(pg 114)

Which of these items would probably not be Which of these items would probably not be very useful to include in an emergency very useful to include in an emergency response kit?response kit?

A.A. An external antenna and several feet of An external antenna and several feet of connecting cableconnecting cable

B.B. A 1500 watt output linear A 1500 watt output linear amplifieramplifier

C.C. A cable and clips for connecting your A cable and clips for connecting your transceiver to an external batterytransceiver to an external battery

D.D. A listing of repeater frequencies and nets A listing of repeater frequencies and nets in your areain your area

Technician License Class Gordon West Technician Class Manual Pages 102-114 Presented by Heart Of...

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Transcript of Technician License Class Gordon West Technician Class Manual Pages 102-114 Presented by Heart Of...