Technical report on Distributed Data Collection in WSN.pdf
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Transcript of Technical report on Distributed Data Collection in WSN.pdf
Technical report on Distributed
Data Collection in WSN
Prepared by: Professor:
Cihan Dorken (IMCNE) Dr. Paolo Pagano
Valerija Kamchevska (MAPNET) Project coordinators:
Andrea Azzarà
Stefano Bocchino
Pisa, July 2012
Technical Report on Distributed data collection in WSN
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CONTENT
Аbstract........................................................................................................................2
1. Introduction..............................................................................................................2
1.1. Simple WSN…………..…...........................................................................2
1.2. Hardware and software used…………………............................................3
1.3. 802.15.4 MAC protocol with GTS feature……………………………………4
2. Behaviour of the WSN……..…………………………………………..........................5
References……………………………….………………………………………….……..11
Technical Report on Distributed data collection in WSN
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Abstract
This report is dedicated to the implementation of a distributed data collection
in WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks). We will build a simple wireless sensor data
acquisition system organized in a star topology (one coordinator, two or more
devices). The devices should periodically sample sensor data (temperature, light,
acceleration) and send the data to the network coordinator by using 802.15.4 MAC
protocol and the GTS (Guaranteed Time Slot) feature. The coordinator compares the
measured values with a threshold and sends a message to the corresponding device
to take an action. The coordinator also sends the data to a PC using a serial
connection (RS232) and live plotting is used to represent the collected data.
1. Introduction
WSN consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical
or environmental conditions, such as temperature, light, acceleration, sound,
pressure, humidity or pollutants and to cooperatively pass their data through the
network to a main location.[1] The modern networks are bi-directional, also
enabling control of sensor activity. The WSN is built of "nodes" – from a few to
several hundreds or even thousands, where each node has one or more sensors.
Each such sensor network node has typically several parts: a radio transceiver,
a microcontroller, an electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and an energy
source, usually a battery. Size and cost constraints on sensor nodes result in
corresponding constraints on resources such as energy, memory, computational
speed and communications bandwidth.
1.1. Simple WSN
The network we built is a simple wireless sensor network organized in a star
topology (one coordinator, two or more devices) as shown on figure 1.1.1.
Figure 1.1.1 Star topology
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1.2. Hardware and software used
We used for both the coordinator and devices the FLEX Demo board as
shown on figure 1.2.1, which is a daughter board that can be plugged on top of
the FLEX Light and FLEX Full. It provides buttons, leds, a 16x2 LCD, 3 axis
accelerometer, IR TX/RX, 802.15.4 slot (for Microchip transceivers), 2 DAC,
potentiometer, light sensor, temperature sensor, plus a serial line slot. [2]
Figure 1.2.1 FLEX Demo Board
We used Eclipse RT-Druid templates for FLEX Demo Board: Console Demo,
Basic Devices Demo, IEEE 802154 Demo – Device and IEEE 802154 Demo –
Coordinator under ERIKA RTOS. For programming the devices with the written code
we used MPLAB ICD 3 In-Circuit Debugger as shown on figure 1.2.2.
Figure 1.2.2 MPLAB ICD 3
For sending the data to a PC from the coordinator we used serial connection
(RS232) and for displaying the received data on the PC we used Moserial program.
For real time plotting we used the Matplotlib which works under Python.
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1.3. 802.15.4 MAC protocol with GTS feature
The MAC protocol in IEEE 802.15.4 can operate on both beacon enabled and
non-beacon modes. In the beaconless mode, the protocol is essentially a simple
CSMA-CA protocol. Since most of the unique features of IEEE 802.15.4 are in the
beacon-enabled mode, we implemented this mode. In beacon mode, the IEEE
802.15.4 uses a superframe structure. Figure 1.3.1 illustrates this structure. A
superframe begins with beacon frames sent periodically by the coordinator at an
interval that can ranges from 15ms to 245s. There are both active and inactive
portion in the superframe. Devices communicate with their PAN only during the
active period and enter a low power mode during the inactive period. The active
portion of each superframe is further divided into 16 equal time slots and consists of
three parts: the beacon, a Contention Access Period (CAP) and a Collision Free
Period (CFP) (which is only present if guaranteed time slots (GTS) slots are
allocated by the PAN coordinator to some of the devices). Each GTS consists of
some integer multiple of CFP slots and up to 7 GTS are allowed in CFP.
Figure 1.3.1 IEEE 802.15.4 superframe structure
A node wishing to send data to the PAN coordinator needs to receive a
beacon to understand the current superframe structure. If it has been allocated a
GTS, it sends its data during the CFP, otherwise, it sends its data using CSMA-CA in
the CAP. For communications from the coordinator to the devices, in order to allow
devices to be in power saving mode at their own will to save energy, transaction
requests can be initiated from the devices themselves rather than from the
coordinator. A device sends a data request commands to the coordinator during the
CAP if its address is in the data pending list of the beacon. The coordinator sends an
acknowledgement frame with a flag indicating that data is forthcoming and sends the
packet afterwards. Once the data is received, the device sends an acknowledgement
back to the PAN coordinator.
A disadvantage of a device with GTS is that it has to track the beacon frames
from the coordinator periodically in order to transmit data during the GTS slot
assigned to it which can lead to higher energy consumption, but clearly, with GTS, a
device can get dedicated bandwidth which achieves 100% delivery ratio and low
latency regardless of the background traffic load in the network. [3]
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2. Behaviour of the WSN
We built a simple wireless sensor data acquisition system organized in a star
topology where the devices periodically (each 3s) sample sensor data (temperature,
light, acceleration) and send the data to the network coordinator by using 802.15.4
MAC protocol with GTS feature. The coordinator compares the measured values
with a threshold for each and sends a message to the corresponding device to take
an action. Each device when receiving the coordinator feedback turns on a LED
associated to each sensor (temperature – LED0, light – LED1, x_level - LED2,
y_level – LED3, z_level – LED4). The thresholds are 25 degrees Celsius for
temperature, 30lux for light and 0.01 for accelerometer axis`. The coordinator also
sends the data to a PC using a serial connection (RS232) and live plotting is used to
represent the collected data. For executing these operations the code used is given
below. As a result from our project verification the screenshots of the live plotting are
also given below.
Code for the device sending task
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Code for the coordinator receiving task
Code for the coordinator sending task
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Code for the device receiving task
Figure 2.1 Temperature measurement
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Figure 2.2 Light measurement
Figure 2.3 X-level measurement
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Figure 2.4 Y-level measurement
Figure 2.5 Z-level measurement
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References
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wsn
[2] http://erika.tuxfamily.org/flex.html
[3] Performance Evaluation of the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC for Low-Rate Low-Power
Wireless Networks, Gang Lu, Bhaskar Krishnamachari, Cauligi S. Raghavendra,
2004 IEEE