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RESTRICTED
REGIONAL NETWORK ON PESTICIDE FOR ASIA AND PACIFIC
TF/RAS/04/001
Technical Report*: Workshop on Production and Application of Bio-pesticides
(Abemectin, Emmamectin and natural pyrethrum, etc.),
Nantong, People’s Republic of China, October 14-16, 2008
Prepared for the Government of the Member States of the Regional Network
(Afghanistan, Bangladesh, People’s Republic of China, India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic
of Iran, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines,
Republic of Korea, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam)
by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization,
acting as executing agency for the United Nations Development Programme
Based on the work of Prof. Hong Chuanyi of People’s Republic of China as the Chairman
and Ms. Udomluck Onjitwatana of Thailand as the Rapporteur.
Backstopping Officer: Dr. Mohamed Eisa, PTC/MEA/SCC
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION, VIENNA
______________________________________________
* This document has not been formally edited
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction 3
II. Objectives 4
III. Participants 5
IV. Opening of the Meeting 5
V. Adoption of Agenda 10
VI. Election of Office Bearers 10
VII. Country Reports 11
VIII. Technical Session 22
IX. Valedictory 56
X. Recommendations 56
X. Evaluation of the Workshop 58
Annexure I 59
Annexure II 64
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I. INTRODUCTION
Agriculture remains the backbone of the human and economic activities in developing
countries of the Asia & the Pacific region. There has been significant progress in
agricultural production during the second half of the 20th century as a result of "Green
Revolution". This has been possible through harnessing improved cultivation practices
and growing of high yielding varieties of crops aided with proper plant protection
technology. Hundreds of highly toxic chemical pesticides and their old conventional
unsafe formulations of varying toxicities are used extensively to control pests, diseases
and weeds to increase agricultural production. It took almost five decades to estimate
the adverse effects of these toxic chemicals causing environmental degradation,
affecting workers and applicator’s safety and food safety worldwide. There is an urgent
need to contain further damage through appropriate monitoring of the pesticide
pollutants in soil, air and water. There are various ways to check the impact of these
chemical pesticides on the environment and the ecosystem. Amongst the alternatives,
use of bio-pesticides, which have been found effective, safe & eco-friendly, could
possibly provide a viable solution. Thus, the development and production of
environment-friendly bio-pesticides and their water-based formulations, to replace the
highly toxic agro-chemicals and unsafe formulations, has gained significant importance
towards developing appropriate strategies for crop protection. Bio-pesticides such as
abamectin and emmamectin have been reported as broad spectrum pesticides with
high biological activity with dosage as low as 1-3 g active ingredient per hectare. With
such a low rate, such pesticides not only provide protection to the environment but are
also safe to human being. Abmectin and Emamectin are biologically very effective as a
miticide to replace Dicofol, a chemical miticide. In the context of Stockholm Convention,
these bio-pesticides are good alternatives to POP pesticides namely DDT, used as raw
material for dicofol production. Natural Pyrethrum is also found to be active against
mosquitoes to prevent malaria disease and could replace DDT in the malaria vector
control programme.
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The Nantong Pesticide Formulation Development Center (NPFC), established through
the assistance of UNDP/UNIDO, the Technical Coordinator Unit of RENPAP on Bio-
pesticides, has been successful in developing a number of user and environmentally
friendly pesticide formulations namely Abmectin EW, Emamectin WG, Natural
Pyrethrum CS etc.,
In its Endeavour to provide a common platform to its member countries, RENPAP has
been organizing a series of workshops to discuss issues relating to environment safety,
sustainable development, human safety and public health in relation to pesticide
production and application. The present workshop on Production and Application of
Bio-pesticides (Abemectin, Emmamectin and natural Pyrethrum, etc.) is being organized
with the aim to study and discuss the processing technology for production and
application of bio-pesticide formulations. In the context of Stockholm Convention and
Rotterdam Convention, this workshop would be helpful to keep the member countries
informed on the availability of alternatives of POP pesticides.
As per the recommendations of the last TPR/PMC meeting of the RENPAP held in Bali,
Indonesia during May 26-28, 2008 and in accordance with the approved work plan of
the RENPAP, the Nantong Pesticide Formulation Development Centre (NPFC) of the
Government of P.R. China has generously offered its facilities to host the present
workshop on Production and Application of Bio-pesticides (Abemectin, Emmamectin
and natural pyrethrum, etc.) at the NPFC from 14 to 16 October 2008.
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE WORKSHOP
The main objective of the workshop was to assist the member countries of the network
in strengthening their capabilities in the production and application of newer generation
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of Bio-pesticide formulations with a view to reduce the risks in the use of toxic crop
protection chemicals and their old formulations, ensuring safety to the environment,
farmers, workers, and minimize the residues of pesticides on food crops. The workshop
was also aimed to promote South-South Cooperation by inviting expert nominees from
the African region .The workshop covered:
- progress made by the member countries in the field of development and
production of biodegradable eco-friendly bio-pesticides;
- discussion on the latest advances made in the research and development in
the field of bio-pesticides production and application, for the protection of the
environment and safety to workers / operators / farmers;
- “hands on” training on various aspects of development of bio/botanical
pesticides in the laboratory, pilot plant and commercial plant;
- to discuss role of bio-pesticides as alternatives to some POPs pesticides;
- application technology of bio-pesticides;
- evaluation of the benefits derived from application of bio-pesticides;
III. PARTICIPANTS
The workshop was attended by the expert nominees from the member Governments of
the Network including one from the Government of Sudan. Besides the Government
nominees, there were participants from the pesticide industry, research organizations,
etc. A list of the participants is placed at Annexure I of the report.
IV. OPENING OF THE MEETING
To begin with Mr. Zhu Qianbo, Director of Nantong Science and Technology Bureau
extended a very warm welcome to Madam Wu Xiachun, Vice Mayor of Nantong
Municipal Government, Dr. Mohamed Eisa, Dy. Director, UNIDO Vienna, Mr. Deng
Zhihui, Sector Chief of The China International Centre for Economic and Technical
Exchange (CICETE) of the Ministry of Commerce of P.R. China, Dr. Zhengyou Peng of
UNIDO Vienna, Dr. Yash Ramdev, Assistant Regional Coordinator, RENPAP/UNIDO and
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other dignitaries and said that Nantong Pesticide Formulation Center (NPFC) has been
organizing the three day workshop at their Centre for the member countries of the
RENPAP network. He introduced the participants and experts to the meeting.
Madam Wu Xiachun, Vice Mayor of Nantong Municipal Government inaugurated
the workshop on Production and Application of Bio-pesticides (Abemectin, Emmamectin
and natural pyrethrum, etc.) and extended a warm welcome to all honourable
participants. She said that Nantong, a coastal city in the South-East of China, is one of
the important cities in the sixth mega city band, Because of its locational advantage and
great development potential with a capacity of 1/10th of the country, she said, Nantong
has good foundation of pesticide industry. She said that in Nantong they manufacture all
varieties of pesticides including insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and Plant Growth
Regulators.
She said that NPFC started implementing the project titled “Assistance to
Pesticide Formulation Technology” with the cooperation of UN and the Chinese
government. As a result of successful implementation of this project, the NPFC
developed newer types of user and eco-friendly water based formulations and helped
local pesticide industry . In the process, conventional formulations of various pesticides
namely accetachlor, butachlor, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, glyphosate have been upgraded
and replaced with water based formulations.
She acknowledged the support of UNDP. UNIDO, CICETE, ICAMA, The Foreign
Economic Cooperation Bureau of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, China
Pesticide Industry Association, Central Research Institute of China Chemical Science and
Technology , Jiangsu Science and technology Bureau to the NPFC for promoting
development of pesticide industry .
She hoped that there would be good technical exchanges between experts from
the member countries of the RENPAP and the participants would be trained in the filed
of biological pesticides during the course of the workshop. She wished the workshop a
complete success.
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Dr. Mohamed Eisa, Deputy Director, UNIDO, Vienna conveyed the greetings of the
Director General of UNIDO Dr. Kandeh Yumkella and the Senior Management of UNIDO
as well as his colleagues who have been working with the project. He sent his
condolences to all victims of the earthquake in Xiuan Province and wished all the
affected families good recovery and stable continued life.
He said that the Regional Network on Pesticides for Asia and the Pacific (RENPAP) is one
of the long standing scientific and technical networks that UNIDO has the honor to
support and member countries have all the credit to keep it successfully producing
useful results. The benefits of these results of the work are not a reality for the region
but for the whole world. Particularly the work on DDT alternatives, as malaria vector
control agent, he said, is one to mention with great proud and satisfaction that all
scientists and technicians strive to see their work move from small laboratory trials of a
product, to field work tests, and finally as a full product to the global markets. Though,
RENPAP network has done this already but the DDT remains the most solicited product
for the poor countries.
He said that the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) has
selected a list of 12 chemicals; nine of them are pesticides including DDT. This
Convention has been signed by more than 152 countries, ratified by most countries of
the World, and subsequently been ratified by many of them and eventually entered into
force in May 2004. The nine chemicals are open for scientists and technicians to find
alternatives to these that upon use exhibit environmentally and health friendly
characteristics.
He said that the POPs Review Committee would be meeting in Geneva this week and
may recommend ten more POPs chemicals to be added to the list of POPs and at least
three of these would be POPs pesticides. At this juncture, RENPAP’s help is very much
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required to produce effective alternatives to these POPs pesticides but also at a
reasonable cost for the poor countries to afford and use.
He said that the world of today is facing many problems such as Climate change, global
warming, desertification & depletion of natural resources, availability of potable water,
high prices of food and managing the wealth. He emphasized that good quality
pesticides and agrochemicals are more needed now than ever for poor countries
particularly in Africa. Africa is a less populated continent with abandon natural
resources. However with all the above-mentioned global problems, Africa encounters
compounded negative impact due to weakness in its infrastructure and human
resources capacity. He said that there is a need to develop partnerships to enable Africa
overcome some of the acute and chronic problems it faces. He said that China has
already made some successful business partnerships in Africa. It shows that when
partnerships are built in a fair deal and a win-win scenario, we shall all benefit and move
forward with prosperity and better future for the next generations and at the same time
help each other to move backward the frontiers of these difficult challenges.
He said that we gathered here today to look at achievements made and ways forward to
continue our cooperation and collaboration. Among us are people who have come from
different parts of the world and from different walks of research and development life,
to contribute to this event. He exhorted the meeting to be a meeting of partnership
development and implementation, he urged all to move from research and
development findings to market penetration of newly invented products and their
associated innovative application processes. Sustainable agriculture is sustainable
livelihood for all. With the world becoming one, there is urgent need to share the
strength and together face the weaknesses, he said.
He stated that UNIDO continues to support RENPAP and this workshop is the one of
hope for all professionals and beneficiaries of the chemical, agricultural, environmental,
health and food sector around the developing world. He hoped that at the end of
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workshop, the participants and experts would be able to make recommendations that
one would take back and along.
He congratulated China for the remarkable and extremely successful organization of the
recently concluded Olympic Games.
Dr. Ramdev, representative of RENPAP/UNIDO extended welcome to His Excellency
Madam Wu Xiachun, Mayor of Nantong City, Dr. Eisa, Deputy Director, UNIDO Vienna,
Mr. Zhu Qianbo, Director of Nantong Science and technology Bureau, Dr. Zhengyou
Peng, UNIDO Vienna, Mr. Deng Zhihui, Sector Chief of The China International Centre for
Economic and Technical Exchange (CICETE) of the Ministry of Commerce of P.R. China,
International experts, expert nominees from the member countries. He expressed
appreciation and gratitude to the Government of People’s republic of China for hosting
and for providing all facilities for the organization of the workshop.
He said that it took almost five decades to estimate the adverse effects of these toxic
chemicals causing environmental degradation, affecting workers and applicator’s safety
and food safety worldwide. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
(POPs) focuses on reducing and eliminating releases of 12 POPs chemicals which pose
risk to human health and the environment due to their toxicity, persistence, and their
ability to travel long distances on air and water currents and their tendency to bio-
accumulate in the food chains. UNIDO/RENPAP has been instrumental in eliminating the
POP pesticides, viz. Benzene Hexachloride production and use in India and the 12 POP
pesticides in the Philippines much before the POP actions were contemplated. All the
member countries of the RENPAP as a Network have, therefore, played a pioneering
role in this important sphere, he stated.
There are various ways to check the impact of these chemical pesticides on the
environment and the ecosystem, he mentioned. Amongst the alternatives, use of bio-
pesticides have been found effective, safe & eco-friendly and could possibly provide a
viable solution. Thus, the development and production of environment-friendly bio-
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pesticides and their water-based formulations, to replace the highly toxic agro-
chemicals and unsafe formulations, has gained significant importance towards
developing appropriate strategies for crop protection. Bio-pesticides such as abamectin
and emmamectin are broad spectrum pesticides with high biological activity with
dosage as low as 1-3 g active ingredient per hectare. With such a low dosage rate, such
pesticides not only provide protection to the environment but are also safe to human
being. Abmectin and Emamectin are biologically very effective as a miticide to replace
Dicofol, a chemical miticide for which DDT is the raw material. Thus, this is a step
forward to look for the alternatives to DDT, a POP pesticide under the Stockholm
Convention. He said that this fact alone make the present RENPAP/UNIDO workshop
very timely which is providing a plateform to the experts from member countries to
discuss and share knowledge on the latest development on biopesticides production
and application.
He said that RENPAP is proud to have the presence of Dr. Mohamed Eisa, Deputy
Director, Environmental Management Branch, UNIDO who has come all the way from
Vienna despite his busy schedule and this showed his faith and confidence in the
RENPAP programme. He said that with able guidance and support of Dr. Eisa, RENPAP
would continue to provide its inputs for the betterment of the industry, ecosystem and
the health of the mankind.
He said that RENPAP is also grateful to Dr. Zengyou Peng of UNIDO Vienna who has
always been supportive and committed to the RENPAP programme. His presence in the
workshop was greatly acknowledged.
He acknowledged the untiring support of Prof. Hong Chuanyi, National Coordinator,
RENPAP in China, Director and all staff members of the NPFC for helping in the
organization of this workshop.
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IV. ADOPTION OF AGENDA
The agenda as presented was adopted unanimously and is placed at Annexure -II.
V. ELECTION OF OFFICE BEARERS
Prof. Hong Chuanyi of P.R. China was elected as the Chairman and Ms. Udomluck
Onjitwatana of Thailand as the Rapporteur.
VII. COUNTRY REPORTS
The Country reports presented by the delegates are summarised below:
Korea
The pesticide industry in the Republic of Korea has shown positive growth. The
consumption of pesticides has gone up six fold since 1970 and it was 24,262 MT a.i. in
the year 2007. He said that in terms of the consumption per unit arable land area,
Korea is amongst the highest in the world.
A total of 1,254 pesticide products available on the market in the Republic of Korea as
of 2008, which consisted of 372 insecticides, 428 fungicides, 396 herbicides, and 49
others. Whereas, the bio-pesticide market has increased from 2% in 2003 to 5.8% in
2008, the trend of registration of bio-pesticde vis-à-vis chemical pesticide is presented in
the table below.
Table 1. Trend on the number of pesticide items registered in Korea
Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
No. of total pesticide products 1,079 1,152 1,246 1,200 1,230 1,254
No. of bio-pesticide products 21 33 45 51 68 73
The production of bio-pesticide has increased by 46.7% in 2007 over the year 2003
(Table below).
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Table 2. Bio-pesticide in Korea from 2003 to 2007
Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Forwarding
amount(kg)
220,560 233,913 264,953 303,953 323,547
Of the 73 registered bio-pesticide products in the country, 25 are insecticides, 47
fungicides and 1 herbicide. Most of these products are formulated as wettable powder
and suspension concentrate.
He said that though the demand of biopesticide has increased, the import has gone
down and the demand is met through increased local production of biopesticides.
He also explained the registration procedure of the biopesticides in the country.
Integrated pest management program (IPM) strategy is mainly focused on rice
cultivation.
He said that the pesticide industry is very receptive to the latest user and
environmentally friendly formulations. Smoking pellets for the pest control under
greenhouse, vinyl-mulching formulation incorporated with herbicide are some of the
latest varieties adopted by the industry, he stated. He said that Korean Government
considers carefully setting up guidelines for bio-pesticide registration such as microbial
control agents and natural enemies. A special project is being undertaken to establish
the data requirements and quality control measures on the bio-pesticides, which are
relatively precise data packages as compared to chemical pesticides.
Lao PDR
Mr. Soukhavong Khodsimouang, the expert nominee of Loa PDR presented the country
report. He said that Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is a small landlocked
country that is enriched with diversified ecological characters and the national economy
is mainly based on natural resource. Agriculture plays an important role in the national
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economy of Lao PDR where rice is increasingly covering about 80% of the total country’s
cultivable area and it is the main source of energy for Lao people and the national IPM
programme Phase I focused on rice. In addition, several kinds of vegetables are mainly
source for income for Lao people and their livelihood such as lettuce, cabbage, onion,
beans, and other vegetables grown by farmers for both home consumption and income
generation. Awareness for bio-pesticide use among the farmers is lacking.
He said that the plant protection activities in the country are very limited. The network
of the plant protection at the central and local levels has also not yet been strengthened
while infrastructure, especially laboratory facilities have been considerably low. Legal
work has not yet been improved such as regulation on plant protection agents and plant
quarantine. Therefore, the implementation of the plant protection measures has faced
the constraints.
The policy of the government now emphasize on application and development of bio-
technology in order to ensure clean agriculture. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry as
well as Department of Agriculture have identified the pilot areas for clean agricultural
production such as Bolaven plateau area, Phahome area in Vanvieng District, Vientiane
Province and Ban Nabo Phonxai district, Luang Prabang Province. The major steps for
clean agricultural production are good agricultural practice (GAP), pesticide-free
production (PFP) and organic agriculture (OA). IPM project is in the principle basis for
implementing of GAP, PFP and OA. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry as well as the
Department of Agriculture have urgently concentrated on improving and developing
plant protection in order to strengthen its national plant protection sector and Clean
Agriculture Development Center. Therefore, Lao PDR urgently needs assistance from all
countries and international organizations concerned in order to implement the above
sector in Lao PDR, he said.
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The Lao PDR does not produce any active ingredients, nor does it formulate pesticides
locally. All pesticides are imported and used mainly on dry-season irrigated rice,
vegetables and marketable high value crops. All pesticides are imported as formulated
products and mainly come from the neighboring countries. The main importation
channels of pesticides are private companies that are formally registered with the
commerce authorities, smuggling from neighboring countries by traders or farmers,
concession and contract farming arrangements, and donors providing international
assistance. the distribution of pesticide is through agro-input retailers and markets, and
to some extent through companies and farms supplying their producer. Agro-input
shops mostly are in the big cities as Vientiane Capital, Savannakhet province and
Champasak province.
According to the Regulation on Use and Management of Pesticides for Agricultural
Production in LAO PDR, No.0886/MAF, dated 10 March 2001, the Department of
Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry has the authority to control, inspect,
supply and use all kinds of pesticides listed in the pesticide account including pesticides
which are prohibited and non-prohibited in Lao PDR. There are 26 kinds of dangerous
pesticides which are prohibited in Lao PDR. However, the controlling and inspecting of
all kinds of the pesticides has materialized for only registration of pesticides. Although
the Agriculture Regulatory Division of DOA has the mandate to register pesticides, it
lacks the resources and expertise to test pesticides. In practice, DOA checks the
registration status of products in the country of origin and looks at the registration
status in Vietnam, Thailand and Australia. There is no pesticide registration board with
the representation of relevant ministries. Household pesticides fall under the
responsibility of Ministry of Public Health.
The Government policies on agriculture focus on increasing productivity, market
orientation, exports and household food security, while these also emphasize on the
agricultural biodiversity conservation and sustainability, equal development and natural
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resource conservation. Clean agriculture, organic crops and off-season crop production
for niche market have been advocated. Human resource development and institutional
capacity building have been progressing for responsive and demand-driven agricultural
extension. The IPM programme is recognized in the Five Year Plan (2006-2010) of
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and it is considered as a mechanism for farmer
education. With the government’s policies, there is a greater need for strong, quality
and continuous farmer education programme. The FAO-IPM Programme is the one
which has significant potential to meet the need. In 2001, Regulation on use and
management of Pesticides in Lao PDR No. 0886/MAF, dated 10 March 2001 was
promulgated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry as an instrument to control the
importation, distribution and use of pesticides. The regulation provides lists of
authorized active ingredients and formulations and non permitted active ingredients.
Companies wishing to import pesticides and bio-pesticides first need to register the
product with the department of agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.
Lao PDR signed the Stockholm Convention on POPs in 2002 and ratified in 2006 and
STEA serves as the focal point. A national Implementation Plan (NIP) is being prepared
with the assistance from UNIDO and UNITAR. However, the country did not yet sign the
Rotterdam Convention on the prior Informed Consent Procedure for certain Hazardous
Chemicals and their Disposal. The Environment Research Institute of Science,
Technology and Environment Agency (STEA) serves as contact point for industrial
chemicals.
At the country level, a number of field trial are being undertaken to evaluate Bio-
botanical pesticides production possibilities. The candidate bio-pesticides being tested
are Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma harzianu and Neem
based pesticides
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He said that farmers are being trained on the use of biological control agents and
botanical pesticides.
Myanmar
Ms San San Lwin expert nominee of the Government of Myanmar presented the country
report. She said that agriculture is the mainstay of Myanmar economy and occupies 65
% of the total labor force of 16 million and accounts for 60 % of the country's export
earnings. The main crops are rice, sesamum, groundnut, pulses, cotton and sunflower.
She explained the various provisions and Laws/Acts which are observed to control toxic
chemicals. She said that Pesticide Law 1990, The Factories Act 1951, The Union of
Myanmar Public health Law 1972 and the National Food Law 1997 are some the legal
provisions that are in force in the country for the management of chemicals and for
Food Safety. Pesticide Law 1990 is meant to monitor and control the selection, storage,
transportation and use of pesticides to protect people, crops, other biological entities
and the environment.
She mentioned that pesticide requirement of the country is met through the import
only. A total of 6186 MT of pesticides was imported; of which 3165 MT (51%) was
insecticides and 2065 MT (33%) fungicides.
A total of 8385 MT of pesticides were consumed in 2007; of which 5637 MT (67%) was
insecticides and 2010 MT (24%) fungicides.
She said that there are four formulation plants in the country; one is meant for
formulation of chemical pesticides and rest for producing neem based pesticides.
Organochlorine pesticides such as aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, BHC, monocrotophos,
methamidaphos, methyl parathion, phosphamidon have been banned in the country,
she stated.
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She said till date, 868 pesticide products including neem based pesticides have been
registered: 103 under experimental registration, 680 provisional registrations, 30 full
registrations and 51 amended registrations.
Nepal
The country report of Nepal was presented by Mr. Achyut Prasad Dhaka. He said that
Nepal economy is primarily based on agriculture where 65.7% of total active population
of the country is engaged. This sector is contributing around 37% to National GDP.
Extreme variation in topography and climates have directly influenced the agricultural
patterns of the country. Different types of crops hold its importance in different
ecological regions. In general, rice-based agriculture prevails in the plains, maize-based
in hills and potato-based in mountains. Moreover, various high value crops like
vegetables, fruits and cash crops are grown depending on agro-climates in all ecological
regions.
Extreme agro-climatic diversified agricultural patterns, introduction of exotic (including
hybrids) varieties and intensive crop cultivation have favoured several kinds of exotic
pests which are potential to cause heavy losses in the field and storage and causes
significant losses in national production, he mentioned. It is estimated that there are 20-
35% pre and post harvest loss caused by pests and other processing losses in Nepal
(PHMD, 2006/007). In Nepal, pesticide pollution and poisoning has not been an
important issue. This is primarily because pesticide use is still very low compared to
other Asian countries. Nevertheless, agricultural intensification is rapidly changing this
situation.
He stated that Nepal's enormous bio-diversification favors use of bio-pesticides in the
form of natural and indigenous crop protection technique. Because of detrimental
effects arising from use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, organic farming is
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emerging as a right choice of farmers, consumers and policy makers. To accelerate
organic farming in a reasonable tempo, best alternative to chemical pesticides are the
bio-pesticides, he said. Thus, microbial, botanical, plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs)
and biochemical pesticides have great potentialities to improve degraded human health
and environment as well as to achieve sustainable agriculture.
He said that use of locally available botanicals and materials to control pest in field and
store is very traditional in Nepal. Availability of more than three hundred plant species
with pesticidal value, diverse agro-ecology, abundant micro/macro bio-agents in the
locality are the encouraging factors. Government policies to encourage bio-pesticides
through various act and regulation are being implemented.
With regard to the policy instruments for the regulation of bio-pesticides, he said that
the Convention on Biological Diversity CBD, 1992, Montreal, IPPC 1997, Rome, WTO-SPS
agreement and Cartagena Protocol for Bio-security are some of the international policy
instruments applicable to Nepal. Regarding national policy instruments directly relevant
are Plant Protection Act 2064, Pesticide Act 2048 and Pesticide Regulation 2050, Nepal
Agriculture Policy 2061, Agro biodiversity Policy 2063 and Three Years Interim Plan
2064. Establishment of National Plant Protection Organization, appointment of
quarantine inspectors, role, duties and authority of inspectors are some of the silent
features of the Plant Protection Act 2064. Pesticide Act 2048 and Pesticide Regulation
2050 also have provision of appointment of inspectors. Nevertheless, this act is mainly
focused on registration of chemical pesticides, although some bio-pesticides are
registered under this act. Agro biodiversity policy 2063 is mainly focused on regulation
of LMOs and GMOs. This policy states the GMO has risk of negative impact on bio-
diversity, environment and that human health should be controlled or restricted.
Besides, the government policy for organic farming and biodiversity conservation,
government policy for environment protection, government declaration about IPM as a
pillar for agriculture extension and increasing public awareness towards the negative
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impact of chemical pesticide also imparts opportunities to promote bio-pesticides and
eventually to establish the bio-pesticide industry.
He stated that Nepal has committed on environment safety by ratifying various
international conventions related to the environmental issues. London Guidelines for
the Exchange of information on Chemicals in International Trade, Basal Convention
1989: On the Control of Trans boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their
Disposal (Ratified 1994), United Nations Convention 1992 (Rio), Rotterdam Convention
on Prior Informed Consent (PIC) 1998 and Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants (POPs) 2001. The concepts possessed by these conventions are more or less
incorporated in the Pesticide Act 2048. The Stockholm Convention 2001, which is
basically focused to conserve human health and environment from detrimental effects
of POPs. Nepal became a signatory country on 5 April 2002. Nepal government also
banned importation of pesticides under PIC list viz. Methyl Parathion and
Monocrotophos to fulfill the obligations in the WTO-SPS agreement. Nepal already
banned POPs and other hazardous pesticides that cause detrimental effects on human
health and environment.
Since Nepal is basically an importer of all kinds of pesticides, no bio-pesticides
formulating unit has so far been established in the country. Farmers are using their best
indigenous knowledge to get rid of pests. Nepal's enormous biodiversity imparts
sufficient opportunities to establish bio-pesticides formulation plant. Unfortunately to
date no such plants is in existence in the country. However, plant products and
materials are being used traditionally in most parts of the country. Use of sawdust, cow
urine, tobacco leaves and stalks, sweet flag, hot pepper etc are not new methods of
plant protection in Nepal. Application of different pheromones, attractants, poison baits
are also in practice. Recently, agro spray: a mineral oil is also getting popularity against
sucking pests. Latest introduction of Pest Control India (PCI) products such as Calphomil
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against diseases, Calpaste, Calvita and Calmv against sucking pest are being tested in the
farmers' field with encouraging results.
Presently, import and use of bio-pesticides in Nepal is at an infancy, he mentioned.
Farmer’s willingness on knockdown effect on the pest is also a barrier to bio-pesticide
use. Lack of sufficient training to the concerned personnel, lack of quality supply as per
the requirement are some of the limitations for the promotion of bio-pesticides. The
bio-pesticides import data showed that there is increasing trends in the import and use
of bio-pesticides. In the fiscal year 2004/5, the import was only about 4.29 kg active
ingredient which reached 57.57 kg active ingredient in the fiscal year 2006/7.
He presented the following list of biopesticides that are registered in the country:
Table1. List of Registered Bio and Botanical Pesticides in Nepal
S.N. Common Name Trade Name Base Type Formulation
1. Bacillus thuriengiensis var. israelensis Bacticide Bacteria Insecticide WP
2. Bacillus thuriengiensis var. kurstaki Biotep Bacteria Insecticide WP
3. Bacillus thruiengiensis Halt Bacteria Insecticide WP
4. Trichoderma viride Bio cure F Fungi Fungicide WP
5. Pseudomonas fluoresens Bactera Fungicide WP
6., Beauveria bassiana Bio Power Fungi Insecticide EC
7. Azadirachtin Ozonim Neem based Insecticide EC
8. Azadirachtin Nimbicide Neem based Insecticide EC
9. Azadirachtin Multineem Neem based Insecticide EC
10. Azadirachtin Nimajal Neem based Insecticide EC
11. Azadirachtin Nikoneem Neem based Insecticide EC
12. Azadirachtin Altineem Neem based Insecticide EC
13. Pseudomonas fluoresens Bio cure B. Bacteria Fungicide WP
Source: PR & MD, 2006/7
22
While concluding the country report he emphasized the need of
1. effective implementation of policy to boost bio-pesticides business in the
country,
2. amendments in the registration procedure for the biopesticides to encourage
more import of these kinds of pesticides,
3. development of national standards for bio-pesticide regulation.
Thailand
Ms. Udomluck Unjitwatana, nominee of the Royal government of Thailand presented
the country report. She said that large quantities of chemical pesticides are imported
and used to combat pests. The import has increased from 31,454 MT in 2000 to over
88,800 MT in the year 2008. She stated that the Department of Agriculture (DOA),
Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives made certain changes in their policy and
master plan governing the use of agricultural pesticides with the sole aim to reduce the
use of synthetic chemical pesticides by replacing these with bio-pesticides such as living
organisms (abamectin, emamectin, B.T., NPV, nematodes) and botanical pesticides
(neem etc.).
She said that the natural insecticides such as abamectin and emamectin have been
imported to replace chemical insecticides. Abamectin, a natural insecticide, derived
from bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis, is the mixture of avermectins containing more
than 80% avermectin B1a and less than 20% avermectin B1b. These B1a and B1b
avermectins are purified from a chemically complex insecticidal/miticidal toxin. EPA
classified these under class IV toxicity.
Avermectins, a nerve poison, stimulates the gamma-aminobutylic acid (GABA) system, a
chemical “transmitter” produced at nerve ending, which results in the inhibition of both
nerve to nerve and nerve to muscle communication. Abamectin has been registered in
23
Thailand since 1997 and being imported from Syngenta Company. Emamectin, a semi-
fermented and semi-synthesized insecticide of avermectin, is the mixture of emmamctin
B1a and and emmamctin B1b. Emamectin is a macrocyclic lactone insecticide with low
toxicity to non-target organisms and the environment. Emamectin is used to control
field crop pests, such as Helicoverpa armigera H. (cotton bollworm), cotton leafworm,
western flower thrips, whitefly, and leaf-miner. Emamectin has been imported from
Syngenta Company and registered in Thailand since 2002.
In 2008(Jan.-Sept.) the total import of value of abamectin and emamectin was of the
order of 671 million Bath. Detailed data is presented in the table below
Table Quantities of abamectin, emamectin, and pyrethrum imported (2003-2008)
Q = formulation quantity (tons), V = value (million Bath), * = technical quantity (tons)
years
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Q / V Q / V Q / V Q / V Q / V Q / V
Abamectin 925 / 181
92 *
2,135/413
18,160 *
1,975/299
275,010 *
3,732/605
581,184 *
4,481/609
650,241 *
4,178/633
777,130 *
Emamectin 11/35 14/48 19/69 17/74 20/79 13/38
Pyrethrum 0 0 0 0.09 0 0
Source: Agricultural Regulatory Division (Oct. 2008)
She said that the Thai DOA has recommended application of abamectin (vertimec
1.8%EC) on various kinds of vegetables and ornamental plants since 2004. However, it
is has not recommended for use on fruits yet.
She also explained the procedure of Home-made pyrethrums by mixing dry ground
pyrethrum flowers with saw waste powders, then forming into sticks and lightening to
repel mosquitoes.
She said that the registration procedure of abamectin and emamectin is the same as the
other pesticides. The Department of Agriculture is generating residue data in order to
set the MRL value on various kinds of vegetables and trying to promote the use of
abamectin and emamectin to replace POP pesticides. The abamectin and emamectin,
which are rather new insecticides, have not been used in IPM programs in Thailand yet,
she stated.
24
VIII. TECHNICAL SESSION
The Technical session comprised a series of lectures followed by visit to the Pilot Plant
of the NPFC and M/s Syngenta Technology Center. Summary of the various lectures
delivered by the experts are presented here.
The Status of China’s Agrochemical Industry
Since the opening of the economy in China, the Pesticides Industry has grown and
developed newer products through the concerted R&D efforts. There has been
phenomenal growth in the production of technical and formulations of
pesticidesbesides raw materials and intermediates production.
Production of Pesticides in China: China’s capacity exceeded 1 million MT in 2007,
production reaching 1.73 million MT; China can produce 300 plus technical and 3000
plus formulations of pesticides now. Category-wise production of pesticides are
presented in the Table 1 below.
Table 1. Total Production of Pesticides
Category Production (MT) Proportion (%)
Insecticides 0.60 34.7
Fungicides 0.14 7.9
Herbicides 0.56 32.5
Others 0.43 24.9
Total 1.73 100
Source : State Statistic Bureau
Pesticide Import and Export in China: The needs of pesticides are met through local
production. China exports a large quantity of pesticides globally. During the year, the
25
export was 0.48 MT in 2007 valued $ 1.35 billion. However, a small quantity of
specialized pesticides are imported valued at $ 0.231 billion only. The detailed data on
the import and export with their destinations are presented in the tables 2 to 6 below.
Table 2. Import and Export of Pesticides
Export Import Categories
Qty. (MT) Value ($
million)
Qty. (MT) Value ($
million)
Insecticides 0.139 408 0.007 53
Fungicides 0.052 172 0.014 80
Herbicides 0.262 717 0.018 82
Others 0.012 28 0.003 16
Total 0.478 1350 0.042 231
Table 3. Pesticide Market
Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Region
Qty.
(T)
Value
($
million
)
Qty.
(T)
Value
($
millio
n)
Qty. (T) Value
($
million
)
Oceania 572 1.75 450 1.82 8437 31.24
Africa 11815 3.75 5411 14.00 30000 70.54
Latin
America
8083 48.33 9681 39.30 53708 15.01
Europe 7315 39.67 6073 27.41 32465 100.85
Asia 77405 242.29 30014 85.45 122900 323.21
North
America
1707 8.28 770 4.23 14032 40.55
26
Table 4. Export of insecticides to the top 10 countries
Country Value of Export ($ in
millions)
Jordan 44.36
Thailand 38.25
Arabia 29.66
Yemen 16.52
Togo 14.28
Australia 11.17
Mauritania 10.39
Bulgaria 10.26
Sudan 9.62
France 9.16
Table 5. Export of Fungicides to the top 10 countries
Country Value of Export ($ in
millions)
Iran 31.22
Nebel 79.99
Armenia 6.90
New Zealand 6.24
Salvador 6.18
Arabia 5.94
Holland 5.69
Bulgaria 5.14
Singapore 4.69
Albania 4.31
27
Table 6. Export of Herbicides to the top 10 countries
Country Value of Export ($ in
millions)
Slovenia 104.16
Croatia 40.52
Israel 38.77
Vietnam 32.15
Uruguay 29.97
Tunis 29.94
White Russia 26.62
England 26.32
Turkey 26.23
Portugal 22.86
Factor effecting the development of China’s pesticides Industry
Influence of Policy and Regulation
As per the new agricultural policy, five highly toxic organo-phosphorus insecticides
have been banned since 2007. National Standards on Determination of Pesticides
Residues, Environmental Economic policy including high pollution and high risk products
have been introduced and implemented in the country. All these policies and
regulations will have influence on China’s pesticides Industry.
International Conventions
China is a party to various global conventions namely Rotterdam Convention, Stockholm
Convention on POPs etc. All provisions are observed with regard to production, use and
export of the restricted/banned pesticides.
28
Pesticides Product Quality and farm produce safety
Inspite of strict vigilance and regulations, a considerable quantities of pesticides
continue to remain in the end market as fake and/or of inferior quality.
Biopesticide
Status: The research of bio pesticide began at the beginning of nineteen fifties in China.
Now China has over 30 research institutes, over 260 bio pesticide enterprises and over
100 registered products. The main products are
Microbial pesticide: Bt based biopesticides, Jinggangmeisu, Avermectin, Chunleimeisu,
Antibiotics 120, Gibberellin, etc.;
Botanical pesticides: Nicotine, Nimbin, Pyrethrin, Rotenone, Matrine, etc.;
Semi-synthetic pesticides: Emamectin Benzoate, Brassinolide, Glucosamine
Oligosaccharide.
Virus pesticides: Spodoptera litura Nucleopolyhedrovirus, Nuclear polyhedrosis virus of
the cotton bollworm, etc.
Eumycete pesticides: White muscardine fungi, Trichoderma, etc.
Existing Problems: Although biopesticides have many strong points and have favourable
opportunities, there also exists some problems compared to chemical pesticide. The
major ones are: poor stability, precise requirements in application technology, potential
safety problems, backward integration process limited by R&D ability, etc.
Developmental scope: There has been lot of scope to improve the production and
application of biopesticides and in this direction there is need to
i. develop standards with proper management.
ii. further research to understand the action mechanism of different types of
biopestiicdes
iii. improvement production technology,
29
iv. development of special formulations and adjuvant especially for bio-pesticide.
v. Enhancement of guidance on the application technology of bio-pesticide,
vi. Close watch on the resistance problem.
vii. making full use of China’s natural resources, and develop new products.
viii. development of new product based on combination of chemical measures and
biotechnology.
Major enterprises
Major pesticide enterprises in China have production facilities backed by strong R&D.
The following are some the important ones operating in the country:
Shenzhen Noposion Agrochemicals Co., Ltd: a listed company, located in the city of
Shengzhen in Guangdong province, an important agrochemicals formulator for R & D,
manufacturing and marketing in China. It has over 390 agrochemicals registered in
China.
Anhui Huaxing Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.: a listed company, located in Anhui province,
is a leading pesticide manufacturer and exporter with ISO9001 and ISO14001
certification in China. It has more than 40 technical products and over 100 formulated
products in three major series: insecticide, herbicide, fungicide, and is developing new
products continuously. The sales network is covering all the crop production areas of
China and more than 50 countries and regions. It is the largest enterprise which
produces and exports minisultap and bisultap in China.
Jiangsu Changqing Agricultural Co.Ltd: located in the city of Jiangddu in Jiangsu
province. The company is mainly dealing with technical, pesticide intermediate, and can
produce many types of formulations. The main products are Imidacloprid, Tricyclasole,
Fluoroglycofen-ethyl, Fomesafen, etc.
Guangzi Tianyuan Biochemistry Co., Ltd: located in the city of Nanningh in Guangzi
province, a state-appointed manufacturer for researching, producing and marketing
30
pesticides. The business covers all provinces of south to Yangtze River and radiates to all
parts of China. It has more than 200 agrochemicals registered in China.
Lier Chemical Co., Ltd: a listed company, located in the city of Mianyang in Sichuan
province, incorporated in 1993 by China Academy of Engineering Physics, a Sino-foreign
joint venture mainly engaged in research and development, production, application and
sales of agrochemicals. The company specializes in the development of agrochemicals,
and after years of relentless efforts has made great strides in the research,
development, production and application of heterocyclic agrochemicals and fine
chemical intermediates. Their products are sold to more than twenty countries and
regions and have gained universal recognition.
Jiangsu Changlong Chemicals Co., Ltd: Located in Changzhou of Jiangsu province, is a
manufacturer which can produce a variety of technical pesticides. The production
capacity is more than 50 thousand MT per year. The products contain almost all the
pesticide categories. It can produce more than 40 types of pesticide technical and more
than 60 kinds of formulations.
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Update on formulation Technology for Safer Products
Increasing attention is being focused on developing safer environmentally friendly
formulations in more convenient packaging. Formulation technology is now seen as an
enabling technology, which can add significant value and attractive presentations to
pesticide products, and at the same time improve operator safety and reduce the dose
rate and wastage of pesticide applied to crops, thereby, reducing environmental impact
and increasing food safety. More recently, attention has turned to the development of
bio/botanical pesticides which may be less toxic and easier to register for use on crops.
However, these natural pesticides are sometimes difficult to stabilize and formulate to
allow application on a successful commercial scale.
The primary objectives of formulation technology are to optimise the biological activity
of the pesticide, and to give product which is safe and convenient for use. However,
because of the wide variety of chemical pesticide active ingredients which are available,
many different types of formulations have been developed depending mainly on the
physico-chemical properties of the active ingredients. In the past, most formulations
were based on simple solutions in water (SL), emulsifiable concentrates in a petroleum-
based solvent (EC) or dusts (DP) and wettable powder (WP). The presence of petroleum-
based solvents in EC formulations and dusty powders in DP and WP formulations can
lead to safety hazards in use and a negative impact on the environment generally. Most
government regulatory authorities are now demanding formulations which are cleaner
and safer for the user, have minimal impact on the environment, and can be applied at
the lowest dose rate. This has led to the development of water-based liquid
formulations such as suspension concentrates (SC), oil-in-water emulsions (EW) and
miscrocapsules (CS). There has also been a move away from dusty powders towards
water dispersible granules (WG). These developments in formulation types, sometimes
in special packaging such as water-soluble packs, can give products a competitive
advantage, add value or extend the life-cycle of active ingredients.
32
While considering the trends towards safer chemical pesticide formulations, some of
the problems encountered in the formulation of bio/botanical pesticides, and how
advances in formulation technology it was felt, may overcome these problems. The
most popular types of formulations for chemical and bio/botanical pesticides were
compared.
Registration authorities are now considering the use of safe formulation additives and
adjuvant, and ways to minimize the residues of pesticides on food crops after spraying.
All of these aspects are increasing the importance of formulation and adjuvant
technologies in the development of new products.
33
How IPM/Developments in Chemistry/Formulation Technology/
International Conventions will all contribute to Food Safety and Food
Security
With the world population likely to reach 8-10 billion by 2050 and greater demand for
food from developing countries and diversion of agricultural crops for bio-fuels will all
make, food security and food safety a major challenge to humanity. In this, agriculture
in the future will radically change. In order to meet the challenge, the IPM, generic and
novel pesticides and their traditional and state of the art formulations will play a
prominent role. Along with this, the three major conventions such as the Basel
Convention, the Stockholm Convention and the Rotterdam Convention will play a
significant part in improving pesticide safety, thereby, increasing food Safety. The paper
on this subject discussed the linkage to all these cross cutting issues with recent
developments in pesticides with novel modes of action and the formulation technology
that is moving towards greater safety, broader pest control, resistance management
and above all increasing worker, farmer, consumer and environment safety.
34
Risk Reduction and Safe Pesticide Production and Application in Asia and
the Pacific Region- United Nations Industrial Development Organization’s
RENPAP Experience
The Regional Network on Pesticide for Asia and the Pacific (RENPAP) programme of the
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is aimed to promote
environment and user friendly crop protection agents through adopting cleaner
production and environmentally sound management practices promoting safety, health
and environmental protection encompassing establishment of mechanism for pollution
prevention, waste management, monitoring of residues in the ecosystem,
ecotoxicology, effluent treatment and safe disposal of obsolete pesticides, promotion of
safer biodegradable bio-botanical pesticides and establishment of an information
exchange system aiming at reduction of risks in the use of crop protection agents
thereby increasing agricultural production and ensuring safety to the farmers and
workers. RENPAP uses a harmonized approach in promoting “clean” technologies,
assessing and revamping old/operational plants, promoting the use of appropriate
personal protective equipment. RENPAP has built strong linkages with various national
programmes in the member countries, thereby multiplying the benefits of the activities
of the network. The RENPAP is also coordinating the implementation of Persistent
Organic Pollutants (POP) projects for developing National Implementation Plans and
post NIP projects in various countries in Asia-Pacific region to meet the obligations
under the Stockholm Convention. RENPAP has been particularly active in pursuing safer
alternatives to persistent chemical pesticides and in this context the work on
biopesticides especially neem based, Bt based and other new generation biopesticides
are vigorously advocated at the regional level to foster south-south cooperation. The
paper elaborated on the importance of safe and effective pesticide application
technology with a view to reduce the load of wanted non-targeted toxic pesticides in
the environment and to protect the health of the workers and the society at large.
35
Opportunities of Research and Development in Stockholm Convention
The Chief, POPs Unit, UNIDO Vienna made a lucid presentation on the “Opportunities of
Research and Development in Stockholm Convention”. While discussing the Stockholm
Convention, he said that three kinds of actions are required to be contemplated under
the convention viz. elimination/reduction, restriction and clean-up/disposal.
Agriculture, Health and Industry are the three sectors that are leading the process in the
implementation of the Stockholm Convention. NIP development/ Capacity building;
Partnering on investments (BAT/BEP and alternatives); Demonstrations (non-
combustion and alternatives) are the strategic priorities of the GEF. He said that Article
11 of the Stockholm Convention provides opportunities to the Parties to undertake R&D
work on POPs chemicals.
The Article 11 states that “The parties shall, within their capabilities, at the National and
International levels, encourage and/or undertake appropriate research, development,
monitoring and cooperation pertaining to persistent organic pollutants and, where
relevant, to their alternatives and to candidate persistent organic pollutants, including on
their:
1. Sources and releases into the environment;
2. Presence, levels and trends in humans and the environment;
3. Environmental transport, fate and transformation;
4. Effects on human health and the environment;
5. Socio-economic and cultural impacts;
6. Release reduction and/or elimination; and
7. Harmonized methodologies for making inventories of generating sources and
analytical techniques for the measurement of releases.”
Article 11 of the Stockholm Convention also states that “in undertaking action, the
Parties, within their capabilities:
1. Support and Develop international programmes, networks and organizations
aimed at defining, conducting, assessing and financing research, data collection
and monitoring;
36
2. Support national and international efforts to strengthen national scientific and
technical research capabilities, particularly in developing countries and countries
with economies in transition, and to promote access to, and the exchange of,
data and analysis;
3. Financial and technical support to developing countries and countries with
economies in transition, and cooperate in improving their capability to
participate in their efforts;
4. Undertake research work geared towards alleviating the effects of persistent
organic pollutants on reproductive health;
5. Make the results of research, development and monitoring activities accessible
to the public on a timely and regular basis;
6. Encourage and/ or undertake cooperation with regard to storage and
maintenance of information generated from research, development and
monitoring.”
The paper also described and listed the new chemicals which are being considered to be
included in the list of POPs disposal technology and the role of UNIDO as an executing
agency.
The paper also described the initiatives of the UNIDO on setting up the global forums
namely East and South East Asia (ESEA) BAT and BEP Forum, Regional Network on
Pesticides for Asia and Pacific (RENPAP), Countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus and
Central Asia (CEECCA) on BAT and BEP, Africa BAT and BEP Forum (economic
commissions based) and Latin America Region (GRULAC) BAT and BEP Forum.
The paper emphasized the need to put more stress on the R&D work related to
alternative to POPs, promotion of BAT and adoption of BEP and in this regard the
RENPAP network could play a significant role and provide its competence and guidance
on the Stockholm Convention to meet its obligations. The paper emphasized the need of
synergizing the RENPAP and the other Global Forum of UNIDO for establishing linkages
with appropriate institutions/research institutions.
37
Development and Prospects of WG Formulation in P.R. China
1. WG formulation is one of the fastest developed new pesticide formulation
Pesticide Companies: More than 2600
Pesticide Production: 1.5 million tons per year
Number of A.I.: about 580 kinds
New registered products: 2000 per year.
Upto the end of 2007, there were more than 20,000 registered products with 6500
specifications (including the sanitary products). The number of new pesticide
formulations including SC,WG, EW,SE, FS, CS increased rapidly.
Table 1. Yearwise Development of new water based formulations in China
2007
Formulation
1998 2004 2005 2006
Total Domestic Foreign
SC 95 284 318 349 387 321 66
WG 1 70 105 120 147 102 45
EW 13 72 93 100 139 124 15
ME 4 94 136 174 226 226 -
SE 17 40 47 54 68 66 2
CS 1 11 19 21 23 14 9
FS 38 110 116 137 152 131 21
Table 2. WG Formulation Development since 2002 in China
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Domestic 13 18 29 64 75 102
Foreign Company 25 32 41 41 45 45
Total 38 50 70 105 120 147
2. WG Formulation becomes one of the best choices
Although the number of WG products only takes account of 2.5% of total products
number; it increased by 30% per year, and is expected to become one of the main
38
formulations. At present, it is regarded as the first choice of pesticide formulation
development for industrialization.
Advantages of WG Formulation:
1) Convenience of application
2) Reduction in the packaging pollution
3) Small size: convenient for transportation and storage
4) No dust, rapid granule dispersing speed
5) High wetting and sticking character, high efficiency.
6) Wide coverage of A.I. (1-2% to 90%).
As Compared with EC:
Large quantity of organic solvent is saved.
As compared with WP
No dust floating, reduced toxicity to the human body and pollution to environment.
Especially for Ultra high efficiency herbicides, the damage to crops caused by floating is
avoided. Small package size, convenient for packaging and measurement and
transportation.
As compared with traditional granules
Advantages of Traditional Granules: Reduce the toxicity of high toxic pesticide, prolong
persistence.
Disadvantages of Traditional Granules: Narrowed application scope, mainly used in the
root area of crops to kill underground worms.
WG formulation embraces the advantages of traditional granules, avoids the
disadvantages and developed rapidly.
As compared with liquid formulations such as SE, EW, SL, ME
WG has the advantages in term of size, packaging, measurement, safety and
transportation.
39
Solved the problem of physical and chemical stability which liquid formulations
encounter such as crystallization, gelatification, chemical stability problem of A.I. in
liquid.
WG formulation of pesticides: There are in total 147 kinds of WG products in the
Chinese market, 102 kinds of which are manufactured in China for different kinds of
pesticides.
Typical WG products in herbicide:
(1) Most of sulfonylurea herbicides are WG products
(2) Most of triazine herbicides are WG products
(3) WG products of Diuron, Napropamide, Glyphosate, Clopyralid, etc.
Typical WG products of insecticide group:
WG products of lmidacloprid, Fipronil, Hexaflumuron, Emamectin, etc. are produced
and used.
Typical WG Products of fungicide group:
Mancozeb, Dimethomorph, Carbendazim, Sulphur, Oxid Cuprum are formulated as WG
products and most triazole fungicides are made as WG products.
3. Bio pesticide formulation and WG
Bio pesticides in China can by divided into the following categories according to the
source.
(1) Extraction from plant, such as neem, pyrethrum, rotenone.
(2) Antibiotics and its structure modifications, such as Validamycin, Abemectin,
Emamectin, Pleocidin, Gibberellin, etc.
(3) Dormant microorganism, such as spore of bacteria, Bt, Beauveria bassiana
(spore); deactivated bacteria, CPV, NPV, etc.
(4) Other microorganisms.
40
Bio pesticides are much more complicated than chemical pesticide, and more
parameters should be considered during the development process of bio pesticide, and
still more need to be considered when developing a formulation of a biopesticide.
Characteristics that impair the development of bio pesticide formulation
i. stability in water or organic solvent of biopesticides such as gibberellin and
neem,
ii. high concentration of insoluble and non-melting materials,
iii. high concentration of impurities, in many bio pesticides, the concentration of
impurities are mostly more than those of active ingredients,
iv. micro biotic pesticide cannot achieve the required particle size through milling or
high speed shear cut,
v. many biopesticides are sensitive to Ultra-violet light.
Thus, it can be concluded that the most suitable formulation for bio-pesticides,
especially micro biotic organism pesticides, are WG or WP formulations (including the
solid formulations, GR and TB), OF formulation (suitable for specific biotic organisms),
and CS formulation . EW, SC, SL and ME formulations are suitable for certain specific
biopesticides.
41
Pesticide Administration and Registration Management in China
Pesticide administration and registration in China is controlled by the Institute for the
Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture (ICAMA). Established in 1963, ICAMA
has 13 divisions with 89 staff members. Each Province has homologous organization
acting as branch of ICAMA. The following are the main divisions of the ICAMA
* General division * Chemistry division
* Financial division * Residue division
* Formulation division * Import-export division
*Information division * Bio-Environment and toxicity division
*Registration division * Environment and toxicity division
* Supervision division * CCPR secretariat
* Bioassay division
ICAMA’S Main Functions
Besides other duties, the main functions of ICAMA are
• Drafting and implementing laws and regulations concerning pesticide
management.
• Establishment of technical guidelines concerning pesticide registration.
• Taking charge of pesticide registration.
• Censoring advertisements of pesticide.
• Inspecting pesticide market.
• Supervising pesticide quality.
• Conducting trials (quality, efficacy and residue, etc.).
• Training technicians and administrators of the provinces.
• Carrying out domestic and international cooperation including training.
• Conducting Consultation.
ICAMA’S Registration Division
* Drafts and implements the rules and regulations of pesticide registration.
* Accepts applications for registration for both domestic and overseas products,
* Coordinates the registration process and make comprehensive evaluation.
* Grants registration certificates.
Pesticide Rules and regulation
42
• Regulation on Pesticide Management: Issued by Decree No. 216 of the State
Council of the People’s Republic of China on May 8, 1997, revised in 2001.
• Pesticide Registration Regulation: issued by 6 ministries in 1982. (including MOA,
MOH, AFSMC, etc.)
• Implementation Rule of Regulation on Pesticide Management: issued by MOA in
1999, revised in 2004, 2007.
• Primary functions of federal agencies related to pesticide and food safety
• Interactions and complementary responsibilities
• MOA,NDARC enacted regulations
o NDARC: National Development and Reform Commission
• MOA Ministry of Agriculture
o Responsible for pesticide registration and supervision
o Reasonable use of pesticides
o Establish temporary tolerances/MRLs, etc.
• MIIT: Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
o Responsible for supervision of the pesticides manufacturers
• MOH: Ministry of Health
o Establish tolerances/MRLs, etc.
• Federal Agencies that are in-charge of pesticide management
o SEPA: State Environmental Protection Administration
o SFA: State Forestry Bureau
o SQSB: State Quality Supervision Bureau
(Product Quality Law, Standardization Law)
o SAIC: State Administration of industry and Commerce(Advertisement Law)
o SAWS: State Administration of work safety
(Regulation on Hazardous Chemical)
o AFSMC: All-China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives
o Others
• 11 Provinces have enacted local regulations
Pesticide Management Systems
• Registration of Pesticides
• Production of Pesticides
• Distribution of Pesticides
• Quality of Pesticides
• Supervision and administration of pesticide
• Imports and exports registration of Pesticides
• Forbidden use administration of pesticide
• others
43
Pesticide Registration
• Definition of pesticide in China is similar to WHO & FAO.
• The term “pesticide” as used in these Regulations refers to any substance or a
mixture of substances chemically synthesized or originating from biological and
other natural substances and the formulations made from these substances used
for preventing, destroying or controlling diseases, pests, weeds and other harmful
organisms inimical to agriculture and forestry and for regulating the growth of
plants and insects.
• Pesticides mentioned in the preceding paragraph include the following used for
different purposes and in different places:
o to prevent, destroy or control diseases, pests (including insects, ticks and
mites), weeds, rodents, mollusks an other organisms harmful to agriculture
and forestry;
o to prevent, destroy or control storage diseases, pests, rodents and other
harmful organisms;
o to regulate the growth of plants and insects;
o to preserve or keep fresh farm and forest products;
o to prevent, destroy or control organisms harmful to dikes and dams,
railroads, airports, buildings and other facilities.
• Pesticide Registration is essentially needed
• Pesticide Registration serves for agriculture production, environmental protection,
human and animals protection.
• The State practices pesticide registration system.
• Any pesticide (including technical grade products, formulated and repackaged
products, and these references remain same hereinafter) produced and imported
must be registered.
• Pesticide administration will check the application data for pesticide registration
from the chemical/physical and toxicological properties, efficacy, residue and
effects on the environment of the pesticides.
• Pesticide Registration Procedures:
o Field trial stage:
o When applying for registration of a pesticide, the developer of the
pesticide shall submit an application for field trial and the field trial may
only be carried out after the application is approved, pesticides at field trial
stage shall not be sold. It includes field efficacy, residue and environment
trials.
• Pesticide Registration Procedures:
o Temporary registration stage: After the field trial, for the pesticides that
need to go through field trial demonstration, or need to be placed on trial
sale and those that need to be used under special circumstances, the
manufacturer shall apply for temporary registration
44
o Full registration stage: The manufacturer of pesticides that have been
proved through field trial demonstration and trial sale to be ready for
commercial distribution shall apply for full registration.
• From Jan 8, 2008
o Me-too products permit applying for field trial and full registration.
o New pesticide, several new special pesticides and New formulation could
applying for field trial, temporary registration and full registration.
• Data Requirements
o General rules
o Nomenclature and scope
o Registration of new pesticide
o Registration of several new special pesticides
o Registration of new formulation Registration of “me-too” product
• Data Requirements
o Registration for increase in scope, change method and modify dosage
o Registration of the repacking
o Registration of the extension
o Registration of TK (technical concentration)
o Others
o Supplementary articles
• Registration of new pesticide
o Register New Chemicals-new active ingredients which have never been
registered as new products.
o That means the domestic and foreign technical grade and the formulation
of which active ingredients has not been approved and registered yet.
o The registration of the new pesticide in follows 3 stages.
o The TC and formulation must be applied for registration at the same time,
• Registration of several new special pesticides
o Public health insecticide
o Rodenticide
o Biological chemical pesticide
o Microbial pesticide
o Botanical pesticide
o Transgenic biology
o Natural enemy
Biological and chemical pesticides
The biological chemical pesticide must meet the following two conditions:
• no direct toxicity for the control object, only the special function of growth
adjustment, interference of the mating and attraction
45
• if it is synthetic, the structure must be the same as the natural compound
(proportional difference of isomer is allowed).
Pheromone
• The chemical matter exuded by the plant and animal can change receptor
organisms behavior of the same homogeneity and different homogeneity,
including pheromones,
Hormone
• Biochemical matter synthesized by part of the organism and conducted to other
part to have control and adjustment.
Natural Plant Growth regulator and insect Growth Regulator
• Natural PGR is generated by the plant or the micro-organism. For the growing and
developing of the same homogeneity and different homogeneity of the plant
(including sprouting, growth, flowering, fruit, ripe and falling etc.) having function
of inhibition and irritating or adjust chemical matter against adverse conditions
(cold, hot, dry, wet and wind etc. ) of the plant.
Insect growth regulator is the chemical matter having function of inhibition and
irritation.
Enzyme
• Enzyme is the carrier during the gene reaction and the in the reaction of the
organism is the protein molecule for the catalytic function.
Registration of new Formulation
• New formulation
• The formulation minor differences
• New Mixing formulation
• New content
• New Pesticide & fertilizer blend formulation
• New synergistic agent & penetrating agent formulation
• Registration of several new special pesticides
Registration of “me-too” product
• The registration of the same products includes the registration of the same
technical grade & same formulation.
• The registration of the same technical grade is referred to no-obvious quality
difference between the technical grade to be applied for registration and the
registered technical grade, i.e. its active ingredient content is not lower than that
registered and the composition and content (over 0.1%) of the foreign substance
are basically the same.
46
• Registration of the same formulation is referred to no-obvious quality difference
between the formulation to be applied for registration and that product
registered, i.e. active ingredient content of the product, main control items and
index as well as other component etc. is consistent to that registered.
• Toxicology results within a factor 2 of (or the dosage intervals if greater), or no
change in assessment from those in the reference profile.
• Ecotoxicology results within a factor of 5 (or the dosage intervals if greater) of
those in the reference profile.
Registration for extension
• The registration of product extension shall be provided before expiration of
effective period and the following data shall be provided:
• Application form for extension registration
• Certificate on registration of pesticide or “Certificate on temporary registration of
pesticide”
• Latest products Standard
• For full registration, data to be complemented follow new data requirements
• For extension of repacking registration, data to be complemented follow new data
requirements
• For extension of repacking registration, the repacking continuation protocol and
product quality experiment report should be provided.
• Label prospectus (copy)
• Label being used and instructions
Pesticide Registration
• Others Guidelines and technical standards related to pesticide registration
• Guidelines on Pesticide Environment Safety Test and Evaluation
• Guidelines on Pesticide Toxicity test
• Pesticide Toxicity Evaluation Procedures
• Guidelines on Pesticide Labeling
• General Standard of Pesticide Packaging
• Others Guidelines and technical standards related to pesticide registration
• Standard of Pesticide Toxicity Classification
• Rules of Safety Handling in Pesticide Storage and Transportation
• Maximum Residue Limit of Pesticides on Food
• Standards of Pesticides Residue
• Pesticide product standards
New data requirements
• Registration of new pesticides and new formulations is divided in three stages:
o field test,
47
o temporary registration and
o formal registration, that is to say it has only two stages: field test and
formal registration.
• To narrow the gap between temporary registration and formal registration.
• To change from emphasizing on the quality of pesticides to emphasizing on the
quality and environment safety
• To give prominence to the specialty of pesticides.
• To define Me-too products referring to the definition of Me-too products of FAO.
• To protect intellectual property rights more effectively,
• Strengthening inert management
• Strengthening labels management
• More focus on transparency
48
Application Research of Polycarboxylate Dispersant GY-D in Pesticide
Formulations
The application study of GY-D in pesticide formulation showed that it is a very good
polycaboxylate dispersant with many advantages such as fast solubility in water, low
use rate, high dispersibility and stable suspensibility, hard-water resistance as well as
good compatibility with other surfactants, hence, may be widely used in pesticide
formulation process of WDG, SC to WP and WDT (water dispersible tablet) formulations.
The paper described the synthesis process of polymer dispersant GY-D. Technical
standards of polycarboxylate GY-D03 and GY-D04 are presented in the table below.
Table 1. Test items for quality Control of Dispersant GY-D03/04
Test item Dispersant GY-D03 Dispersant GY-D04
Appearance Light yellow transparent
liquid
White solid powder
Water insoluble content (%,
w/w)
None < 3.00
Loss on drying (%, w/w) - < 5.00
pH (1% water solution) 79 58
Solid content (%, m/m) 35 + 2 -
Toxicology Studies of GY-D04
Toxicology studies of GY-D04 were conducted by the Chemical Security Supervision
Center of Zhejiang Chemical Industry Research Institute. According to the toxicity
grading criteria in the Toxicological Test Methods of Pesticides for Registration of P.R.
China and as per the data generated, the GY-D04 can be classified as a low-toxicity
substance to rats and rabbits.
49
Acute oral LD50 of GY-D04 for male and female rats is 2000 mg/kg. Acute percutaneous
LD50 for male and female rats is more than 200 mg/kg. GY-D04 has no irritation to
rabbit skin and weak irritation to rabbit eyes. GY-D04 has weak skin-sensitizing effect on
guinea pigs.
Application study of GY-D04 in WDG formulation
Water-dispersible granule (WDG) formulation is essentially a wettable powder
granulated as small pellets. It is applied after disintegration and dispersion in water.
The advantage of this formulation is that it is dustless in the production and application
process, no organic solvents are needed, easy to handle and measure, without forming
into lumps during storage, and safe to environment. A typical composition of WDG
formulation includes active ingredient, dispersant , wetting agent and disintegrating
agent, binder, defoamer and carrier or diluents and absorbent
Dispersant and wetting agents used in WDG formulation in China are mainly imported
products. Polycarboxylate dispersants play a very important role in WDG preparations.
Several polycarboxylate dispersants such as T/36 developed by Rhodia, WG5 developed
by Takemtoto, 550S developed by ICI are used in the formulation process in China.
GY-D04 is a new polycarboxylate dispersant developed by Beijing Grand Agro Chem Co.,
Ltd. The formulation studies showed that GY-D04 is a highly efficient dispersant which
can be used at the rate of 2-8% in many pesticide WDG formulation production. The
WDG formulations of 80% quinclorac, 75% tribenuron-methyl, 60% metsulforun, 60%
bensulfuron-methyl, 75% thifensulfuron, 25% chlorimuron-ethyl, 90% atrazine, 50%
diflubenzuron, 80% fipronil, 25% thaiamethoxam, 35% hexaflumuron, and 10%
difenoconazole were developed by using the dispersant GY-D04 combined with wetting
agent GY-W01 (alkyalaryl ethyl sulphate).
50
Suspension stability studies have shown that GY-D04 at 6% is the optimum rate for
formulation of tribenuron-methyl as 75WDG. From the scanning analysis of suspension
system of WDG samples formulated with different GY-D04 rates, the sediment layer
decreased but the disintegrating and wetting time increased with the increase of
dispersant rate. Thereby, the product composition of tribenuron-methyl formulation
consists of 75% active ingredient, 6% GY-D04 (dispersant), 3% K12 (wetting agent), 7%
ammonium sulphate (disintegrant), with additives (swelling clay) to make up 100%.
Application study of GY-D03/04 in SC formulation
Suspension concentrate (SC), also termed as flowable concentrate, is a stable
suspension of active ingredient in a fluid for dilution with water prior to its use. This
formulation type has been ingeniously developed for active ingredients not soluble in
either oil or water. There are advantages of using a suspension concentrate, a liquid
formulation, over a solid or powdery formulation type using ingeniously developed
active ingredients not soluble in either oil or water as these are easier to handle and
measure and with no dust problem.
Typical ingredients of SC formulation include active ingredient (5-60%), wetting agent
(1-5%), dispersant (2-8%), thickening agent (0.05-2%), antifreeze (2-10%), antifoaming
agent (0.1-1%), preservatives (0.05-0.5%), and water (up to 100%).
Experiment with polycarboxylate dispersant in SC formulation showed that GY-D could
be used in many SC products. The use rate of Gy-D03 (liquid product) at 1.5-4% or GY-
D04 at 0.5-2% resulted in good stability of SC formulations. GY-D03 is recommended
for use instead of GY-D04 as it’s more economical for SC products. By using GY-D03,
pesticides such as 5-35% imidacloprid, 5% fepronil,25% quinclorac, 2.6% chlorfluazuron,
23.2% pencycuron, and 30% tebuconazole have been successfully developed as SC.
Data presented in the Tables below give a comparison of 5% fepronil SC formulation
developed using dispersant GY-D-03 with SC-3 (Takemato dispersant product)
51
Table 2. Ingredients in 5% fepronil SC formulation
Product 1 Product 2 Function Ingredient
Use rate (%, w/w)
Active ingredient Fepronil 5 5
Dispersant 4 ( GY-D03) 3 (SC-3)
Wetter 1 (BAS) 1 (TXC)
Antifreeze Glycol 4 4
Stabilizer Silicic magnalium 0.5 0.5
Thickner Xantham gum 0.2 0.2
Preservative Isothiazolones 0.2 0.2
Defoamer Organic silicon 0.5 0.5
Carrier Water Upto 100 Upto 100
Table 3. Properties of 5% Fepronil SC using different dispersants
Room temperature storage test Heated storage stability test 5% SC
Fepronil Viscosity
(mpa.S)
Foaming
(cm)
Suspensibility
(%)
Viscosity
(mpa.S)
Foaming
(cm)
Suspensibility
(%)
Product 1
( GY-D03)
160 0 98 160 0 98
Product 2
(SC-3)
150 0 97 150 0 98
Application of polycarboxylate dispersant GY-D in pesticide formulation manufacture
has better prospects for the development of environment friendly pesticide formulation
in China.
52
Progress on the Implementation of Stockholm Convention and the
Alternatives of POPs Pesticide
Contents
Stockholm Convention
Progress on Convention Implementation
Alternatives on POPs Pesticides
Stockholm Convention
Adopted and opened for signature at a Conference of Plenipotentiaries from 22 to 23
May 2001
Objective: to protect human health and the environment from POPs mindful of the
precautionary approach.
Signatories:152, Parties: 158
POPs properties: toxic in nature, resist degradation, bioaccumulation and long distance
transportation
First addressed 12 POPs: 9 pesticides;1 Industrial chemical and 2 unintentionally
produced chemicals.
Candidate POPs:5+5+2
The Convention requires that each party shall prohibit and/or take the legal and
administrative measures to
- Eliminate the production, use import and export of the chemicals listed in
Annex A(8 pesticides)
- Restrict the production and use of the chemicals listed in Annex B (DDT)
Considering the actual situation, China has applied for the exemption of DDT for the
Production of Dicofol as intermediate, Chlordane and Mirex for termite control and DDT
for control of malaria in emergency. China will stop applying for the exemption after
the deadline of the first exemption in May 2009.
Characteristics:
Definite elimination, reduction and elimination obligations and schedule
Effectiveness evaluation periodically
Broadly extended scope
Open control lists, 12 new POPs in waiting list
53
Milestones
Main Progress
• National Coordination mechanism in P.R. China established
• NIP approved and submitted to Convention Secretariat Plan for implementation
action and operational management approved
• Revision of some regulations and standards
• Demonstration projects started.
• Actively participated in the Convention meetings
• Continued to promote the POPs inventory investigations in China
• Established Information Management System for implementation,
2007.07.03 NIP Launching Conference
2001.05.23 Signing the Convention
2004.06.25 Ratified
2004.11.11 Convention entered into Force in China
2007.04.14 NIP Approved
2007.04.18 NIP submission
54
• Conducted a series of activities for capacity building and
• Public Awareness raising
Establishment of Mechanism for Convention Implementation coordination
National level:
• 2004, NIP development Leading team set up with 11 ministries and SEPA as
leader
• 2005, National Convention Implementation Coordination Group (NCICG)
established
• 2007, State Administration of Work Safety and General Administration of Quality
Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine were added into NCICG.
Ministry level:
• 2003, Convention Implementation Leading Team in SEPA
• 2004, POPs CIO established
Local level:
• POPs Convention implementation team established in some of the provinces
NIP approved
The compiling work has been finished after nearly 4 years of hard efforts. Both China
and the foreign institutions and countries have participated in the NIP development
process. Thirteen ministries, scientific research institutes, the relevant associations, local
governments, enterprises, the institutions of the UN, the World Bank, main bilateral
cooperative countries, etc. participated in the process of NIP development On April 4,
2007, the National Implementation Plan was approved, and the National Conference
was held on July3. 2007. The Convention implementation strategy, action plan and tasks
for China based on NIP were confirmed.
55
NIP Overall Objectives
• To eliminate the production, use import and export of chlordane, mirex and DDT by
2009, except for the production and use of DDT as a closed-system site-limited
intermediate and for acceptable purposes; and try to eliminate the nine POPs
pesticides production, use and import & export;
• Achieve the environmentally sound management of currently used equipment
containing PCBs in demonstration provinces and identify high-risk equipment
containing PCBs currently used by 2015;
• Apply BAT/BEP measures for new source in key sectors with unintentional POPs
release by 2008, and apply prioritized BAT/BEP measures for existing Dioxin release
sources in key sectors of key regions, and basically control the increasing tend of
dioxin release by 2015;
• Improve supporting systems for the environmentally sound management and
disposal of POPs wastes by 2010 and begin to achieve the environmentally sound
management and disposal of identified POPs wastes by 2015
• Establish POPs contaminated sites inventories of POPs pesticides, PCBs and Dioxin;
• establish supportive system for environmentally sound management and
remediation related to POPs contaminated sites;
• Elimination of POPs chemicals and contaminated sites
Plan for implementation action and operational management
• Establish coordination and supervisory evaluation mechanism for fulfillment of
obligations under the Convention
• Carry out the fundamental research, perfecting the law framework for convention
implementation of policy, regulation and standard
• Evaluate performance of the domestic convention fulfillment in accordance with the
requirement of Stockholm convention
56
• Following POPs research, raising countermeasures, proposals based on the
requirements of the country
• Establish technical assistance system in accordance with the Convention
• Develop a multiple-approach financing and investing mechanism for POPs projects
• Broadening information exchange, propaganda to encourage the public participation
• Work out issues related to POPs waste and POPs contaminated sites
Policies, regulations and standards
Since the signing on May 23, 2001, POPs related policies, regulations, standards, etc.
have been established or revised, and requirements have been listed for establishment
and revision. As a result, one of the industrial policy, 11 standards have been reviewed.
More than 90 standards, guidelines and specifications have been listed in the 11th five
year plan of the government.
Inventory perfection, improvement on elimination and phase out
Inventorization
• Integrate POPs into the national pollution source inventory investigation;
• Organize the investigation on dioxin inventory of key sectors.
• Carry out investigation on use and distribution of POPs pesticide in demonstration
areas
• Guide the implementation work in the local areas on inventory and plan
formulation
Improvement on elimination and phase out
Through international cooperation, and support from GEF, initiated demonstration
projects on pesticides, PCBs and dioxins.
57
Demonstration project on alternatives to Chlordane and Mirex in Termite Control has
been through World Bank.
Alternatives to DDT usage for the Production of Anti-fouling Paint taken up through
UNDP.
Improvement in Production Technology of Dicofol from DDT and introduction of
Technology for Leaf Mites Control has been taken up through UNDP.
Significance of demonstration projects
• Strengthen national and demonstrated regional management and supervision
capacities;
• Promote, establish and revise national and local policies, regulations and standard;
• Introduce environmental friendly, advance, economic efficient
alternatives/technologies/control and disposal techniques in demonstrated area;
• promote POPs substances elimination and substitution in demonstrated area;
• promote BAT/BEP application in key industries;
Based on the outcome of the demonstration projects, replication plans would be
established for the implementation of NIP.
Strengthening of information system and awareness rising
A Three-tier information system established.
Awareness arising through CCTV, China National Radio , etc.
Information dissemination through columns in China Daily, China Environment News
etc.
Wider coverage through CIO website, New letter and posters are some of the other
media.
Alternative to POPs Pesticides
• Alternatives to Chlordane and Mirex for termite control
• Alternatives to DDT Usage for the Production of Anti-fouling Paint
• Alternatives to DDT for Dicofol production
58
• Alternatives to DDT for malaria control
• alternatives/alternative
• Environmentally sound IPM—Integrated pest management
1. Demonstration of Alternatives to Chlordane and Mirex in Termite Control
The project of GEF/WB started in 2006. Project is based baiting system as the core IPM
technology demonstration in the three key provinces for termite control (Jiangsu Anhui
and Hunan)
The technology would be adopted for the management of termite based on the
experiences of the demonstration.
2. Alternatives to DDT Usage for the Production of Anti-fouling Paint
The Project funded by GEF/UNDP started in 2007 to look for alternatives to DDT Usage
in Antifouling Paint. Twenty products of 10 producers have been evaluated. The
alternatives include capsaicin, silicate and other organic booster biocides. On ship panel
tests have been done for the above products. The successful products will be
demonstrated and further extended.
3. Alternative to DDT for production of Dicofol
To improve the production technology using CC13CHO and C6H5CI to produce Dicofol in
site-limited closed-system to ensure DDT residue meet the national and international
standard. Currently, only one company meets the requirement, the production capacity,
however, is 2000 ton/year.
4. Alternative to Dicofol
Promote IPM , improve the pest monitoring to reduce the application of acaricide,
59
Application Technology of Biological Pesticide
The formulation of a biological pesticide is in principle similar to that of a chemical
pesticide. To choose a type of formulation depends upon the physical and chemical
character of A.I. such as solubility, melting point, stability conditions. Formulation
process also varies with the application target.
Present Biological Pesticide Formulation
There are many kinds of bio-pesticides used in the insect control. These can be divided
in the following two categories,
i. biotic organism pesticide, such as Bt and Beauveria bassiana
ii. bio-chemical pesticides such as pyrethrum, abemectin and emamectin.
The biopesticides can be formulated as Suspension Concentrates Formulation (SC),
Water Dispersible Granule (WG), microcapsule, oil suspension, floating tablets, oils
smoke generator, Rocket Scattering formulation, UV protective formulation, etc.
The paper described the choice of bipesticides as alternative to POPs pesticides.
Advantages of biopesticdes over chemical pesticides were also discussed. The field
application of biopesticides in relation to various extrinsic factors were discussed in
detailed in the paper.
60
Field Visit
1. Pilot Plant of NPFC – Visit to the pilot plant of NPFC was aimed to show the
production lines of SC and WG formulation. Participants were appraised about the
working of dyno mills, spray granulators and other machinery used in the
production of environmentally friendly water based formulation.
2. Visit to the Research Center of Syngenta (Nantong) company- The participant were
appraised about the production facilities developed at Nantong for the production
of biopesticides. The visit to the quality control and analytical laboratory was quite
informative and participants could interact with the concerned technical staff and
on the issue of quality parameters of biopesticides.
IX. VALEDICTORY SESSION
Dr. Mohammed Eisa delivered the valedictory address. He said that the he was quite
impressed with the quality and content of the workshop and congratulated RENPAP for
hosting and organizing this highly specialized technical workshop for the benefits of the
member countries. He said that UNIDO would draw upon the technical expertise of the
RENPAP.
X. RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the deliberation of three days, the workshop made the following
recommendations:
1. Having discussed the requirements of Research and Development under the
Stockholm Convention , the workshop recommended that
RENPAP/UNIDO to initiate R&D work to adopt BAT and promote BEP.
2. Taking into consideration the importance of finding suitable cost effective
/environmentally and user friendly alternatives for DDT, the workshop
recommended that
61
RENPAP/UNIDO to formulate a regional project on alternatives to POP
pesticides especially DDT incorporating IPM/ICM strategy of plant protection.
3. Taking note of the usage of DDT, a POP pesticide, as starting material in dicofol
production , the workshop recommended that
alternatives to DDT may be researched to reduce the load of its usage as
starting material in dicofol production.
4. The meeting having discussed the use of Bt based bio-pesticides as mosquito
larvicide in malaria vector control programme and realizing long standing
experience of Bt production in RENPAP member countries and further referring
to 1982 WHO Bt Expert Group Meeting which recommended that “investigate
the feasibility and cost effectiveness of establishing local production to meet
public health and agricultural requirements. Inputs from FAO and UNIDO should
be sought during the early stages of evaluation and planning”, the workshop
recommended that
RENPAP/UNIDO to strengthen its activities on Bt production and application as
alternatives to DDT in public health programme at interregional/global level
through setting up of demonstrations in Asia-African region to foster south-
south cooperation.
62
X. EVALUATION OF THE WORKSHOP
Evaluation of the workshop was carried out according to UNIDO Standard
Questionnaire. Fourteen participants filled in the questionnaire and the salient features
of their answers are summarised below:
Too long Just right Too short
1 Duration of Workshop
- 6 4
To a small
extent
To a large
extent
Very large
extent
To sufficient
Extent
2 Did training correspond to
your present need
0 3 5 2
Too low
Adequate Too high Much too high 3 General Technical Level of
Workshop
- 8 2 -
Very valuable Just valuable Least valuable Irrelevant 4 Coverage of technical
topic 8 2 -
Very valuable Just valuable Least valuable Irrelevant 5 Is the field visit valuable
8 2 - -
Yes No 6 Any topic not adequately
covered 7 3
Workshop Faculty
Fellow Participants
Yes No Yes No
7 Did you have sufficient
time for professional
exchange of views with
7 3 8
2
Lecture
Practical/
field visit
More 3 1
Less 1 -
8 Changes in method of
Instruction
No change 6 9
To sufficient
extent
To great
extent
Very great extent 9 Participating in Workshop benefited
professionally
3 5
2
63
ANNEXURE - I
WORKSHOP ON PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF BIO-PESTICIDES (ABEMECTIN,
EMMAMECTIN NATURAL PYRETHRUM,ETC.)
Nantong, People’s Republic of China
October 14-16, 2008
List of Participants
P.R. China (Host Country)
1. Ms. Wu Xiaochun,
Vice Mayor,
Nantong Municipal People's Government
Nantong , Jiangsu
2. Mr. Deng Zhihui,
Sector Chief,
The China International Centre for Economic and Technical Exchange (CICETE)
Ministry of Commerce,
Beijing,
3. Mr. Zhu Quianbo
Director,
National Science and Technology Bureau
4. Prof. Hong Chuanyi,
National Coordinator RENPAP China
Nantong Pesticide Formulation Center
Nantong,
Jiangsu
5. Mr. Zhong Sulin
Director,
Nantong Pesticide Formulation Center
Nantong,
Jiangsu
64
Country Delegates
6. Dr. Kyeong Seok Oh, Republic of Korea
7. Mr. Arif Syahrizal, Indonesia
8. Mr. Asia Nasution, Indonesia
9. Mr. S. Khodsimouang, Lao PDR
10. Ms. S. S. Lwin, Myanmar
11. Mr. A. P. Dhakal, Nepal
12. Mr. Seif Mustafa, Sudan
13. Ms. U. L. Unjitwatana, Thailand
Chinese Participants
No. Name Post Company
14. Wang Lvxian Honorary
Chairman China Pesticide Industry Association
15. Zong Fulin Director Institute for the Control of
Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture
16. Zhang
Zongjian General Public
Beijing Science and Technology Research
Institute of Chemical Industry
17. Han Wenya Senior Project
Officer
Department of Environmental Protection
Office of Compliance
18. Chen
Xiaoqiang Secretary Nantong Agricultural College
19. Huang Jianye Dean Nantong Agricultural College
20. Zhu Qianbo Secretary Nantong Technology Center
21. Zhou Guoyi Director Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals
22. Jiang Feng Technical Director Beijing Valdivieso
23. Zhou Taidong Project Officer
Ministry of Commerce of the China
International Economic and Technical
Exchange Center
24. Bai Guang Director Syngenta Crop Nantong Co., Ltd.
65
25. Cai Jianguo Chairman Nantong Jiangshan Agrochemical &
Chemical Co., Ltd
26. Wu Chunlin General Manager Tongzhou Zhengda Pesticides &
Chemicals Co., Ltd
27. Ji Bin Vice researcher Nantong Technology
28. Lu Xuesong Deputy Director Nantong Economic and Trade
Commission
29. Qian Zhihua Secretary Nantong Economic and Trade
Development Zone Authority
30. Bao Delin Deputy Secretary Nantong Economic and Trade
Development Zone Authority
31. Li Xiaodong Associate
professor
Nantong University Chemical Safety
Evaluation Center
32. Sun Yong Nantong Economic and Trade
Commission
33. Dai Baojiang Engineering Nantong Jiangshan Agrochemical &
Chemical Co., Ltd
34. Chen
Yongxiang Director Nantong Technology
35. Chen Guoshu Deputy Director Nantong Foreign Trade Council
36. Liu Hongbin Deputy Director Nantong Technology
37. Cheng Wei Deputy Director Nantong Technology
38. Yu Xinglong Deputy Director Nantong Technology
39. Chen Jianjun Director Nantong Agricultural College
40. Wu Anjia Deputy Director Nantong Technology
41. Cai Yinjie Director Nantong Agricultural College
42. Leng yang Professor NPFC
43. Peng Shanying Director Guoguang Sichuan Agricultural Co., Ltd.
44. Wang Jun Technician Guoguang Sichuan Agricultural Co., Ltd.
45. Fu Yanjuan Director Jiangsu Good Harvest-weien
Agrochemical Co., Ltd
46. Zhou Xianjun Jiangsu Kuaida Agrochemical Co., Ltd
47. Fan Xiaolong Smith Barney Pesticide Co., Ltd. in Xi'an
66
48. Jiao Guoqiang Smith Barney Pesticide Co., Ltd. in Xi'an
49. Li Xiaohui Smith Barney Pesticide Co., Ltd. in Xi'an
50. Jian Yajun Engineering Nantong Jiahe Chemicals Co., Ltd
51. Cai Qi Deputy General
Manager
Jiangle Haimen pesticides Chemical Co.,
Ltd
52. Mao
Yonghong Manager Syngenta Crop Nantong Co., Ltd.
53. Ji Jinzhong Tongzhou Zhengda Pesticides
＆Chemicals Co., Ltd.
54. Xian Ruixing Nantong Gongcheng fine Chemical
Co.,Ltd
55. Yao Zhiniu Nantong Gongcheng fine Chemical Co.,
Ltd.
56. Wu Ming director of the
formulations
Nantong Jiangshan of Agricultural
Technology Center
57. Jin Xiaoli Nantong Jiangshan of Agricultural
Technology Center
58. Hang
Jiansheng
Nantong Nanshen Crop Protection
Technology Development Co., Ltd.
59. Jin Xu Manager Nantong Jinling Agrochemical Co., Ltd.
60. Cai Yong Assistant General
Manager
Nantong Green Rain God Pharmaceutical
Co., Ltd.
61. Fan Meizhen Nantong Feitian Chemical Industrial Co.,
Ltd.
62. Yu Hui Assistant General
Manager Jiangsu Baoling Chemical Co., Ltd.
63. Zhao Yi General Manager Zhejiang Haizheng Chemical Co., Ltd.
64. Gu Shiyou Director Sino-Japanese Fine Chemical Industry
Association
65. Ji Hong Toyota Nantong Chemical Co., Ltd.
66. Chu Weisheng Deputy Director Nantong Weilike Chemical Co., Ltd
67. Qin Mengyun Nantong Weilike Chemical Co., Ltd
68. Shan Shuiqing Dos Agro Sciences Nantong Chemical Co.,
Ltd.
67
69. Liu Jianhua Deputy Director Nantong Shizhuang Chemical Co., Ltd.
70. Liu Naifang Max Rudong pesticides Co., Ltd.
71. Liu Jinhong Assistant Principal Nantong Vocational University
72. Xu Ping Jiangsu Qiaoji Biochemical Co., Ltd.
73. Chen Youjiu Jiangsu Qiaoji Biochemical Co., Ltd.
74. Zhu Baogui Engineering Nanjing Guochen Chemical Co., Ltd.
Lecturers
75. Mr. Alan Knowles, U.K.
76. Dr. B. Sugavanam, U.K.
UNIDO
77. Dr. Mohamed Eisa,
Chief and Deputy Director,
Environmental Management Branch,
United Nations Industrial Development Organization,
Vienna, Austria
78. Dr. Zhegyou Peng,
Industrial Development Officer,
Environmental Management Branch,
United Nations Industrial Development Organization,
Vienna, Austria
79. Dr. Y.P. Ramdev,
Assistant Regional Coordinator,
RENPAP,
UNIDO,
New Delhi, India
68
Annexure II
69
70
