Technical perspectives on district cooling...Capital Cooling, in partnership with Marafeq Qatar is...

Work Shop - Seminar Technical perspectives on district cooling

Bath, 2014-07-23

Anders Tvärne, Capital Cooling

RESCUE - REnewable Smart Cooling for Urban Europe

(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Is there a cooling need in UK?

30/07/2014 2

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Benefits from project

Reference Case – Lusail City, Qatar

Lusail City is located north of Doha in Qatar. When finished, it will provide first class living, working and

entertainment areas for more than 200,000 people

Overview of Lusail City.

General Information On The Project Lusail

Capital Cooling, in partnership with Marafeq Qatar is developing and building

the largest District Cooling system in the world.

The project has a budget of over 2 bn €

The District Cooling system will cover the 12 areas in which the new city of

Lusail has been divided. The first phases were initially planned to be operational

in 2012. Operations with temporary solutions started in 2013.

The planned district cooling system capacity is 1940 MW.

Capital Cooling has carried out:

Business Management & Project Management

Investment and Supply Management.

Risk Management

Technical analysis and advice

The district cooling system in Lusail will reduce 50% of the CO2 emissions that

would come from conventional chillers. This would have amounted to 2 400

000 ton CO2 annually.

Reduce the need of new power stations by 50% plus less capacity on new

power grids

Insert picture

Insert picture

3


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Technical is only one of issues for DC business

4


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Technical subjects for today

5


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

District Cooling system

30/07/2014 6

ETS

Distribution

Cooling

installations


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Production technology

• There is no “one solution”

• Use low primary energy that otherwise would be wasted

• Utilize natural sources • Air – Water: Sea, lake, rivers, ground water

• Waste energy from industry, CHP

• Absorption chillers

• Heat pumps

• Electrical chillers

7


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014 8

Agenda

Product quality

System architecture

Plant location

Distribution

Temporary solutions

Energy Transfer Station

Permits


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014 9

Compression chiller COP

Water cooling

Very high chiller COP is possible when the condenser temperature is low. Particularly with VFD (variable frequency drive) at part load.

Note SSEER not COP, example individual

Chiller system

According to supplier (COP) 2,1 – 5,6

Real system (EER) 0,7 – 2,8


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Natural cooling

• Example river northern Europe

Intake in Gothenburg

• River possible in Paris, Vienna, Gothenburg, Gävle, Halmstad…

• Permissions, will the effluent water temp affect the river? • Answer, permit will set max temp and max ΔT

• Flow in ”once-through” water pipes small compared to the river

• Impact between sunny and cloudy day 10 to 100 times bigger

10

Ouderkerkeplas - lake in

Amsterdam 40m deep


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Natural cooling – Lakes, Sea

Sea water in Stockholm

11

Ouderkerkeplas – Lake in

Amsterdam 40m deep .

(Man made)

Knowledge of the thermocline in

lakes essential

• Lake “shifts” between seasons

• Measurements (lots)

• Bottom and surface intakes?

• Benefits – helping nature by

mixing water a bit between

areas


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Lake water pipes in PE

12


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Heat pumps in Helsinki DHC Katri Vala plant

30/07/2014 13

DHC 5 Heat pumps, treated sewage water

60 MW cooling and 90 MW heating


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Absorption chillers

• Supplied by DH and not electricity

• Local at end-users: • No DC pipes needed

• Absorption chiller need higher supply temp

• Less low temp waste on DH in summer

• Damage ΔT on the DH system • 2-stage ABS, more expensive

• DH customer connection pipes could become bottle-necks

• Need redundancy at customer’s site

• Harder to sell DC without the benefits

• Cooling towers of roof tops, very large due to the COP=0.7-0.8

• Absorption at DC plant, Helsinki 10x3.5MW • Better supply temp, 85oC

• Possible mix of production, chillers, natural

• Still need cheap production, low COP 14


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Heat price for absorption

30/07/2014 15

- Heating price over 2-3 €/MWh (1.5-2.5 GBP/MWh) => No ABS

- Extend CHP when no heat need, value of electricity incl. subsidies systems


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Benefits with DC

• DC offer must be attractive: • Price

• Performance

• Simplicity - ETS

• Low environmental impact

• Low use of primary energy sources (PES)

• Sustainability

• If it also has added values it is a bonus! • Free floor space

• Beautification of buildings (No “wall rattlers” – split units with dripping condensers etc..)

• No refrigerant in building

• Avoid O&M contracts on chillers

• No noise from compressor motors

• No cooling towers on roof-tops

16


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Distribution pipes

Many types of pipes for DC

Pressure level 6, 10 or 16 bar system.

• PE un-insulated

• GRP un-insulated

• PE coated steel pipes (same as for gas pipes in steel)

• Pre-insulated PUR on steel pipes in HDPE casing • Same type as for DH

• Less insulation thickness series

• Concern is not energy losses (Ground temp and DC temp are low in UK/SE)

• Low demand periods – Stand still water – Supply temp

17


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Distribution pipes

On DC the pipe DN is much larger than on DH.

Design temperature difference only ΔT=10oC (DH, ΔT=50oC)

Pumping 5 times more water for the same capacity!

Pipe investments are naturally high in DC projects

Smart production with less primary energy use needed

DN600 for DH DN600 for DC

150-200 MW 25-30 MW

From Stockholm

18


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Distribution pipes

Standard EN253 is a comprehensive standard developed for DH

Applicable for DC

Certification: manufacturing, fitters

Lots of linked normative standards

Friction fixation – Bonded pipes (Sandwich)

Thermal expansion low, stress on steel material below limits

19


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Electro welded casing joints

30/07/2014 20

- Pressure tested before foaming

- Minimize human influence

- Stored info on joint quality

- Safest with risk of rain or ground

water

Alternative is shrink joint

Thermal memory

Heat with gas flame


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Isolation valves

Friction fixation – Bonded pipes

Pre-insulated isolation valves

Valve then a part of the pipes

Operation with spindle extension or hydraulic

No valve chambers

21


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Surveillance system

Leak detection on-line from control room or supplier

For DH – Resistance between inner pipe and wire

Wet foam change the resistance

Exact d (mm) distance important or measurement fault (many joints)

Moist travels to coldest surface

Some water initially in the foam

3DC - measure impedance between wires

Not only on steel pipes anymore

30/07/2014 22


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Not only the ETS – customer installations

• Develop Technical Requirements

• Include the cooling systems in buildings

• No system performs better than the secondary side return temperature

• Prepare for ΔT improvement program

• Ownership of ETS

23


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Heat exchangers

• Direct connection – No HEX • Better return temp

• Same water as in the customers building’s cooling systems

• Water quality issues

• Leakages will disturb all customer

• DC net is a huge water storage, can cause swimming pools in basements

• Indirect connection – with HEX • More robust design

• Temp loss in approx. 0.5-1oC

• Consider pre-fab of Energy Transfer Stations • On a skid, transport openings

• Brazed plates, no gaskets

• Flushing and fouling

• CIP (Cleaning In Place)

• Low O&M

24


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

System architecture

- Smart mix of production options - Optimization

30/07/2014 25


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Energy balance

January February March April May June July August September October November December Year

-25

-24

-23 1,20 1,20

-22 1,81 1,81

-21 0,78 0,51 1,29

-20 2,33 0,00 2,33

-19 2,07 1,01 3,08

-18 1,30 0,51 1,81

-17 2,33 0,51 2,84

-16 2,85 1,01 0,47 4,33

-15 2,07 2,28 0,26 0,71 5,32

-14 5,70 2,53 1,79 0,94 10,96

-13 5,44 5,06 2,30 2,12 14,92

-12 4,93 7,09 1,02 2,35 15,39

-11 8,04 6,83 1,54 0,94 6,59 23,94

-10 8,81 8,10 1,28 1,18 6,12 25,49

-9 12,96 13,16 3,84 2,59 7,77 40,32

-8 17,11 12,40 5,37 2,35 10,36 47,59

-7 14,26 20,50 5,63 0,25 3,76 15,07 59,47

-6 21,52 22,53 8,19 0,25 0,48 3,06 15,07 71,10

-5 21,26 31,89 7,42 0,50 1,66 9,65 22,37 94,75

-4 23,07 38,22 17,65 1,74 0,71 10,59 28,49 120,47

-3 28,26 45,31 22,26 5,96 4,99 17,18 28,02 151,98

-2 40,70 41,26 31,98 13,17 0,28 0,24 6,89 33,65 35,08 203,25

-1 41,48 41,26 41,96 20,12 0,28 0,47 8,32 40,94 44,97 239,80

0 58,85 46,82 65,50 22,86 0,28 0,47 13,07 42,59 72,28 322,72

1 58,33 47,58 83,15 35,53 2,24 3,06 14,50 51,06 71,57 367,02

2 73,36 44,04 82,13 49,69 4,47 5,41 20,68 49,18 55,80 384,76

3 69,73 59,48 83,41 58,63 6,71 7,29 22,34 56,24 56,04 419,87

4 69,73 58,21 74,96 69,81 13,41 0,52 0,25 12,94 28,05 59,76 66,87 454,51

5 60,92 50,62 68,31 73,79 24,59 1,04 0,75 14,12 40,17 66,35 65,45 466,11

6 49,00 34,42 62,17 73,79 37,16 2,34 1,00 18,59 45,40 76,00 65,45 465,32

7 23,59 16,71 35,56 67,08 47,50 6,76 0,27 2,76 26,59 49,68 78,59 37,44 392,53

8 7,52 8,35 18,17 51,68 60,63 10,92 0,54 6,28 34,35 63,70 58,82 19,54 340,50

9 2,33 3,54 7,42 43,98 72,36 21,59 3,51 9,80 42,35 81,53 34,59 6,83 329,83

10 0,26 0,25 4,61 34,78 73,20 48,12 7,55 15,57 60,24 96,98 14,12 0,24 355,92

11 3,33 26,09 69,57 69,71 17,80 21,10 78,35 105,78 5,41 397,14

12 0,77 12,17 54,76 70,49 26,70 30,90 88,71 69,65 1,41 355,56

13 0,51 14,91 52,52 85,06 58,79 59,28 98,82 36,61 406,50

14 1,28 6,96 43,58 76,47 84,40 102,48 85,65 15,21 416,03

15 0,00 7,45 27,94 66,85 93,57 104,24 60,00 9,03 369,08

16 0,26 5,47 31,29 56,45 94,65 98,97 36,94 4,75 328,78

17 4,47 23,75 40,58 77,66 78,37 19,29 1,43 245,55

18 3,73 17,60 34,60 66,88 60,53 12,94 0,71 196,99

19 3,98 20,67 32,25 50,97 42,95 7,29 1,19 159,30

20 3,98 15,65 28,35 36,40 28,89 2,59 0,48 116,34

21 0,75 12,85 15,35 31,28 23,36 0,94 84,53

22 1,49 10,34 16,39 22,11 12,56 0,94 63,83

23 2,48 7,54 10,14 22,38 13,56 1,18 57,28

24 0,75 6,15 11,45 14,83 11,81 0,00 44,99

25 0,75 3,07 5,98 11,87 8,54 0,00 30,21

26 0,75 2,24 4,16 8,63 4,52 0,00 20,30

27 0,25 1,12 3,38 4,04 2,51 0,24 11,54

28 0,28 1,04 5,12 2,01 8,45

29 1,62 0,75 2,37

30 1,89 0,25 2,14

31 0,27 0,27

32 0,27 0,27

33

Climatic data

Durability diagram of cooling production

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

0 1'000 2'000 3'000 4'000 5'000 6'000 7'000 8'000

Time [h]

Co

olin

g p

ow

er

[MW

]

Production

=

Durability diagram Customer demand and production profile

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

70,0

-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Ambient temperature [°C]

Co

olin

g p

ow

er

[MW

]

Customer demand

Produduction

Demand profile

+

Availability

of sources District

cooling

District

cooling

System

architecture

+ Electricity cost

Heat cost

Water cost

Energy balance

=

26


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014 27

System design

Selection of main equipment configuration

Pump configuration

Pressure drops

Pipe design

Temperature loss

Pressure class selection

Material selection

Electrical configuration (Power supply)


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014 28

Operation and maintenance costs

Electricity - grid cost - energy cost

Thermal heat - Water/steam - Cost per month/season/outdoor temp

Limitation of ABS operation

Optimum chiller change over

Water and sewage cost

Organisation/Personnel cost


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014 29

System architecture

The production reference should describe the most economical solution that can be accomplished

Natural (Free) cooling

Electrical chillers

Absorption chillers


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

Project management important

• Income - Price your product right – Customers alternative

• Initial failures hard to recover

30/07/2014 30


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

District Cooling in Växjö

- 60 000 people in city centre

- District heating since 1970

- Biomass CHP – #1 in 1997

- New CHP#2: 38 MW,el / 62 MW,heat

- DC customer demand in 2012 – 13 MW

- DC potential 25 MW & possible expand to 35 MW

30/07/2014 31

Distribution of production

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

3,00

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

En

erg

y v

oly

me [

GW

h]

Electrical chiller

Absorption chiller

Free cooling


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

DC potential in the city of Växjö in Sweden

30/07/2014 32


(IEE/11/977) / Duration: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2014

End of presentation

30/07/2014 33

FINAL MESSAGE – System-knowledge essential plus utilize synergies DC & DH

Thanks for the attention!

Contact:: Anders Tvärne

Capital Cooling Energy Service AB

+46 70 617 77 42

[email protected]

Technical perspectives on district cooling...Capital Cooling, in partnership with Marafeq Qatar is...

Documents

Transcript of Technical perspectives on district cooling...Capital Cooling, in partnership with Marafeq Qatar is...