Technical Catalogue • TC1005 · 2007. 6. 22. · 7 Introduction slag, to remain on the surface,...

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Technical Catalogue • TC1005

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Table of Contents

◗ Introduction

Cast Iron: Evolution to Versa-Bar ........................................................................................................................ 04

Versa-Bar ............................................................................................................................................................... 05

Advantages of Versa-Bar ..................................................................................................................................... 06

Benefits with Versa-Bar ....................................................................................................................................... 07

Typical applications of Versa-Bar ........................................................................................................................ 09

◗ Gray Iron

Description of grades ........................................................................................................................................... 10

Typical applications of Versa-Bar in gray iron .................................................................................................... 11

Versa-Bar V1 - Pearlitic/Ferritic Gray Iron ........................................................................................................... 12

Versa-Bar V2 - Pearlitic Gray Iron ........................................................................................................................ 15

Versa-Bar GMI (Glass Mold Iron) - Gray Iron with refined graphite ................................................................. 18

Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties ........................................................................................................... 20

◗ Ductile Iron

Description of grades ........................................................................................................................................... 21

Typical applications of Versa-Bar in ductile iron ................................................................................................ 21

Versa-Bar V3H - Ferritic Ductile Iron ................................................................................................................... 22

Versa-Bar V3 - Ferritic/Pearlitic Ductile Iron ....................................................................................................... 25

Versa-Bar V4 - Ferritic/Pearlitic Ductile Iron ....................................................................................................... 28

Versa-Bar V5 - Pearlitic/Ferritic Ductile Iron ....................................................................................................... 31

Versa-Bar ADI - Austempered Ductile Iron ......................................................................................................... 34

Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties ........................................................................................................... 35

◗ Standard Dimensions

Round Shapes ....................................................................................................................................................... 36

Rectangular Shapes .............................................................................................................................................. 38

Square Shapes ...................................................................................................................................................... 39

◗ Additional Information

Relational Comparison between Versa-Bar Mechanical Properties and Other Properties .............................. 40

Versa-Bar Grades Compared to Other Standards ............................................................................................... 41

Useful Formulas/Conversion Factors ................................................................................................................... 42

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I n t r o d u c t i o n

◗ CAST IRON: Evolution to Versa-Bar

Gray and Ductile Irons are alloys of iron-carbon-silicon. Carbon is added to the melt in amounts that exceed the

solubility limits of the iron and precipitates as graphite particles. The graphite shape can be lamellar (gray iron)

or nodular (ductile iron). Figures 1a and 1b show the typical microstructure of these two types of iron.

The shape and distribution of the graphite, as well as the structure of the matrix, influences directly the

properties of the cast iron. This is the reason why the selection of the proper grade of Versa-Bar or any other

cast iron is the first and most crucial step in new application development. Besides the standard grades of cast

iron to be considered, it may become necessary to look at variations of these grades with alloy additions, or

heat treatment processes, which will help meet the best metallurgical properties suited for your needs. Your

Versa-Bar sales technician can help you determine the right material selection. The more we know about your

product´s application, the better Versa-Bar will meet your needs.

The constant evolution of the iron casting technology continues to boost the development of new applications

for cast iron. This evolution is clearly seen in the continuous casting of iron. Versa-Bar in particular is at the

leading edge of this evolution. We are constantly refining processes and techniques which are allowing for

more economical alternatives to obtain cast iron shapes with superior performance and quality. Versa-Bar is

defining what continuous cast iron can be.

Figure 1a - Gray Iron Figure 1b - Ductile Iron

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◗ Versa-Bar

The continuous casting process was developed as an alternative method for the production of cast iron

without patterns or conventional molding processes. The process consists of pouring the molten iron into a

feeding furnace where a water-cooled graphite die has been mounted to the lower face of the furnace. The

bar is pulled horizontally from the furnace as ferrostatic pressure continuously feeds molten iron through the

die. The die tightly controlled configuration determines the shape and the structure of the continuous cast bar

that is produced. The water cooling of the metal in the die begins the gradual cooling process. This allows for

even solidification, yielding a uniform microstructure. As the bar travels the length of the machine the

solidification process is complete. It is then notched and broken cleanly into the desired lengths required by

the customer. (See Figure 2)

1. Molten Metal2. Filling Spout3. Feeding Furnace 4. Water Cooled Graphite Die 5. Roller Supports 6. Control Panel 7. Drawing Unit 8. Cut-off machine 9. Break-off Unit10. Stock Size11. Water inlet and outlet12. Water Cooling Jacket13. Cast Bar - VERSA-BAR

Figure 2 - Versa-Bar Continuous Casting Process

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The continuous casting process makes it possible for the production of bars with fine-grained as-cast structure.

This structure is free machining; wear resistance with good mechanical properties. These characteristics,

combined with a near net shapes in rounds, squares, rectangles, and special shapes, makes Versa-Bar

continuous cast iron a economical and a high performing material, which can be used in many metal

component parts applications. (See Figure 3)


Figure 3 - Special shapes close to the final geometry of the piece.

◗ Advantages of Versa-bar

Versa-Bar presents many notable advantages when compared to other cast irons. Due to the unique nature of

Versa-Bar and its manufacturing process, many typical defects found in the traditional cast methods can be

avoided. Those costly defects found in other castings are the main source for scrap and machining losses. These

are rarely found in a continuous cast Versa-Bar product. Some of these defects might include the following:

◗ Gas Holes: casting defects that occur internally in a casting and generally appear round in shape with smooth

internal surfaces. They also may appear elongated and occur in different sizes.

In the production of Versa-Bar, the graphite die, unlike the cores and other tradition molding materials, does

not release gases when submitted to the high temperatures of the molten iron.

Centerline shrinkage: voids caused by the lack of molten iron in the cross section during the solidification.

The continuous flow of homogeneous material through the Versa-Bar casting machine makes this defect

almost nonexistent.

◗ Slag inclusion: This nonmetallic residue has always plagued closed mold casting foundries. Those impurities

are routinely poured into as material is poured from the ladle into the mold.

The Versa-Bar process first pours the molten iron into the feeding furnace. This allows the impurities, such as

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slag, to remain on the surface, where it is easily removed and remain far from the exit of the die on the base of

the furnace.

◗ Leakage problems: In sand casting it is not unusual to find sections of open grain structure, which in a pressure

application where fluid is applied, can create a leaking through the micro passages in this open structure.

With Versa-Bar, the water-cooled graphite die allows for a faster and uniform cooling rate of the molten iron;

(cooling modulus). This cooling modulus is responsible for an important characteristic of Versa-Bar. That is

grain density which yields good strength, and protection from leakage, a fundamental concern in the

production of hydraulic components. (See Figure 4)

Figure 4 - Hydraulic components (manifolds, plungers, caps, valve bodies)

◗ Benefits with Versa-Bar:

Compared to Steel. (Weight and Dampening)Density of Versa-Bar = 0.260 lbs / in3

Density of Steel = 0.284 lbs / in3

The density difference of approximately 10% lower in Versa-Bar compared to steel is due to the content of

carbon (density = 0,0794 lbs / in3) in form of graphite in the structure of the cast iron.

This translates into lower weight consideration and dampening characteristics. As a result, Versa-Bar performs

better with reduced noise and vibration: a large concern for gears and other machine components.

◗ Less Stock Removal

The continuous casting process of Versa-Bar allows for the production of bars in different shapes and

dimensions. Those can be produced very close to the desired dimensions of the finished part. As cast Versa-Bar is

free from surface sand inclusion, parting lines, gating, and other feeding or venting inconsistencies found in

other castings. This means smoother uninterrupted tool cut and less time to machine finish Versa-Bar part.

◗ Superior Machinability

Besides the benefit from less material removal, there are more machining enhancing characteristics present in

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Versa-Bar. The high percentage of graphite in Versa-Bar’s structure works as a natural chip breaker and

machining lubricant. It produces superior cutting speed and lower tool wear. You find the best results from the

ferritic gray iron and ductile iron grades of Vera-Bar.

◗ High Strength Grades

The shape and size of the graphite flake influence enormously the strength of the bar. The bigger the

graphite flake size is, the lowest the strength will be.

In Versa-Bar the solidification process results in very fine graphite particles with excellent mechanical

properties.

◗ Elimination of Tooling Costs: (Patterns and Core Boxes)

Since Versa-Bar can be produced in different sizes and shapes, it is possible to select a size or configuration

that’s close to the final dimension of the component to be machined. This can often eliminate the high

expense of producing casting tooling. Besides, it will greatly deduce the lead-time needed to obtain

prototypes or production parts. This reduces significantly the final cost of the product.

◗ Less Scrap after Machining

Sand casting defects have always been a constant struggle for any machinist. The problems come and go and it

seems it always needs to be factored in the machining cost. Consistency is the the name of the game in

machining productivity. Versa-Bar’s freedom from these common casting defects makes it the best machining

performer, or, in other words, Versa-Bar is the lowest cost performer.

◗ Surface Heat Treatments

Versa-Bar is suitable to different types of heat and other surface treatments . These processes can further

improve fatigue strength, wear and corrosion resistance. Traditional heat treatment practices work well with

Versa-Bar: (Consult your local heat treatment service on the best process for your needs).

Surface hardening in valve guides, hard chromium plating in glass molds (Figure 5), nitriding and shot peening

in gears are some examples of surface treatments used in Versa-Bar.

Figure 5 - Shapes and accessories applied to the glass industry.

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MARKET SEGMENT COMPONENTS

Hydraulic andManifolds Cylinder pistons

Pneumatic Plungers Cylinder glands

Valve Body

Molds Neck Rings

Glass Industry Pins Core Boxes

Punches

Pulleys Gears

Coupling Pins

Machines andSheaves Counterweights

Equipments Axles Tables

Straightedges Flanges

Bushings Bearings

Nuts Washers

Bearing Caps Valve guides

Auto parts Brake Piston Command axles

Rings Valve seats

Protector tube for Valve Plates

thermo couplings Rollers

OthersPatterns Dies

Retainers

Cones

Plugs


◗ Typical Applications of Versa-Bar

Any component currently produced in gray iron, ductile iron, steel, aluminum, and bronze could be excellent

candidates for conversion to Versa-Bar.. Table 1 shows the more typical applications where Versa-Bar is used or

has replaced castings or other materials.

Those examples show the versatility of Versa-Bar and its several applications. From simple washers and pulleys

to complex ones as molds in the glass industry, as well as valve and manifold bodies for the hydraulics

industry, Versa-Bar meets the needs of a wide and demanding range of component uses.

In order to help you making the best choice please contact our technical support staff at the following

location:◗ In North America: American Iron & Alloys Corp. at 800 5444800 or visit www. versa-bar.com◗ In other countries: Tupy Fundições Ltda at (5547) 4418193 or (5547) 4418434.◗ Our electronic addresses are: e-mail: [email protected] or visit www.tupy.com.br

Table 1 - Typical Versa-Bar application.

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G r a y I r o n

◗ Description of Grades

The grades produced in gray iron by continuous casting process are:

◗ Versa-Bar V1 (ASTM A48 Class 30) - Pearlitic/Ferritic Gray Iron◗ Versa-Bar V2 (ASTM A48 Class 40) - Pearlitic Gray Iron◗ Versa-Bar V5 (GMI - Glass Mold Iron) - Gray Iron with refined graphite

In all these grades the graphite is lamellar. The characteristics of the graphite and matrix influence the

following properties:

- Machinability;- Hardness;- Wear Resistance;- Ultimate tensile strength;- Surface Finish and others.

The most common specification of the gray iron contains graphite form VII, type A, size 3 - 6, according to

ASTM A247 standard. The V1 class presents graphite distribution in a pearlitic/ferritic matrix. This material can

be better used to manufacture pieces that require medium strength, good vibration dampening, good thermal

conductivity and better machinability.

The V2 class presents the same graphite distribution, however, in an essentially pearlitic matrix, which yields

better mechanical properties and better heat treatment response.

In the GMI grade, the graphite is essentially type D, size 6 - 8 in a ferritic/pearlitic matrix.

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G r a y I r o n

◗ Typical Applications of Versa-Bar In Gray Iron

VERSA-BAR V1 - Presents as the main

characteristic an excellent machinability,

allowing for the increase of the cutting speed

and the reduction of the premature tooling

wear. It is suitable for applications that require

medium mechanical properties, such as:

bushings, pulleys, rings, sheaves, pattern plates,

flanges, plugs, structures for machines, bearings,

couplings, etc.

◗ V e r s a - B a r V 1

VERSA-BAR V2 - with its higher mechanical

properties, presents good surface finish and

good leaking resistance. It is also very suitable in

applications that is subjected to wear, such as:

pistons, hydraulic valves, dies, pattern plates,

couplings, spacers, etc.

◗ V e r s a - B a r V 2

VERSA-BAR GMI - presents as main

characteristics excellent surface finish, good

machinability excellent thermal conductivity. It is

suitable to be applied in the manufacturing of

pieces for the glass industry, such as: molds, pins

and neck rings.

◗ V e r s a - B a r G M I

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G r a y I r o n

◗ Versa-Bar V1 - Pearlitic/Ferritic Gray Iron

◗ Description

VERSA-BAR V1 is a gray iron that has as its main characteristic excellent machinability, allowing for the

increase of the cutting speed and the reduction of premature tooling wear.

This specification is similar to ASTM A48 Class 30.

◗ Microstructure

The typical microstructure of VERSA-BAR V1 consists on graphite in lamellar shape, form VII, type A, size 3 - 6,

as defined in ASTM A247. The matrix is predominantly pearlitic with 5 to 20% of ferrite. The rim consists on

graphite type D, size 6 - 8 and essentially ferritic matrix with 5% maximum dispersed carbides. (See Figures 6

and 7)

Figure 6 - Typical microstructure in the center(VERSA-BAR V1)

Figure 7 - Typical microstructure in the rim(VERSA-BAR V1)

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Dimension Hardness UTS (min.)

(inch) (mm) (BHN) (Psi) (MPa)

till - 1.000 till - 25.4 163 - 229 30,000 2071.001 - 1.750 25.4 - 44.4 163 - 229 28,500 1971.751 - 2.500 44.4 - 63.5 163 - 229 27,000 1862.501 - 3.125 63.5 - 79.4 163 - 229 25,500 1763.126 - 3.625 79.4 - 92.0 163 - 229 24,000 1663.626 - 4.375 92.1 - 111.1 163 - 229 22,500 1554.376 - 5.000 111.1 - 127.0 163 - 229 21,000 1455.001 - 5.750 127.0 - 146.0 163 - 229 19,500 1355.751 - 10.000 146.0 - 254.0 163 - 229 18,000 124

G r a y I r o n

◗ Mechanical Properties

The hardness values and ultimate tensile strength of VERSA-BAR V1 are specified in Table 2 and refer to results

found in test specimen taken from the mid-radius section of the bar.

Figure 8 - Ultimate Tensile Strength VERSA-BAR V1 (Typical Results and Minimum Specification)

Table 2 - Hardness and Ultimate Tensile Strength VERSA-BAR V1

Ultimate tensile strength varies with section thickness and bar diameter (See Figure 8)

The bigger the bar diameter the lower the UTS because of the different solidification and cooling rates. The

UTS of 1” bar diameter corresponds to 30.000 psi (minimum specification).

Typical results are shown in Figures 8, 9 and 10. Results of different sections of the bar are shown in Figures 9

and 10:

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Figure 9 - Ultimate Tensile strength in different positions on the sections of VERSA-BAR V1 (Typical Results)

Figure 10 - Hardness VERSA-BAR V1

◗ Chemical Composition

The general chemical composition of VERSA-BAR V1 as shown in the Table 3, is subordinated to mechanical

properties. The chemical analysis refer to samples taken from the melting furnace and may vary slightly if

compared with chemistry from the part.

G r a y I r o n

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G r a y I r o n

◗ Heat Treatment

VERSA-BAR V1 can be oil quenched to increase the hardness in the rim, increasing the wear resistance. Another

usual heat treatment is the annealing, used to reduce hardness, and then, improve the machinability. For

specifics on heat treatment process contact our technical support team.

◗ Versa-Bar V2 - Pearlitic Gray Iron

◗ Description

VERSA-BAR V2 is a gray iron with fully pearlitic structure that provides high mechanical properties, good

surface finish and good hardenability. Another important characteristic to be mentioned is the good leakage

resistance. It is well suited for pressure applications such as hydraulic components.

This specification is similar to ASTM A48 Class 40.

◗ Microstructure

The typical microstructure of VERSA-BAR V2 consists on graphite in lamellar shape, form VII, type A, and size 3

– 6 as defined in ASTM A247. The matrix is predominantly pearlitic, with a maximum of 10% ferrite maximum.

The rim consists of graphite type D, size 6 - 8 in a ferritic/pearlitic matrix with approximately 5% of well

dispersed carbides. (See Figures 11 and 12)



Note1: Carbon targets are specified for each

group of dimensions in order to control type

and size of the graphite flake. The variation in

the same target is approximately 0,20%.

Table 3 - Chemical Composition VERSA-BAR V1

Elemento %

C1 2.0 - 3.70Si 2.30 - 2.70

Mn 0.40 - 0.80S 0.20 max.P 0.10 max.

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G r a y I r o n


The hardness values and ultimate tensile strength of VERSA-BAR V2 are specified in Table 4 and refer to results

found in test specimen taken from the mid-radius section of the bar.

Table 4 - Hardness and Ultimate Tensile Strength of VERSA-BAR V2

Ultimate tensile strength varies with section thickness and bar diameter (See Figure 13)

The bigger the bar diameter the lower the UTS because of the different solidification and cooling rates. The

UTS of 1” bar diameter corresponds to 40.000 psi (minimum specification).

Typical results are shown in the Figures 13, 14 and 15. Results of different sections of the bar are shown in

Figures 14 and 15:

Figure 13 - Ultimate Tensile Strength VERSA-BAR V2 (Typical Results and Minimum Specification)

Dimension Hardness UTS (min.)

(inch) (mm) (BHN) (Psi) (MPa)

till - 1.000 till - 25.4 197 – 285 40,000 2761.001 - 2.000 25.4 - 50.8 197 – 269 37,000 2552.001 - 3.125 50.8 - 79.4 197 – 269 35,500 2453.126 - 4.125 79.4 - 104.7 197 – 269 34,000 2354.126 - 6.250 104.8 - 158.7 197 – 269 30,000 2076.251 - 10.250 158.7 - 260.3 179 – 255 27,000 186

10.251 - 13.500 260.3 - 345.0 179 – 255 25,500 17613.501 - 21.000 342.9 - 533.4 179 – 255 24,000 166

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G r a y I r o n

Figure 14 - Ultimate Tensile Strength in different positions in the section VERSA-BAR V2 (Typical Results)



The general chemical composition for VERSA-BAR V2 is subordinated to the mechanical properties and it is

shown in Table 5. The chemical analysis refers to samples taken from the melting furnace:

Note1: Carbon targets are specified for each

group of dimensions in order to control type

and size of the graphite flake. The variation in

the same target is approximately 0.20%.

Note 2: Addition of pearlite promoting elements

may be made to obtain pearlite, depending on

the size of the bar.Table 5 - Chemical Composition VERSA-BAR V2

Elemento %

C1 2.80 - 3.70Si 2.30 - 2.70

Mn 0.40 - 0.80S 0.20 max.P 0.10 max.

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G r a y I r o n

◗ Heat Treatment

VERSA-BAR V2 is applied when hardness is critic for the component, allowing for the utilization of heat

treatments to increase mechanical strength, hardness and wear resistance. The most usual heat treatments are:

induction and flame hardening and oil quenching process.

Our technical staff is at your service to give more technical information about heat treatment for specific

dimensions.

◗ Versa-Bar GMI (Glass Mold Iron) - Gray Iron with Refined Graphite

◗ Description

VERSA-BAR GMI is a gray iron with essentially type D graphite.

Originally developed for the production of glass mold for the glass industry, VERSA-BAR GMI presents

extremely refined graphite providing an excellent surface finishing. It is also well known for its excellent

machinability and good heat conductivity.

When submitted to repetitive heat cycles of heating/cooling, this grade of Versa-Bar shows good dimensional

stability due to the small flake graphite size in a predominantly ferritic matrix.

◗ Microstructure

The typical microstructure of VERSA-BAR GMI consists of refined graphite, form VII, type D (70% min.), size 6 -

8, as evaluated by ASTM A247 . The matrix is ferritic with approximately 15% of pearlite with 5% maximum of

dispersed carbides. (See Figure 16)

Figure 16 - Typical microstructure of VERSA-BAR GMI

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G r a y I r o n


The hardness values and ultimate tensile strength of VERSA-BAR V5 (GMI) are specified bellow and refer to

results found in test specimen taken from the mid-radius section of the bar.

Ultimate tensile strength (min) = 24.600 psi (170 MPa)

Hardness (BHN) = 131 - 207

Typical results are presented in Figure 17 as follows:

Figure 17 - Hardness VERSA-BAR GMI

◗ Physical Properties

Heat Conductivity 212 to 752 F = 41 to 44

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (10-6/K) 68 oF/68 to 752 oF = 10 to 12.5


The general chemical composition for VERSA-BAR GMI is subordinated to the mechanical properties and it is

shown in Table 7. The chemical analysis refers to samples taken from the melting furnace and may vary slightly

if compared to chemistry from the part.

Note 1: Carbon targets are specified for each

group of dimensions and variation in the same

target is approximately 0,20%.

Note 2: Titanium is added to promote Type D

graphite.Table 7 - Chemical Composition of VERSA-BAR GMI

Elemento %

C1 3.10 - 3.80Si 2.30 - 2.80

Mn 0.20 max.S 0.015 max.P 0.08 max.

Ti2 0.35 max.

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G r a y I r o n

◗ Heat Treatment

VERSA-BAR V2 is applied when hardness is critic for the component, allowing for the utilization of heat

treatments to increase the mechanical strength, hardness and wear resistance. The most usual heat treatments

are: induction and flame hardening and oil quenching process.

Our technical staff is at your service to give more technical information about heat treatment for specific

dimensions.

◗ Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties

◗ Standards:

The following standards are used to evaluate the mechanical properties in gray iron:

• ASTM A48• ASTM E-8• DIN EN 1561

◗ Section for taking the test specimen

The specimen used for mechanical analysis is taken from the cross section in bars up to 5” (See Figures 18 and

19). In bars under 5”, test specimen is taken from the longitudinal section.Test specimens may be taken from

other sections in special shapes. Hardness testing is done using a 5 mm ball with 750 kgf load in bars under 2”

and 10 mm ball with 3000 kgf load in bars up 2”.

Figure 18 - Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties inRound Shape

Figure 19 - Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties inSquare Shape

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D u c t i l e I r o n

◗ Description of Grades

The grades produced in ductile iron by continuous casting processes are:

• VERSA-BAR V3H (ASTM A536 Class 60-40-18) - Ferritic Ductile Iron• VERSA-BAR V3 (ASTM A536 Class 65-45-12) - Ferritic/Pearlitic Ductile Iron• VERSA-BAR V4 (ASTM A536 Class 80-55-06) – Ferritic/Pearlitic Ductile Iron• VERSA-BAR V5 (ASTM A536 Class 100-70-03) – Pearlitic/Ferritic Ductile Iron

The main characteristic of the ductile iron grades of Versa-Bar is a spheroidal shaped graphite structure that

emphasizes the strength, machinabiltiy and wear resistance.

To obtain graphite type I and II - as per ASTM A247 standard - it is necessary to add some chemical elements

and/ or specific production conditions that turn the graphite into spheroidal shape. These ductile iron grades

of Versa-Bar are recommended for applications that require high mechanical properties, high toughness and

excellent leakage resistance.

The percentage of ferrite or pearlite in the matrix determines the mechanical properties of the material and,

consequently, the grade to which it is rated.

The ultimate tensile strength of VERSA-BAR ductile iron in the as-cast condition can range from 60.000 to

100.000 psi with elongation results from 18% to 2%.

Versa-Bar V3 - The main characteristics in ductile

iron classes 60-40-18 and 65-45-42, with ferritic

and ferritic/pearlitic matrix, are good

machinability, excellent surface finish and very

good leakage strength.

They present ultimate tensile strength and yield

strength similar to SAE 1020/1030 steel grades.

This grade is good for applications such as

machine components that suffer impact and are

crack-resistance. Versa-Bar V3 is an excellent

choice for hydraulic components which operate

in high pressures such as manifolds, pistons,

guides, cylinder heads, injector jackets,

hydraulic pumps, and dies.

◗ V e r s a - B a r V 3

Typical Applications of Versa-Bar in Ductile Iron

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Versa-Bar V4 and V5 - The ferritic/pearlitic and

pearlitic/ferritic ductile iron classes 80-55-06 and

100-70-03 offer good hardenability, high

mechanical properties with their ultimate tensile

strength and yield strength similar to that of

SAE 1040/1045 steel. This makes these grades a

good choice in applications for machine

components that require wear resistance and

surface heat treatment response. Some

examples: gears, axles, axles pin, tie rod nuts,

chuck bodies, piston glands, spindles housings,

camshafts, valve seats, etc.

◗ V e r s a - B a r V 4 a n d V 5

◗ Versa-Bar V3H - Ferritic Ductile Iron

◗ Description

VERSA-BAR V3H (class 60-40-18) is a ductile iron with graphite type I and II, in a fully ferritic matrix obtained

through heat treatment. Besides the excellent machinability, the ferritic matrix provides high toughness and

high magnetic permeability.

This material presents at as-cast condition, ultimate tensile strength and yield strength similar to hot rolled

steels SAE 1020.

This specification is similar to ASTM A536 class 60-40-18.

◗ Microstructure

The typical microstructure of VERSA-BAR V3H (class 60-40-18) consists o spheroidal-shaped graphite, form I and

II, size 5 - 8, as defined in ASTM A247. The matrix is totally ferritic. (See Figure 20 and 21)

Figure 20 - Typical microstructure in the center(VERSA-BAR V3H)

Figure 21 - Typical microstructure in the rimVERSA-BAR V3H)

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Dimensions Hardness

(inch) (mm) (BHN)

1.000 – 21.000 25.4 – 533.4 131- 207

Ultimate tensile strength (min.) = 60,000 psi (414 MPa).Yield strength (min.) = 40,000 psi (276 MPa).Elongation (min.) = 18 (%).



The hardness values , ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of VERSA-BAR V3H (class 60-40-

18) are specified in Table 7.

Table 7 – Mechanical Properties VERSA-BAR V3H

Typical results are presented in Figures 22, 23 and 24 as follows:

Figure 22 - Ultimate Tensile Strength and Yield Strength VERSA-BAR V3H

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Figure 24 - Elongation VERSA-BAR V3H



The general chemical composition, as shown in Table 8. for VERSA-BAR V3H (class 60-40-18), is subordinated to

the mechanical properties. The Chemical analysis refers to samples taken from the melting furnace and may

vary slightly if compared with chemistry from the part:.

Table 8 - Chemical Composition VERSA-BAR V3H

Note 1: Carbon targets are specified for eachgroup of dimensions and variation in the sametarget is approximately 0,20%.

Note 2: Mg is added to promote spheroidalgraphite shape.

Figure 23 - Hardness of VERSA-BAR V3H

Elemento %

C1 3.30 - 4.00Si 2.40 - 3.10

Mn 0.20 max.S 0.020 max.P 0.10 max.

Mg2 0.03 – 0.05

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◗ Heat Treatment

VERSA-BAR V3 (class 60-40-18) can be oil quenched to achieve a hardness of approximately, 45 HRC.

This material is not recommended for superficial hardening. When a high superficial hardness is necessary,

however, nitriding treatment can be used successfully. Figure 25 presents some typical results.

Please contact our technical support for specific questions.

Figure 25 - Superficial Hardness results in ferritic ductile iron samples. Nitriding by plasma at 930°F for 2 hours.

◗ Versa-Bar V3 - Ferritic/Pearlitic Ductile Iron

◗ Description

VERSA-BAR V3 (class 65-45-12) is a ductile iron with type I and II graphite, in a ferritic/pearlitic matrix obtained

as-cast or by heat treatment. This material has the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength similar to SAE

1030 hot rolled steel grade. Its main characteristics are good machinability, surface finish and leakage

resistance.

This specification is similar to ASTM A536 class 65-45-12.

◗ Microstructure

The typical microstructure of VERSA-BAR V3 (class 65-45-12) consists of spheroidal shaped graphite, form I and

II, size 5 - 8. The matrix is essentially ferritic containing approximately 30% pearlite and 5% maximum of

dispersed carbides. (See Figures 26 and 27)



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Dimensions Hardness

(inch) (mm) (BHN)

11.000 – 2.000 25.4 – 50.8 143 – 2172.001 – 21.000 50.8 – 533.4 143 – 207

Ultimate tensile strength (min.) = 65,000 psi (450 MPa)Yield strength (min.) = 45,000 psi (310 MPa)Elongation (min.) = 12 (%)

Figure 28 - Tensile and Yield Strength Limit



The hardness values, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of VERSA-BAR V3 (class 65-45-12)

are specified in Table 9.

Table 9 – Mechanical Properties VERSA-BAR V3

Typical results are presented in Figure 28, 29 and 30 as follows:

27



Figure 30 - Elongation VERSA-BAR V3


The general chemical composition,as shown in Table 10 for VERSA-BAR V3 (class 65-45-12), is subordinated to

the mechanical properties. The Chemical analysis refers to samples taken from the melting furnace and may

vary slightly if compared with chemistry from the part:.

28


◗ Versa-Bar V4 – Ferritic/Pearlitic Ductile Iron

◗ Description

VERSA-BAR V4 (class 80-55-06) is a ductile iron with graphite type I and II, in a ferritic/pearlitic matrix. This

ferritic/pearlitic matrix provides higher mechanical properties and wear resistance when compared to a ferritic

grade of ductile iron. This material will be easily machinable with good suface finished.

This material in its as cast condition provides tensile strength and yield strength similar to hot rolled steels SAE

1040. This specification is similar to ASTM A536 class 80-55-06.

◗ Microstructure

The typical microstructure of VERSA-BAR V4 (class 80-55-06) consists of spheroidal shaped graphite, form I and

II, size 5 - 8. The matrix is ferritic/pearlitic with approximately 45% of pearlite and 5% maximum of well

dispersed carbides. (See Figures 31 and 32).



◗ Heat Treatment

VERSA-BAR V3 (class 65-45-12) can be oil quenched to achieve a hardness of, approximately, 45 HRC.

This material is not recommended for surface hardening such as flame and induction heat treatment.

When a high superficial hardness is necessary, nitriding treatment is recommended for this grade. If you have

any specific questions please contact our technical support.

Note 1: Carbon targets are specified for each

group of dimensions and variation in the same

target is approximately 0,20%.

Note 2: Mg is added to promote spheroidal

graphite shape.


Elemento %

C1 3.30 - 4.00Si 2.40 - 3.10

Mn 0.20 max.S 0.020 max.P 0.10 max.

Mg2 0.03 – 0.05

29

Dimensions Hardness

(inch) (mm) (BHN)

1.000 – 3.000 25.4 – 76.2 187 – 2693.001 – 21.000 76.2 – 533.4 187 – 255

Ultimate tensile strength (min.) = 80,000 psi (552 MPa)Yield strength (min.) = 55,000 psi (380 MPa) .Elongation (min.) = 6 (%).

Figure 33 - Ultimate Tensile Strength and Yield Strength VERSA-BAR V4



Typical results are presented in the Figure 33, 34 and 35 as follows:


The hardness values , ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of VERSA-BAR V4 are specified in

Table 11.

Table 11 – Mechanical Properties Versa-Bar V4

30



The general chemical composition* for VERSA-BAR V4 (class 80-65-06) is shown in Table 12 which is

subordinated to the mechanical properties. The Chemical analysis refers to samples taken from the melting

furnace and may vary slightly if compared with chemistry from the part:.

◗ Heat Treatment

The matrix of the VERSA-BAR V4 offers good hardenability, allowing for induction hardening, oil quenching

(to achieve hardness of 50 HRC) and normalization treatments. This can be done to obtain a variety of

improvements on the mechanical properties.

Please contact our technical support if you have any questions.

Note 1: Carbon targets are specified for eachgroup of dimensions and variation in the sametarget is approximately 0,20%.

Note 2: Mg is added to generate spheroidalgraphite.


* Additions of pearlite promoting element may be made to obtain pearlite, depending on the size of the bar.


Elemento %

C1 3.30 - 4.00Si 2.40 - 3.10

Mn 0.20 max.S 0.020 max.P 0.10 max.

Mg2 0.03 – 0.05

31

Dimensions Hardness

(inch) (mm) (BHN)

1.000 – 21.000 25.4 – 533.4 229 – 302

Ultimate tensile strength (min.) = 100,000 psi (700 MPa).Yield strength (min.) = 70,000 psi (480 MPa).Elongation (min.) = 2 (%).


◗ Versa-bar V5 – Pearlitic/Ferritic Ductile Iron

◗ Description

VERSA-BAR V5 (class 100-70-03) is a ductile iron with graphite type I and II, in a predominantly pearlitic matrix

obtained as cast or by the addition of pearlite promoting elements.

This material in its as cast condition has tensile strength and yield strength limits similar to hot rolled steels SAE

1045. This specification is similar to ASTM A536 class 100-70-03.

◗ Microstructure

The typical microstructure of VERSA-BAR V5 consists on spheroidal shaped graphite, form I and II, size 5 – 8 as

defined in ASTM A247. The matrix is predominantly pearlitic containing till 25% of ferrite and 5% maximum of

well dispersed carbides. (See Figures 36 and 37)




The hardness values, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of VERSA-BAR V5 are specified in

table 13.

Table 13 - Mechanical Properties Versa-Bar V5

32

Figure 38- Ultimate Tensile Strength and Yield Strength VERSA-BAR V5


Typical results are presented in Figures 39, 40 and 41 as follows:



33

Elemento %

C1 3.0 - 4.00Si 2.40 - 3.10

Mn 0.20 max.S 0.020 max.P 0.10 max.

Mg2 0.03 – 0.05



The general chemical composition* for VERSA-BAR V56 is shown in Table 14, which is subordinated to the

mechanical properties. The Chemical analysis refers to samples taken from the melting furnace and may vary

slightly if compared with chemistry from the part:.

◗ Heat Treatment

The matrix of the VERSA-BAR V5 offers good hardenability, allowing induction hardening, oil quenching (to

achieve hardness of 50 HRC) and normalization, to obtain a combinations of improved mechanical properties.

This class of material can also be submitted to nitriding treatment. Typical results are shown in Figure 41.

Note 1: Carbon targets are specified for eachgroup of dimensions and variation in the sametarget is approximately 0.20%.

Note 2: Mg is added to generate spheroidalgraphite.

Figure 41 - Superficial Hardness results in pearlitic ductile iron samples. Nitriding by plasma at 930°F for 2 hours.


* Additions of pearlite promoting element may be made to obtain pearlite, depending on the size of the bar.

34

Grade UTS (psi) YS (psi) Elong. (%) Hardness (HB)

1 125,000 80,000 10 269 – 3212 150,000 100,000 7 302 – 3633 175,000 125,000 4 341 – 4444 200,000 155,000 1 388 – 477


◗ Versa-Bar Adi – Austempered Ductile Iron

Versa-Bar ADI is an alloyed and heat-treated ductile iron. Cu, Ni and Mo are added to enhance the ability to be

heat treated and attain higher mechanical properties of the iron in the as cast condition. The heat treatment

consists of full austenitizing followed by quenching at a temperature of 450 F – 840 F to obtain an ausferritic

or bainitic structure. This structure yields a good combination of toughness, ultimate tensile strength and wear

resistance.

The range of properties available for Versa-Bar ADI is dependent on the choice of heat treatment parameters.

The parameters are established at ASTM 897 standard. (See Table 15).

Our technical staff can give you additional technical information about this grade of ductile iron.

Figure 42. Applications of Versa-Bar ADI. Gears in Versa-Bar ADI areusually alloyed with Cu-Mo and are produced on grade 3.

Some applications of Versa-bar ADI are shown in Figure 42.

Table 15 – Mechanical Properties Versa-Bar ADI

35


◗ Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties

◗ Standards:

The following standards are used to evaluate the mechanical properties in ductile iron:

• ASTM A536• ASTM E-8• ASTM A897• DIN EN 1563

◗ Section for taking the test specimen

The specimen used for mechanical analysis is taken from the cross section in bars up to 5” (See Figures 43 and

44). In bars under 5”, test specimen is taken from the longitudinal section.Test specimens may be taken from

other sections in special shapes. Hardness testing is done using a 5 mm ball with 750 kgf load in bars under 2”

and 10 mm ball with 3000 kgf load in bars up 2”.

Figure 43 – Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties inRound Shape

Figure 44 - Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties inSquare Shape

36

Nominal Average Stock Dimensional TheoreticalDiameter Allowance Tolerance (+ / -) Weight

V1 V2 V3 V4Class Class Class Class

(inch) (mm) (inch) (mm) (inch) (mm) (Ib/ft) (kg/m)30 40 65-45-12 80-55-06

0.625 15.88 0.085 2.2 0.012 0.3 1.210 1.80.750 19.04 0.085 2.2 0.012 0.3 1.680 2.50.875 22.23 0.085 2.2 0.012 0.3 1.882 2.81.000 25.40 0.085 2.2 0.012 0.3 2.890 4.31.125 28.58 0.085 2.2 0.012 0.3 3.562 5.31.250 31.74 0.085 2.2 0.012 0.3 4.368 6.51.375 34.93 0.085 2.2 0.012 0.3 5.242 7.81.500 38.10 0.085 2.2 0.012 0.3 6.182 9.21.625 41.28 0.085 2.2 0.012 0.3 7.190 1.71.750 44.44 0.085 2.2 0.012 0.3 8.266 12.31.875 47.63 0.085 2.2 0.012 0.3 9.408 14.02.000 50.80 0.085 2.2 0.012 0.3 10.685 15.92.125 53.98 0.110 2.8 0.031 0.8 12.230 18.22.250 57.15 0.110 2.8 0.031 0.8 13.642 20.32.375 60.33 0.110 2.8 0.031 0.8 15.120 22.52.500 63.50 0.110 2.8 0.031 0.8 16.733 24.92.625 66.68 0.110 2.8 0.031 0.8 18.346 27.32.750 69.85 0.110 2.8 0.031 0.8 20.026 29.82.875 73.03 0.110 2.8 0.031 0.8 21.840 32.53.000 76.20 0.110 2.8 0.031 0.8 23.722 35.33.125 79.38 0.125 3.2 0.039 1.0 25.872 38.53.250 82.55 0.125 3.2 0.039 1.0 27.955 41.63.375 85.73 0.125 3.2 0.039 1.0 30.038 44.73.500 88.90 0.125 3.2 0.039 1.0 32.189 47.93.625 92.08 0.125 3.2 0.039 1.0 34.474 51.33.750 95.25 0.125 3.2 0.039 1.0 36.826 54.83.875 98.43 0.125 3.2 0.039 1.0 39.245 58.44.000 101.60 0.125 3.2 0.039 1.0 41.731 62.14.250 107.94 0.140 3.6 0.043 1.1 47.242 70.34.375 111.13 0.140 3.6 0.043 1.1 49.056 73.04.500 114.30 0.140 3.6 0.043 1.1 52.752 78.54.750 120.64 0.140 3.6 0.043 1.1 58.598 87.25.000 127.00 0.140 3.6 0.043 1.1 64.781 96.4

S t a n d a r d D i m e n s i o n s

◗ Round Shapes

Standard Length: 72" (+3"/- 0")/1830mm (+76.2mm/-0mm)Bending: 1.125" x 3ft section/2.5mm/m

37


◗ Round Shapes

Standard Length: 72" (+3"/- 0")/1,830mm (+76.2mm/-0mm)Bending: 1.125" x 3ft section/2.5mm/m

Nominal Average Stock Dimensional TheoreticalDiameter Allowance Tolerance (+ / -) Weight

V1 V2 V3 V4Class Class Class Class

(inch) (mm) (inch) (mm) (inch) (mm) (Ib/ft) (kg/m)30 40 65-45-12 80-55-06

5.250 133.35 0.155 3.9 0.055 1.4 71.635 106.65.500 139.70 0.155 3.9 0.055 1.4 78.422 116.75.750 146.05 0.155 3.9 0.055 1.4 85.478 127.26.000 152.40 0.155 3.9 0.055 1.4 92.870 138.26.250 158.75 0.170 4.3 0.063 1.6 101.069 150.46.500 165.10 0.170 4.3 0.063 1.6 109.066 162.36.750 171.45 0.170 4.3 0.063 1.6 117.398 174.77.000 177.80 0.170 4.3 0.063 1.6 126.067 187.67.250 184.15 0.190 4.8 0.083 2.1 135.677 201.97.500 190.50 0.190 4.8 0.083 2.1 144.950 215.77.750 196.85 0.190 4.8 0.083 2.1 154.560 230.08.000 203.20 0.190 4.8 0.083 2.1 164.438 244.78.250 209.55 0.216 5.5 0.106 2.7 175.728 261.58.500 215.90 0.216 5.5 0.106 2.7 186.278 277.28.750 222.25 0.216 5.5 0.106 2.7 197.098 293.39.000 228.60 0.216 5.5 0.106 2.7 208.253 309.99.250 234.95 0.254 6.5 0.130 3.3 221.424 329.59.500 241.30 0.254 6.5 0.130 3.3 233.251 347.19.750 247.65 0.254 6.5 0.130 3.3 245.347 365.1

10.000 254.00 0.254 6.5 0.130 3.3 257.779 383.610.250 260.34 0.400 10.2 0.150 3.8 278.074 413.810.500 266.70 0.400 10.2 0.150 3.8 291.312 433.511.000 279.40 0.400 10.2 0.150 3.8 318.595 474.111.500 292.10 0.582 14.8 0.205 5.2 357.907 532.612.000 304.80 0.582 14.8 0.205 5.2 388.080 577.512.500 317.50 0.582 14.8 0.205 5.2 419.597 624.413.000 330.20 0.582 14.8 0.205 5.2 452.256 673.014.000 355.60 0.582 14.8 0.205 5.2 521.338 775.815.000 381.00 0.582 14.8 0.205 5.2 595.258 885.816.000 406.40 0.582 14.8 0.205 5.2 674.083 1,003.117.000 431.80 0.762 19.3 0.260 6.6 773.472 1,151.018.000 457.20 0.762 19.3 0.260 6.6 862.982 1,284.220.000 508.00 0.762 19.3 0.260 6.6 1,500.374 2,232.721.000 533.40 0.762 19.3 0.260 6.6 1,592.640 2,370.0

38

ActualRecommended

Maximum TheoreticalDimension

MachiningSwelling Weightper face

(inch) (mm) (inch) (mm) (inch) (mm) (Ib/ft) (kg/m)1.250 x 2.250 31.7 x 57.1 0.091 2.3 0.114 2.9 8.736 13.01.250 x 3.250 31.7 x 82.5 0.102 2.6 0.165 4.2 12.634 18.81.250 x 4.250 31.7 x 107.9 0.126 3.2 0.248 6.3 16.531 24.61.250 x 5.250 31.7 x 133.3 0.126 3.2 0.248 6.3 20.429 30.41.250 x 6.250 31.7 x 158.7 0.189 4.8 0.350 8.9 24.326 36.21.250 x 10.250 31.7 x 260.3 0.189 4.8 0.461 11.7 39.917 59.41.500 x 2.250 38.1 x 57.1 0.091 2.3 0.114 2.9 10.550 15.71.500 x 3.250 38.1 x 82.5 0.102 2.6 0.165 4.2 15.187 22.61.500 x 4.250 38.1 x 107.9 0.102 2.6 0.165 4.2 19.891 29.61.500 x 5.250 38.1 x 133.3 0.126 3.2 0.248 6.3 24.595 36.61.500 x 6.250 38.1 x 158.7 0.126 3.2 0.248 6.3 29.232 43.51.750 x 2.000 44.4 x 50.8 0.091 2.3 0.122 3.1 10.886 16.21.750 x 4.250 44.4 x 107.9 0.102 2.6 0.173 4.4 23.184 34.51.750 x 4.500 44.4 x 114.3 0.102 2.6 0.173 4.4 24.528 36.51.750 x 6.250 44.4 x 158.7 0.126 3.2 0.260 6.6 34.070 50.72.000 x 2.500 50.8 x 63.5 0.091 2.3 0.122 3.1 15.590 23.22.000 x 3.625 50.8 x 92.1 0.091 2.3 0.122 3.1 22.646 33.72.250 x 3.250 57.1 x 82.5 0.091 2.3 0.122 3.1 22.781 33.92.250 x 4.250 57.1 x 107.9 0.091 2.3 0.122 3.1 29.837 44.42.250 x 5.250 57.1 x 133.3 0.102 2.6 0.173 4.4 36.826 54.82.250 x 6.250 57.1 x 158.7 0.102 2.6 0.173 4.4 43.814 65.22.250 x 8.250 57.1 x 209.5 0.126 3.2 0.260 6.6 57.859 86.12.500 x 6.250 63.5 x 158.7 0.102 2.6 0.173 4.4 48.787 72.62.500 x 7.250 63.5 x 184.1 0.102 2.6 0.173 4.4 56.582 84.22.500 x 8.250 63.5 x 209.5 0.126 3.2 0.260 6.6 64.378 95.83.000 x 8.250 76.2 x 209.5 0.189 4.8 0.189 4.8 77.213 114.93.250 x 4.250 82.5 x 107.9 0.102 2.6 0.134 3.4 43.075 64.13.250 x 10.250 82.5 x 260.3 0.248 6.3 0.283 7.2 103.891 154.64.250 x 5.250 107.9 x 133.3 0.110 2.8 0.142 3.6 69.619 103.65.500 x 6.500 139.7 x 165.1 0.110 2.8 0.142 3.6 111.619 166.17.000 x 16.000 177.8 x 406.4 0.248 6.3 0.232 5.9 349.642 520.38.250 x 14.250 209.5 x 361.9 0.126 3.2 0.154 3.9 366.845 545.9

12.500 x 18.000 317.5 x 457.2 0.248 6.3 0.173 4.4 702.374 1,045.214.000 x 21.000 355.6 x 533.4 0.248 6.3 0.173 4.4 917.750 1,365.714.000 x 22.000 355.6 x 558.8 0.248 6.3 0.173 4.4 961.430 1,430.7

◗ Rectangular Shapes


* Standard Length: 72" (+3/-0")/1830mm (+76.2mm/-0mm)* Bending: 1.125" x 3ft section/2.5mm/m* Available in all standard grades

39

ActualRecommended

Maximum TheoreticalDimension

MachiningSwelling Weightper face

(inch) (mm) (inch) (mm) (inch) (mm) (Ib/ft) (kg/m)1.250 31.7 0.091 2.3 0.114 2.9 4.838 7.21.500 38.1 0.091 2.3 0.114 2.9 7.056 10.51.625 41.3 0.091 2.3 0.122 3.1 8.266 12.31.750 44.4 0.091 2.3 0.122 3.1 9.542 14.22.000 50.8 0.091 2.3 0.122 3.1 12.499 18.62.250 57.1 0.091 2.3 0.122 3.1 15.792 23.52.500 63.5 0.091 2.3 0.122 3.1 19.488 29.02.750 69.8 0.091 2.3 0.134 3.4 23.587 35.13.000 76.2 0.091 2.3 0.134 3.4 28.090 41.83.250 82.5 0.091 2.3 0.134 3.4 32.928 49.03.500 88.9 0.102 2.6 0.134 3.4 38.237 56.93.750 95.2 0.102 2.6 0.134 3.4 43.814 65.24.250 107.9 0.102 2.6 0.142 3.6 56.314 83.84.750 120.6 0.102 2.6 0.142 3.6 70.358 104.75.250 133.3 0.110 2.8 0.142 3.6 85.949 127.96.250 158.7 0.126 3.2 0.154 3.9 121.834 181.37.250 184.1 0.142 3.6 0.154 3.9 163.968 244.08.250 209.5 0.157 4.0 0.154 3.9 212.352 316.09.250 234.9 0.169 4.3 0.161 4.1 266.986 397.3

10.250 260.3 0.185 4.7 0.161 4.1 327.802 487.812.250 311.1 0.232 5.9 0.173 4.4 468.250 696.815.000 381.0 0.311 7.9 0.196 5.0 698.665 1,039.718.500 469.9 0.311 7.9 0.196 5.0 1,068.803 1,590.5


◗ Square Shapes

* Standard Length: 72" (+3/-0")/1830mm (+76.2mm/-0)* Bending: 1.125" x 3ft section/2.5 mm/m* Available in all standard grades

In addition to the products listed above, it is possible to produce Versa-Bar to specific required dimensions,

shapes and materials in order to meet special conditions or properties for improved performance in machining,

heat, corrosion and wear resistance.

40

Properties Gray Iron Ductile Iron

Shear Strength (MPa) Torsion 1.5 x UTS (1) 0.90 x UTS (3;5)

Strength (MPa) 1.5 x UTS (1) 0.90 x UTS (3;5)

V3 (60-40-18) = 0.50 x UTS(3)

Fatigue Strength (MPa) 0.40 x UTS (4;5) V3 (65-45-12) = 0.45 x UTS(3)

(Without notch) V4 = 0.40 x UTS(3)

V5 = 0.40 x UTS(3)

UTS of 140 - 175 x 4.02 (5)

Compressive Strength (MPa) UTS of 176 - 210 x 3.68 (5) -UTS of 211 - 245 x 3.61 (5)

UTS of 246 - 280 x 3.39 (5)

V3 (60-40-18) = 15 - 13 (2)

Impact Strength ( j ) - V3 (65-45-12) = 10 - 5 (2)

(With notch 20 C) V4 = 5 - 2 (2)

V5 = 5 - 2 (2)

V1 = 88 - 113 (1) V3 (60-40-18) = 169 (2)

Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) V2 = 108 - 137 (1) V3 (65-45-12) = 169 (2)

GMI = 78 - 107 (1) V4 = 169 (2)

V5 = 172 - 176 (2)

Thermal Conductivity V1 = 51 - 48 (2) V3 (60-40-18) = 37 - 36 (2)

(W/m.K) V2 = 47 - 44 (2) V3 (65-45-12) = 37 - 36 (2)

100 to 400ºC GMI = 44 - 41 V4 = 35 - 34 (2)

V5 = 32 - 31 (2)

◗ Relational Comparison between Versa-Bar Mechanical Propertiesand Other Properties

Usually gray and ductile irons are commercially specified by the Ultimate Tensile Strength and hardness. The

requirement for a specific application, strength and other mechanical properties are the basis in selecting the

most appropriated material. Table 16 shows the relationship between Ultimate Tensile Strength and hardness

in Versa-Bar and various required properties.

A d d i t i o n a l I n f o r m a t i o n

Sources:( 1 ) DIN 1691( 2 ) BCIRA BROADSHEET 1( 3 ) Engineering Data on Nodular Cast Irons( 4 ) High Quality Gray Cast Irons( 5 ) Mettalurgy of Gray and Nodular Cast Irons

Table 16 - Relational Comparison between Versa-Bar Mechanical Properties and Other Properties

41


◗ Versa-Bar Grades Compared to Other Standards

Versa-Bar is produced according to TUPY standards and its properties are similar to the materials specified by

the standards of the entities mentioned in Tables 17 and 18:

Gray IronVersa-Bar

Grades ASTM DIN SAEA 48 A 159 EN 1561 J 431

V1 30 G2500 EN G2500V2 40 G4000 EN G4000

GMI - - -

Table 17 - Standards for Gray Iron

Ductile IronVersa-Bar

Grades ASTM DIN SAEA 536 A 897 EN 1563 J 434

V3H 60-40-18 - EN-GJS-400-15 D 4018V3 65-45-12 - - D 4512V4 80-55-06 - EN-GJS-500-7 D 5506V5 100-70-03 - EN-GJS-700-2 D 7003

ADI 1 - 125-800-10 (*) - -ADI 2 - 150-100-7 (*) - -ADI 3 - 175-125-4 (*) - -ADI 4 - 200-155-1 (*) - -

Table 18 - Standards for Ductile Iron(*) Ultimate Tensile Strength, Yield Strength and Elongation after austempering process

42

To Convert Operation To Obtain

psi x 0.00690 N/mm2 or MPaN/mm2 or MPa x 144.929 psikgf/mm2 x 9.80665 N/mm2 or MPaN/mm2 or MPa x 0.10197 kgf/mm2

mm x 0.03937 inin x 25.4 mmmm x 0.00328 feetfeet x 304.8 mmIb x 0.4536 kgkg x 2.2046 IbºC ( ºC x 1,8 ) + 32 ºFºF ( ºF - 32 ) x 0.556 ºCºC ºC + 273.15 KK k - 273.15 ºC


◗ Useful Formulas/Conversion Factors

To calculate the weight/meter in sections:

◗ Roundlbs/in = D2 x 0.2043kg/m = D2 x 0.005655where: D = Rough Diameter

◗ Squarelbs/in = W2 x 0.26011kg/m = W2 x 0.0072where: W = Rough Width

◗ Rectanglelbs/in = W x H x 0.26011kg/m = W x H x 0.0072where: W = Rough Width

H = Rough Height

44

Tupy Fundições Ltda.Rua Albano Schmidt, 3400

89227-901 - Joinville - SC - BrazilTelephone: +55 47 4009-8434

Fax: +55 47 4009-8500E-mail: [email protected]

Tupy American Iron & Alloys Corporation - TAIA1700 Airport Road - Waukesha - Wi 53188 - USA

Telephone: 262-544-4830 - Fax: 248-324-1436e-mail: [email protected]

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