Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report€¦ · Achham, Banke, Chitwan, and Pachthar Districts...

Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report

This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.

Project Number: 44168-012 Capacity Development Technical Assistance (CDTA) October 2013

Nepal: Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk

Management in Development

(Financed by the Strategic Climate Fund)

District Baseline Reports: Department of Roads (DOR) Achham, Banke, Chitwan, and Pachthar Districts Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management

http://uxerppd04.adb.org:8000/OA_HTML/OA.jsp?OAFunc=ADBPA_PROJ_OVERVIEW_VIEW&addBreadCrumb=RS&paProjectId=3258&retainAM=Y&_ti=1996868042&oapc=10&oas=l8eCy6ajbRwmD2idEel-HA..

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

i

TA – 7984 NEP

October, 2013

Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in

Development

1 Main Consultancy Package (44768-012)

ACHHAM DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF ROADS

(DOR)

Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management

METCON Consultants

APTEC Consulting

Prepared for Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Nepal

Environment Natural Resources and Agriculture Department, South Asia

Department, Asian Development Bank

Version B


ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 ACHHAM DISTRICT ........................................................................................................... 1

1.1 District Sector Master Plan ............................................................................................. 1

1.2 Sector budgeting and staff .............................................................................................. 1

1.3 Sector trends and issues ................................................................................................. 1

1.3.1 Trends ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3.2 Issues ........................................................................................................................................ 1

1.4 Asset inventory ............................................................................................................... 2

1.5 Past extremes in the district ........................................................................................... 2

1.6 Linkages to other sectors ................................................................................................ 2

1.7 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District ....................................................................... 2

1.7.1 Prioritisation process ................................................................................................................ 2

2 ACHHAM DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE ................................................................................ 3

2.1 Asset1:Sanfebagar – Martadi Road ................................................................................ 3

2.1.1 Asset Description ...................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Adaptation audit ...................................................................................................................... 5

ANNEX A – MAP OF ACHHAM DISTRICT ........................................................................................ 1

ANNEX B: YEARLY IMPLEMENTATION CALENDAR .......................................................................... 1

ANNEX C: ANNUAL BUDGET ......................................................................................................... 4

ANNEX D: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS ................................................................. 5

ANNEX E: PAST EXTREME EVENTS ................................................................................................. 6

ANNEX F: ASSET INVENTORY - ACHHAM ....................................................................................... 8

ANNEX G: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1 ............................................................................................... 9


1

1 ACHHAM DISTRICT

1.1 District Sector Master Plan

The strategic roads in Achham District fall under the jurisdiction of Doti Division. Doti division is one

of the division offices of the DoR and is responsible for all types of maintenance works in Doti,

Dadeldhura, Achham and Bajura Districts. All the 25 divisions are required to prepare Annual Road

Maintenance Plan (ARMP) of and submit to the DoR head office. GoN allocated the budget after the

only after the approval of the ARMP. The division does, in general, does not prepare long term

master plan.

1.2 Sector budgeting and staff

Budgeting

A su ar of the Divisio ’s Budget is give i A e C

Staff

The names and positions of district officers are given in Annex D

1.3 Sector trends and issues

1.3.1 Trends

The current trend of the division is as follows

Planning

As mentioned above ARMP is the main tool for planning of maintenance/construction activities of

strategic roads in the district.

Design & Construction

Assessment of needs, planning, design and estimation for all type of maintenance works are carried

out by the division staffs. However design works of new roads and bridges in general are carried out

by local consultants.

All the construction and maintenance works of roads and bridges are done by using local

contractors. The present trend in the construction has shifted from manual to machines. For

example at present construction equipment such as excavator, paver, dozer, roller are being used

more frequently.

Doti Division beside maintenance of roads and bridges, also executes medium scale road and bridge

projects.

Supervision of works is mainly done by division staffs.

1.3.2 Issues

Major issues/difficulties faced by the divisions are as follows:

1. Budget is not sufficient and is not released timely

2. Programs are not approved in time

3. Very low bid by the contractors

4. Contractors receive mobilization advance but do not start and complete the work in time.

5. Several projects but limited technical manpower

6. In Doti district local contractor are not well experienced in the contractual works and hence

they tend to delay the works and sometimes even leave the works without completing

them.


2

7. The tipper trucks, loaders Dozers provided by the heavy equipment division (HED) of DoR

are old and their repair cost is very high.

8. In RBN funded maintenance and other works the contractors have tendency to start the

work after monsoon only. This has brought a serious problem specially in cyclic works

because they assume that they will suffer by late payment because of other lagging

contractors, even if they complete the works in time.

1.4 Asset inventory

The asset inventory is given in Annex F

1.5 Past extremes in the district

A table of past extreme events is given in Annex E

1.6 Linkages to other sectors

Cooperation with other sectors

The DoR at present is cooperating with the following agencies for implementation of RIWs:

DoLIDAR, DoI, DWSS, DWIDP, NT, NEA, Department of Transport (DoT)

Major Organization working in the District:

WB is providing 10% of the maintenance to the division.

1.7 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District

1.7.1 Prioritisation process

The key criteria for prioritisation include:

Infrastructure of national strategic importance

Infrastructure of district strategic importance

Infrastructure that has been impacted by past extreme events

Infrastructure located in areas prone to past extreme events

At least one planned infrastructure

The consultant in consultation with the division chief prepared final lists of the priority structures of

the district. The list was prepared following the criteria provided in District Office Report. The

priority list is given in the following table.


3

2 ACHHAM DISTRICT : ASSET BASELINE

2.1 Asset1:Sanfebagar – Martadi Road

Overall view of the road section from Sanfebagar side. As seen in the picture, a long section of the

road is being hit by the Budhiganga River.

ID Name Infrastructure

type

Reason/s for inclusion

1 Sanfebagar-Martadi Road at

km 12.

Road On Asadh 20 (June 4, 2013) heavy flood

Budhiganga River severely damaged about

60m long section of the road at km 12.

The flood is also threatening 200m long

road section at the same location. If the

road will be washed away, the road link of

Bajura District with National Road

Networks will be cut off.

2 Landslide at km 9+920 along

Sanfebagar –Mangalsen Road

Big landslide causing frequent blockage of

traffic.

3 Lanslide at km 14+500 along

Sanfebagar-Martadi Road

It is the biggest landslide in Achham

District along above road. The lanslided

causes frequent blockage of the vehicular

traffic.

4 Motorable Bridge across

Budhiganga River

Bridge Due to extensive erosion, the

reinforcements of the lower portion of

one pier of the bridge are exposed. If the

problem is not corrected timely, the repair

cost will be very high.


4

Sketch Plan of Site

Sanfebagar to Mangalsen road (classified as Feeder Road) is one of the most important roads in the

far Western Development Region because it provides a motorable link to the eastern part of

Achham District and the whole of Bajura District.

The total length of the Sanfebagar-Martadi Road is 57 km of which 14 km lies in Achham District.

The road section lying in Achham is black topped.

Majority of the road section in Achham District is located very near to the Budhiganga River which is

the largest river in the district. The river is a big threat to the road as it frequently damages it. Hence

DoR has constructed gabion protection walls to protect the road from river erosion at many

locations.

Due to heavy flood, the river shifted its course towards the road and damaged about 200m long

road section on June 4, 2013. Out of 200m road section, the condition of the condition of 60m long

section is very vulnerable because the gabion walls which were constructed for protection are

already damaged and the road section can be washed away at any time if adequate

protection/remedial measures are not carried out.

2.1.1 Asset Description

Watershed context

The road section lies in the watershed location is Budhiganga River which is a major river in the

whole district. The watershed of the river is covered by cultivated land, bushes and forests. Part of

the Khaptad National Park lies in the watershed of this river.

Asset location

The road section lies at km 12 from Sanfebagar. The road is located very near to the Budhiganga

River (see photo). There are not any manmade features near the road.


5

The road passes throug the and fragile slope. Hence landslides are common throughout the whole

road section.

Vegetation near the asset mainly consists of bushes, shrubs and trees. Due to steep and fragile

slope, very few areas at the mountain side are culrivated.

The soil type at the hill slope consists of highly weathered rock with loose boulders and loose soils.

Hence the landslides are common along the whole road stretch.

There are not any major water bodies near the asset except small creeks.

The road section is very vulnerable to landslides as well as river erosion.

Asset condition

The stability of the road is very critical and it can be washed away any time during flood if

appropriate measures are adopted. However, there are no major problems with the road surface.

Similarly, the side drains and minor slides along the road are cleaned on regular basis.

Asset design

The road is designed following the standards of feeder road. There are not any shortcomings on the

geometric design aspects (horizontal and vertical curves, longitudinal gradient, visibility etc) of the

road. As the road follows the river alignment and passes through very fragile area it is suffering from

landslides as well as river erosion. DoR has constructed a long gabion wall to protect the road. The

section of gabion walls are adopted from standard design drawings of DoR.

Past extreme events and impacts

Landslides and bank erosion are common along the majority of the road section and cause road

closure for few hours. There was heavy flood on June 4, 2013 and the river shifted its course towards

the right bank and damaged about 200m long road section.

According to local people there were no extreme events in the past especially after black topping of

the road.

Past adaptation responses

DoR has constructed breast walls at the hill side and retaining walls at the river side. Although the

breast walls are functioning properly, the retaining walls have started to fall.

Design appropriateness

The design of road, breast walls and drainage structures seem appropriate. However the design of

gabion walls which were constructed to protect the roads from river erosion have following

shortcomings:

There are no proper launching apron at the river side to protect the road from scouring;

The quality of gabion walls is poor; the stones in the boxes are not properly packed (in loose

state) and the boxes are not properly tied with each other.

2.1.2 Adaptation audit

Adaptation location

See Baseline report above

Adaptation condition



6

Threat description

There are two types of threat to the asset caused by increasing rainfall and rainfall intensity (200m

long section of the road). They are landslides at hill slope and bank erosion at river side. The field

observation showed that the threat due to landslide is relatively less because if such incident occurs,

the traffic can be resumed within few hours or few days. But if the road is washed away by the flood,

it may take several days or even month to reconstruct the damaged section



Adaptation design


Adaptation success



1

ANNEX A – MAP OF ACHHAM DISTRICT


2

ANNEX B: YEARLY IMPLEMENTATIO N CALENDAR

Recurrent & Specific Maintenance Program

S.N. 2.1.2.1.1 Name of Road Km

Proposed Budget

Recurrent

Minor Specific Total

1

H14: Mahakali Rajmarg

H1405:Faltude-Budar

H1406:Budar-Gairah

H1407:Gairah-Syaule

H1408: Syaule-Anarkholi

11.38

22.08

29.74

22.38

402818.00

1650841.56

877459.20

653181.60

1566180.00

1566180.00

1328880.00

4746000.00

1968998.00

3217021.56

2206339.20

5399181.60

2

H15: Seti Rajmarg

H1501: Syaule-Korayal

H1502: korayal-Samuhagad

H1503U: Samuhagad-

Junc.Sanfe road

24.96

24.73

16.27

661516.80

2044313.37

1388093.27

17560200.00

11865000.00

11556510.00

18221716.80

13909313.37

12944603.27

3

F51:Silgadhi-Sanfe Road

F5101Silgadhi-Choukhutte.

F5102 Choukhutte.-Sanfe

41.00

16.00

728640.00

1481982.00

20559007.56

4740067.50

21287647.56

6222049.50

4

Sanfebagar-Martadi Road

F14601 Sanfebagar-Rakse

F14602 Rakse-Martadi

14.00

13.00

487899.00

455020.50

474600.00

949200.00

962499.00

1404220.50

5 SanfeBagar Mangalsen Road

H1825 35.00 1046560.00 474600.00 1521160.00

Total

11878320.00

77386425.06

89264745.06


3

Periodic Maintenance Cost Estimate

Name of Road: Seti Rajmarga (Korayal-Samuhagad) Road Link:

H1502

km:

24.70

S.N Item Unit Quantity NRs./unit Total

1 Providing and laying average

20mm thick premix for pothole

including rolling and compaction all

complete

Sq.m 1975.00 750.00 1481250.00

2 Providing and laying Bitumen

Slurry Seal for crack seal Sq.m. 1220.00 145.00 176900.00

3 Providing and laying SBSD Sq.m. 123500.00 309.00 38161500.00

Total 39819650.00

VAT 13% 5176554.50

Contingencies 5% 1990982.50

Grand total 46987187.00

Name of Road: Seti Rajmarg (Samuhagad-Jn. Sanfe Road) Road Link:

H1406

km:

16.27

S.N Item Unit Quantity NRs./unit Total

1 Providing and laying average

20mm thick premix for pothole

including rolling and

compaction all complete

Sq.m. 1300.00 750.00

975000.00

2 Providing and laying Bitumen

Slurry Seal for crack seal

Sq.m. 910.00 145.00 131950.00

3 Providing and laying SBSD Sq.m. 81200.00 309.00 25090800.00

Total 26197750.00

VAT 13% 3405707.50

Contingencies 5% 1309887.50

Grand total 30913345.00


4

ANNEX C: ANNUAL BUDGET

Activity

Allocation for current fiscal year

2011/12

Proposed for next fiscal year

20012/13

Administration 49,82,000.00 59,59,900.00

Routine Maintenance 1,82,45,450.00 1,96,49,130.00

Recurrent Maintenance

Minor

98,57,000.00 1,18,78,320.00

Specific Maintenance 90,00,000.00 7,73,86,425.06

Periodic Maintenance 11,47,00,000.00

Rehabilitation

Reconstruction

Bridge Construction 2,70,00,000.00 7,00,00,000.00

Bridge Maintenance 1,50,00,000.00 2,59,01,295.00

Other works 2,00,000.00 10,20,000.00

Emergency Maintenance 15,00,000.00 25,01,000.00

Road Safety Works 2,00,000.00 12,00,000.00

Total 85,984,450.00 330,196,080.06


5

ANNEX D: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT

OFFICERS

SN Name Position

1 Mr. Bijaya Kumar Mahato Sr. Divisional Engineer

2 Mr. Nati Babu Khdka Engineer

3 Mr. Sunil Babu Panta Engineer

4 Mr. Man Signh Dhami Engineer

5 Mr. Dhruba Bahadur Chand Engineer

6 Mr. Krishna Brasad Adhikari Accountant

7 Mr Ram Datta Panta Administrative Officer

8 Mr. Surya Prasad Ojha Nayab Subba

9 Mr. Moti Singh Rawal Accountant

10 Mr. Bhupendra Singh Badal Sub-Engineer

11 Mr. Sanjaya Kumar Yadav Sub-Engineer

12 Ms. Chanda Bhandari Kharidar

13 Mr. Dharma Bahdur Chaudhari Kharidar

14 Mr. Tej Bahadur Mahato Office Assistant

15 Mr. Mr. Devi Luhar Office Assistant

16 Mr. Mr. Indra Bahdur Medhasi Office Assistant

17 Mr. Mr. Nara Bahdur Saud Office Assistant

18 Mr. Bhakta Raj Ojha Office Assistant

19 Mr. Megh Bahdur Saud Office Assistant

20 Mr. Sher Bahdur Bhattaai Office Assistant

21 Mr. Gore Bhul Office Assistant

22 Mr. Dan Bahdur Saud Office Assistant


6

ANNEX E: PAST EXTREME EVENTS

VDC/

Municipality &

Ward No.

Date

Type of

Disaster

People Affected

Family

Animal

Loss

House

Destroyed

Shed

Destroyed

Land Loss Public

Property

Estimated

Loss

(Rs.) Dead Missing Injured Total Partly No. Unit

2066 (2009/2010)

Nada-8 2066/03/17 Flood 1

Kalekada 2066/04/04 Flood 1 2 2

Khaptad 7, 8 2066/04/16 Flood 50

Khaptad 7, 8 2066/04/25 Flood 50

Patalkot-9 2066/06/20 Landslide 10 60 4

Sidheshwor 2066/06/20 Flood 4

Bindabasini-1 2066/06/20 Flood 1 2 1

Marku-7 2066/06/21 Flood 3 2

Sokal-9 2066/06/21 Flood 9 9

Lungra-4 2066/06/20 Flood 22

Muli 2066/06/20 Flood 5

2067 (2010/2011)


7

Sanphebagar,

diff. VDCs

2067/04/04 Flood 2 22 15 60 ropani 920,000

Kulka-8, Boba

VDCs 2

2067/05/09 Flood 2 1

2068 (2011/2012)

Malatikot-7 2011/07/02 Flood 3 1

Shidheshwor 2011/07/25 Flood 1

Kalagaon 2011/07/02 Landslide 3

Budarkot-2 2011/09/14 Landslide 1 2

2069 (2012/2013)

Raniban-2 2012/06/01 Storm 1 12

Budhakot-4 2012/09/06 Rainfall 2 1


8

ANNEX F: ASSET INVENTORY - ACHHAM

List of Strategic Roads

List of Bridges


9

ANNEX G: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1

Closer view of the damaged section. The gabion protection wall has already collapsed.

Same as picture above


10

The river, at present, is shifting its course from right side to left side. As a consequence it is

depositing riverbed materials at left bank and is eroding the right bank (where the road is

located). This is also one of the main reasons for the damage.

i

TA – 7984 NEP

October, 2013


Development


BANKE DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF ROADS (DOR)


METCON Consultants

APTEC Consulting




Version B


ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 BANKE DISTRICT .............................................................................................................. 1




1.3.1 Trends ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3.2 Issues ........................................................................................................................................ 2

1.4 Asset inventory ............................................................................................................... 2





2 BANKE DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE .................................................................................... 3

2.1 Asset1: MRM (Mahendra Raj Marg) Agaiya Bazar (km 39+800 – 40+300) ................... 3


2.2 Asset 2: Nepalgunj – Baghouda Road (Approach Road to Rapti Bridge) ........................ 5


2.3 Asset 3: Culvert on Nepalgunj – Guleria Road ................................................................ 8


2.4 Asset 4:Bridge across Aurahi River on Mahendra Raj Marg ......................................... 10

2.4.1 Asset Description .................................................................................................................... 10 2.4.2 Adaptation audit .................................................................................................................... 11

2.5 Asset 5:Bridge across the Rapti River on Nepalgunj – Baghouda Road at km 11+100 . 12

2.5.1 Asset Description .................................................................................................................... 12 2.5.2 Adaptation audit .................................................................................................................... 13

ANNEX A – MAP OF BANKE DISTRICT ............................................................................................ 1

ANNEX B: ANNUAL BUDGET ......................................................................................................... 2

ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS ................................................................. 3

ANNEX D: PAST EXTREME EVENTS ................................................................................................ 4

ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1 .............................................................................................. 10

ANNEX F: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 2 .............................................................................................. 12

ANNEX G: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 3 ............................................................................................. 14

ANNEX H: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 4 ............................................................................................. 16

ANNEX I: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 5............................................................................................... 17


1

1 BANKE DISTRICT


All the 25 division offices of the DoR are required to prepare Annual Road Maintenance Plan (ARMP).

The summary sheet of plan is presented in Annex B. The division has not prepared a long term plan.


Budgeting

The Budget for the Financial Year 2011/2012 is given in Annex C

Staff

The names and positions of district officers is given in Annex D


Nepalgunj Division is one of the 25 divisions of DoR and covers several districts including Banke.

Although the main task of the division is to maintain the roads (routine, periodic, emergency,

recurrent etc.) it also executes small to medium road and bridge projects.

1.3.1 Trends

The current trends of the division are as follows:

Planning

Planning of works is done by the respective divisions. The division is required to prepare annual road

maintenance plan (ARMP) for each year. After approval of the plan by Ministry/DoR, yearly budget is

provided to divisions. Without ARMP, the division will not be liable to receive the yearly budget.

Design

Design works of construction roads and bridges in general are carried out by local consultants. For

some big donor funded projects (WB, ADB etc.) foreign consultants are also hired.

Construction

All the construction and maintenance works of roads and bridges are done through local

contractors. The present trend in the construction has shifted from manual to machines and at

present construction equipment such as excavator, paver, dozer, roller are being used more

frequently.

Supervision of Works

1. For small works, division staffs carryout supervision works;

2. For medium scale works the division hires local consultants;

3. For large contracts, especially for donor funded contracts foreign consultants are also hired.

Monitoring

Monitoring is done on the following aspects:

1. Programme

2. Cost

3. Quality

4. Progress


2

1.3.2 Issues

Major issues/difficulties faced by the divisions are as follows:

1. Insufficient manpower, equipment and budget

2. Difficulty in extracting natural occurring construction materials such as gravels, sands, stones

etc. due to Banke and Bardiya National Parks;

3. Very low bid by the contractors

1.4 Asset inventory

Asset inventory of Banke District is presented in Annex E.


The record of past extreme events in the district is presented in Annex G.


The division office cooperates with DoLIDAR, DoI, DWSS, DWIDP, NT, NEA, Department of Transport

(DoT) etc. in the district.


ADB is funding for ongoing 3 bridge projects;

WB is providing 10% of total amount for resealing (periodic maintenance) works for 5 years

period.



The key criteria for prioritisation include:








priority list is given below


3

2 BANKE DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE

2.1 Asset1: MRM (Mahendra Raj Marg) Agaiya Bazar (km 39+800 – 40+300)


MRM is one of the most important National Highways of the country. Its total length is 1027.67 km

out of which 147 Km lies in Banke District. MRM crosses Rapti River at Bhalubng in Dang District and

runs parallel to Rapti River up to Samshergunj.

Agaiya is a small settlement developed at the road side after the construction of MRM. Rapti River is

very near to MRM at this location. DoI recently constructed an intake at Rapti River at Agaiya for

Sikta Irrigation Project. This is the largest irrigation project in the district. Due to intake, the flow of


type


1 Structures to protect MRM (NH

1)from river erosion

Dykes Dyke constructed for road protection

which is unique.

2 Ongoing rehabilitation works

along Nepalgunj-Baghouda Road

Miscellaneous Severely damaged road due to Rapti River

3 Crossing structure along

Nepalgunj-Guleria Road

Culvert Poor condition due to lack of maintenance

4 Crossing structure along MRM RCC Bridge Bridge was constructed as the existing

causeway was not sufficient to pass the

river discharge.

5 Crossing structure along

Nepalgunj-Dondra Road

Steel Bridge Damage to surrounding areas of the

bridge. To show example of conventional

protection works.


4

the Rapti River is obstructed and the level of Rapti becomes higher. In order to protect the road from

Rapti River GoN Constructed long dykes along the road about 5 years ago. This asset is shortlisted as

this is a very a very unique structure in the Nepali context.

Watershed context

The asset is located at the mid eastern part of the district. It lies in the watershed of the Rapti River,

which is the This river originates in the hilly part of the Mid Western Development Region crosses

MRM at Bhalubang (Dang District) and runs parallel to MRM upto the project site. The main problem

in the watershed area is the flooding of the Rapti River damaging several structures along it.

Asset location

. MRM is located very near to the Rapti River (about 30m from the bank) at the study area. The asset

was safe from the River before the construction of intake structure of Sikta Irrigation Project. After

the construction of the intake, the asset was found vulnerable to flooding due to obstruction of flow

by the intake. Hence, DoR constructed a dyke to protect the asset from flooding.

Asset condition

The condition of the asset (road) as well as the dyke is good (see photo). The field visit showed that

there is not imminent danger to the structures at present.

Asset design

In this case, the asset is considered both the road and the protection works.

MRM is a double lane road with 7m wide pavement. It is surfaced with asphalt concrete and its

condition near the site is good.

The dyke (protection works) is an earthen one with protection works and launching apron of

gabions. The top width of the dyke is 4m.


As mentioned above, Rapti is the largest River in the district. About 10 years ago, the river washed

away the left abutment of the bridge near Lamahi. Similarly, there are several instances of damage

to the properties and loss of lives in the past due to flooding of the river.


The adaptation measure to protect the road is appropriate and it is functioning very good.


The adaptation measure seems quite appropriate and the adopted measure is serving its purpose

quite satisfactorily.


Adaptation location

The adaptation, consisting of a dyke and slope protection works, is situated upstream of the intake

works for the Sikta Irrigation Schme which caused river levels to rise and thus threaten the MRM.


The adaptation is is good condition

Threat description


5

The threat to the asset is from increased river levels due to greater flows caused by

increased rainfall.


There is no record of past extreme events at this location in the recent past.

Adaptation design

The design of the adaptation is appropriate to present day conditions

Adaptation success

The adaptation has been successful in protecting the MRM and surrounding areas from flooding.

2.2 Asset 2: Nepalgunj – Baghouda Road (Approach Road to Rapti Bridge)

Rapti River has washed away a road section of left approach road. The washed away section is

about 200m from the bridge towards Baghouda side. DoR has planned to construct a 20 m long

Bailey Bridge at this location. The steel truss bridge across Rapti River can also be seen on photo.


6


After crossing the Rapti River at Bhalubang, MRM runs parallel to the the river along right bank. Up

to Samsherganj, the direction of road and river is towards the west. From Samshergunj, the river

changes its direction and proceeds towards south. Because of this phenomenon, several VDCs at the

south of the Rapti River from Bhalubang to Samshegunj were deprived of vehicular access as there

was no bridge and the people of that area used to travel through India to visit Nepalgunj and other

parts of the country. In order to connect these southern villages, DoR constructed Nepalgunj-

Bagaudha Road and a bridge across the Rapti River at 11 km east of Nepalgunj. In 2012, there was a

big flood near the bridge site area. The flood washed away a long section of left approach road. The

flood also damaged cultivated land, houses and other properties.

Watershed context

The asset lies in the watershed of the Rapti River. The river originates in the hilly part of the Mid

Western Development Region crosses MRM at Bhalubang (Dang District) and runs parallel to MRM


7

upto the project site. The main problem in the watershed area is the flooding of the Rapti River

damaging several structures along it.

Asset location

The Nepalgunj-Baghouda is still in the process of construction/upgradation. Initial sections of this

road is blacktopped and graveled wheras the majority of the road is still eartnen. DoR has

constructed a steel truss bridge at km 11+100. The location of the study area is beyond km11+100.

Asset condition

The condition of road at the study area is very poor. About 20m of this road is washed away and DoR

intends to construct a 15m long Bailey Bridge. After the 2012 flood, DoR is constructing concrete

causeway and other crossing drainage structures to protect the road from flooding. It is still

uncertain whether these structures will be able to protect the road from damage during another big

flood

Asset design

DoR is constructing different type of cross drainage structures such as Bailey Bridge, causeway, PCs

etc. Their drawings were not available.


In 2012, several portion of the road onwards from the bridge was damaged due to flood. The flood

also destroyed houses and lands. However, there was no human casualty.


Two pipe culverts (one with 3Nos 900mm dia pipes & one with 2Nos pipes) were constructed to act

as cross drainage for flood water from the Rapti River.


The cross drainage installed was inadequate and as a result there were several locations where the

road embankment was breached during a flood 2012.


Adaptation location

A 20 metre span Bailey Bridge is planned at one washed out section about 200m. from the Rapti

Bridge.

A 50m. concrete causeway is planned at another washed out section 250m. from Rapti Bridge

A 900mm diameter pipe culverty is planned 270m from Rapti Bridge.


None of the proposed adaptations are yet completed.

Threat description

The main threat to the asset the probability of severe damage due to flood. It is to be noted that the

existing problem will not be solved completely until the siltation problem in the Rapti River is

properly addressed..

Past Extreme Events and impacts

In 2012, several portion of the road onwards from the bridge was damaged due to flood. The flood

also destroyed houses and lands. However, there was no human casualty.

Adaptation Design


8

It is not possible to determine if the proposed adaptations design is adequate

Adaptation Success

The original adaptation of two pipe culverts was unsuccessful. It is not possible to determine if the

proposed adaptations will be successful.

2.3 Asset 3: Culvert on Nepalgunj – Guleria Road

Photo of culvert from downstream. There is no water at the stream at present. Boulders are laid at

the river bed near the culvert to protect the structure from bed scouring


The structure is double cell slab culvert across Kedari Khola with a total length of 13.30m. It is

located at km 8+050 along Nepalgunj Guleria Road. The structure was built about 20 years ago. The

deck slab of the culvert is RCC and the abutments and pier is constructed of brick masonry. The

culvert is structurally sound as it has lasted for about 20 years without any major structural defects

although several heavily loaded vehicles pass through it every day. However, there are sign of

distress due to aging and lack of maintenance.

The length of the culvert seems adequate and there is no substantial damage to the structure due to

flood except some bed scouring.

Watershed context

Kedari Khola (where the culvert is constructed) lies in the watershed of Man River . The khola was

found dry during the field survey.

There was not any major event at the study area in the past

Asset location


9

The culvert is located at km 8+050 along Nepalgunj Guleria Road. The area near/around the bridge is

flat and most of the land is cultivated. As the structure is located on flat area, there is no problem of

ground instability

Asset condition

The condition of the asset is satisfactory although it was constructed about 20 years ago. The major

problems of the structure are:

o Bulging and deterioration of brick masonry sub-structures (abutments and pier) due to aging

as well as poor maintenance.

o Scouring of river bed near the culvert due to high gradient.

Asset design

The culvert is designed with two equal spans and its total length is 13.3m. It has RCC deck slab and

abutments and pier of brick masonry. The design of asset matches to the size of the river and the

existing site condition


There was no extreme events in the past which endangering the stability of the structure.


DoR has placed dry stone soling at the bed to protect the bridge from scouring. It is functioning

satisfactorily.


The structure is sufficient to accommodate the discharge during high flood also. It is also structurally

sound as it has withstood heavy loads for the several year years in the past. The abutments and pier

of the culvert is constructed of brick masonry which is available locally. In short it can be concluded

that the design of the culvert is appropriate.


Adaptation location

There have been no adaptations carried out to date


NA

Threat description

The threat to the culvert is from increased future flows caused by higher rainfall or flash floods

brought about through climate change


There are no records of past extreme events at this location

Adaptation Design

NA

Adaptation Success

NA


10

2.4 Asset 4:Bridge across Aurahi River on Mahendra Raj Marg

View of the bridge from upstream. It is a three span bridge and the length of the bridge is

adequate for this site.


This asset is a RCC bridge of 77 m length with three equal spans of 25.5m each. Design of this

structure was carried out by a local consulting firm. The construction was done by Tundi/Kumar

Shrestha JV and this structure was completed one year ago.

A RCC causeway was constructed across this river before the construction of this bridge. As the

movement of vehicles were frequently obstructed during high discharge, GoN decided to replace the

causeway with the existing bridge.

Watershed context

The Auri Khola where the bridge is constructed lies in the watershed of Babai River. There was very

little water during the field survey.

The road was frequently obstructed by flood before the construction of the bridge.

Asset location

The bridge is located at a distance of 20 km west of Man River along MRM. The bridge site area is

covered by bushes and cultivated land and lies in the rolling terrain. The river bed materials at the

bridge site consist of sand, gravels and boulders. There is not any ground instability near the asset.

Asset condition


11

The asset was constructed one year ago and its construction quality is good. There was not any sign

of damage/problems at the bridge and other ancillary works..

Asset design

This is a double lane RCC bridge with three equal spans of 25.5m each. Both abutments and piers of

the bridge are constructed of RCC.


There was no extreme events in the past which endangering the stability of the structure.


Before the construction of the bridge, there existed a RCC causeway. During high flood, there was

frequent obstruction to traffic during high flood. Hence DoR decided to replace the culvert with the

bridge. This response seems appropriate as the traffic along the MRM has increased significantly.


The design of the asset is appropriate for the given site condition. There is no probability of

obstruction to river as the bridge length is not less than the river width. The quality of construction

is also good.


Adaptation location

The bridge is located at a distance of 20 km west of Man River along MRM. The bridge site area is

covered by bushes and cultivated land and lies in the rolling terrain. The river bed materials at the

bridge site consist of sand, gravels and boulders.


The condition of the bridge is good.

Threat description

The threat to the bridge is the increase in river flow caused by increased rainfall associated with

climate change. The recently designed and constructed bridge will not have been designed using the

latest predictions for future flood levels.


There are no reported past extreme events

Adaptation Design

The design is appropriate for present conditions

Adaptation Success

The provision of a new bridge as an adaptation to the old concrete causeway is a success


12

2.5 Asset 5:Bridge across the Rapti River on Nepalgunj – Baghouda Road at km

11+100

View of the bridge from upstream.


This is a steel truss bridge located at km 11+100 of Nepalgunj-Baghouda Road. The bridge has seven

spans and its total length is 342 meter. It has RCC deck and the abutments and piers are constructed

of RCC.

This bridge was constructed more than 5 years ago to provide vehicular link to several VDCs lying

south of the Rapti River. Until now, there is no problem associated with the stability of the structure.

However, there is a serious problem of changing of course by Rapti River due to heavy saltation (see

Asset 2). If DoR does not take measures to regulate the course, the river may flow through left

approach road. Washing away of left approach road by 2012 flood is the indication of the problem.

Watershed context

Rapti is one of the big rivers of the country. The catchment area of the river is more than two

thousand square kilometers. The initial section of the river passes through hill areas covered with

forests. The river gradient at such area is higher. After crossing the MRM at Bhalubang, the river

flows through flat area up to the study area. The catchment area of the river at the flat area (after

Bhalubang) is covered with flat land and forest.

Asset location

The bridge is located at km 11+100 of Nepalgunj Dondra Road. The area near/around the bridge is

flat and most of the land is cultivated. The land near the culvert is flat and there is no problem of

ground instabilities. The asset is located at the southern part of the district near the border with


13

India. The area near/around the bridge is flat and cultivated. There is no problem of ground

instability.

Asset condition

The asset was constructed five years ago and its construction quality is good. However, the river is

eroding the left bank. Several structures (PC, SC, bank protection works) are constructed/ under

construction to protect the bank. Although, the bridge itself seems structurally sound, there is a big

question mark on its function in the long term due to hydrological problems.

Asset design

The bridge has seven spans and its total length is 342 meter. It has RCC deck and the abutments and

piers are constructed of RCC.


Rapti is the largest river in Banke district. Several people of the Banke District have died in past due

to Rapti floods. Similarly the river also damaged land, properties, houses and structures along it. In

2012, the river washed away the left approach road and caused damage to the land and properties

of the people living in that area. Due to lack of systematic record keeping practice of the district, DoR

and other agencies, it is very difficult to describe about all the past events.


As stated earlier, flooding at the Rapti River is common. It has caused loss to human lives and

properties at several locations in the past at frequent interval. To minimize the damage by the flood,

GoN as well as local people have constructed bank protection works at several locations. These

protection works are functioning satisfactorily although some of them are already damaged.


The type of structure seems appropriate. The length of the bridge is almost equal to the existing

waterway. But there is a serious problem due to heavy silting at upstream. Due to siltation, the

difference between the river level and the top level of the bank was found very low even during dry

period. As a consequence the river overtops the bank and damages the surrounding areas during

high flood. GoN should seriously think to minimize the siltation process. Similarly, it is also

recommended to construct bank protection works at left side up to a considerable distance at

upstream from the bridge.


Adaptation location

Some adaptation in the form of different types of slope and embankment protection have been

carried out on the upstream banks of the river


The condition of these adaptations is not good

Threat description


14

The threat is to the areas of land either side of the river and to the bridge approach roads due to

over topping of the banks during high floods. This threat will grow as the increase in rainfall and

flood levels due to climate change becomes more severe with the added threat of sedimentation in

the river bed raising the flood levels even higher.


In 2012 a high flood overtopped the river banks and caused considerable damage to life and

property including the bridge approach roads.

Adaptation Design

The design of the river bank protection is unlikely to be appropriate in the event of a future high

flood

Adaptation Success

The adaptations are unlikely to be successful In protecting the property and infrastructure on the

Rapti flood plain.


1

ANNEX A – MAP OF BANKE DISTRICT


2

ANNEX B: ANNUAL BUDGET

Budget for the FY 2011/12

Budget

Head Maintenance Type Budget for FY 2011/2012

Proposed

Budget for

fiscal year

2012/2013

337014-3 Administration 8,800

10,000

337165-4 Routine Maintenance 13,500

17,767

337165-4 Recurrent Maintenance 16,100

19,681.00

337165-4 Specific Maintenance 17,500

55,600.00

337165-4 Periodic Maintenance 80,000

51,750.00

337165-4 Traffic Engineering 3,000

520.00

337165-4 Bio Engineering 200

400.00

337165-4 Emergency Maintenance 100

700.00

337165-4 Rehabilitation

56,000.00

337165-4 Karnali Bridge Security 2,200

2,200.00

337158-4 Bridge Maintenance 15,000

20,900.00

Grand Total 156,400.00

235,518.00


3

ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT

OFFICERS

Names and positions of district officers

SN Name Position

General

1 Manoj Shrestha

Technical

2 Wakil Jha Engineer

3 Nabaraj K.C. Engineer

4 Anand Karna Engineer

5 Khagendra Shahi Engineer

6 Turunt Mandal Engineer

7 Prem Prasad Chuwai Engineer

8 Chetan Kumar Mandal Sub- Engineer

9 Karma Tamang Sub- Engineer

10 Govind Gaire Sub- Engineer

11 Santosh Bhandari Sub- Engineer

12 Padam Bahadur Madai Sub- Engineer

13 Pramod Chaudhary Sub- Engineer

14 Pramod Chaudhary Sub- Engineer

15 Mahavir Chaudhari Lab. Boy

16 Mahendra Kumar Gautam Lab. Boy

17 Saraswati Sharma Gautam Wireless Operator

18 Saroj Bohara Giri Wireless Operator

Account

19 Badri raj arya Under Secretary (Account )

20 Harisharan Bad Accountant

Administration

21 Dil Bahadur Karki Section Officer

22 Bas Bahadur Rana Typist Na. Su.

23 Kul Raj Upadhyaya Na. Su.

24 Dharma Raj Acharya Typist, Na.Su.

25 Chandra Bahadur Malla Adm. Non-Gazetted II

26 Other support staffs 16 nos.


4

ANNEX D: PAST EXTREME EVENTS

S.

No.

VDC/Municipality

& ward No.

Date Type of

Disaster

People Affected

Family

Animal

loss

House destroyed Shed

Destroyed

Land loss Public

Property

Estimated

Loss (Rs.)

Death Missing Injured Completely Partly No. Unit

2065 (2008/2009)

1. Titihariya 2065/2/31 Fire 1 1 200000

2066 (2009/2010)

1. Different VDCs 2066/04/13 Flood

2. Rapti Nadi 2066/04/23 Flood

2067 (2010/2011)

1. Nepalgunj 2011/01/09 Fire 2 4 300000

2. Puraina-1 2011/01/21 Fire 200000

3. Nauwasta-7 2011/02/27 Fire 2 3 160000

4. Katakuiyaea-8 2011/02/28 Fire 1 25000

5. Gangapur-6 2011/02/28 Fire 25

6. Bilauna-4 2011/03/01 Fire 2


5

7. Raniyapur-8 2011/03 Fire 1 2 8

8. Khaskusma-7 2011/03/05 Fire 700000

9. Puraina-2 2011/03/14 Fire

10. Nepalgunj-2 2011/03/15 Fire 200000

11. Nepalgunj-16 2011/03/16 Fire 100000

12. Nepalgunj-8 2011/03/22 Fire 180000

13. Nepalgunj 2011/04/07 Fire 1 1 230000

14. Kohalpur-3 2011/04/08 Fire 3 3 535000

15. Rajhena-3 2011/04/08 Fire 3 3 500000

16. Bankatuwa-9 2011/04/11 Fire 1 4 1

17. Kohalpur-4 2011/04/11 Fire 1 50000

18. Nepalgunj 2067/04/13 Epidemic 6 105

19. Rapti Basin

different VDCs

2067/04/03 Epidemic

20. Different VDCs,

Holiya VDC

2067/04/09 Epidemic 300 Irrigation

canal

75000000

21. Nepalgunj 2011/01/04 Cold

wave

1


6

S. No.

VDC/Municipality & ward No.

Date Type of Disaster

People Affected Family

Animal loss

House destroyed Shed Destroyed

Land loss Public Propert

y

Estimated Loss (Rs.)

Death Missing Injured Completely

Partly No. Unit

2068 (2011/2012)

1. Hirmuniya-7 2011/04/07 Fire 2 300000

2. Hirmuniya-7 2011/04/08 Fire 300000

3. Mahadevpuri-8 2011/04/22 Fire 2 1 195000

4. Mahadevpuri-8 2011/04/22 Fire 1 80000

5. Udharpur-5 2011/04/23 Fire 250000

6. Butharapur-2 2011/04/23 Fire 60000

7. Udharpur-6 2011/04/23 Fire 170000

8. Manikapur-3 2011/04/24 Fire 1 30000

9. Pipraha-9 2011/05/03 Fire 130000

10. Paraspur-2 2011/05/14 Fire 1 750000

11. Pipraha-4 2011/05/24 Fire 1 15000

12. Jayasapur 2011/06/06 Fire 150000

13. Khaskushma 2011/07/18 Fire 250000

14. Kohalpur-d3 2011/11/11 Fire 1 250000

15. Piparahawa-6 2011/11/26 Fire 7 60000

16. Manapur-2 2011/12/31 Fire 1500000


7

17. Mataiya-2 2012/01/10 Fire 1 25000

18. Sitapur-5 2012/01/17 Fire 40000

19. Kanchanpur-7 2012/01/19 Fire 327000

20. Nepalgunj-5 2012/02/03 Fire 1 150000

21. Sitapur-4 2012/02/06 Fire 1 260000

22. Nepalgunj-1 2012/02/15 Fire 1 100000

23. Fattehpur-8 2012/02/24 Fire 3 3

24. Chisapane-5 2012/02/26 Fire 3 1

25. Huliya-2 2012/03/01 Fire 1 9 400000

26. Kamadi-4 2012/03/09 Fire 26 1.2E+07

27. Patanapur-7 2012/03/17 Fire 1

28. Gaganpur-9 2012/03/31 Fire 2

29. Titahariya-5 2011/07/11 Flood 1

30. Bankatuwa-9 2011/07/23 Flood 1 6

31. Nepalgunj-8 2011/08/16 Flood

32. Nepalgunj-5 2011/09/10 Flood 1

33. Kanchanpur-6 2011/09/13 Flood 1

34. Bageshwori 2011/04/25 Storm 1

35. Kohalpur-3 2012/05/17 Storm 3

36. Baibaijapur-6 2012/07/13 Thunderbolt

1

37. Ganapur-2 2011/07/21 Thunderbolt

1 3


8

S.

No.

VDC/Municipality

& ward No.

Date Type of

Disaster

People Affected

Family

Animal

loss

House destroyed Shed

Destroyed

Land loss Public

Property

Estimated

Loss (Rs.)

Death Missing Injured Completely Partly No. Unit

2069 (2012/2013)

1. Kalaefante-5 2012/04/16 Fire 1 100 100 50000000

2. Manikapur-8 2012/04/28 Fire 2 2 450000

3. Fattepur-3 2012/04/28 Fire 400000

4. Kanchanpur-7 2012/05/03 Fire 7 7 1200000

5. Nepalgunj-1 2012/05/08 Fire 800000

6. Narainpur-5 2012/05/13 Fire 1 1 100000

7. Indrapur-7 2012/05/15 Fire 7 7 1900000

8. Nepalgunj-2 2012/05/17 Fire

9. Ganapur-8 2012/05/18 Fire 3 3 500000

10. Kohalpur-9 2012/05/22 Fire

11. Holiya-9 2012/05/23 Fire 1 45 45

12. Narainapur-3 2012/05/23 Fire 1 11 11 2500000

13. Nepalgunj-7 2012/06/01 Fire 1 1 200000

14. Titihiriya-5 2012/06/10 Fire 1 150000


9

15. Manikapur-6 2012/06/10 Fire 1 300000

16. Mataehiya-8 2012/06/11 Fire 142

17. Nepalgunj-1 2012/06/12 Fire 45000

18. Indrapur-8 2012/06/15 Fire 1 2 42 7 10000000

19. Mataiya-8 2012/06/15 Fire 57 6000000

20. Pandepurwa 2012/06/15 Fire 42

21. Ganapur 2012/06/25 Fire 300000

22. Dhamboji 2012/07/05 Fire 350000

23. Bageshwori-7 2012/07/31 Fire 1 1 27000

24. Betahani-4,6 2012/08/02 Flood

25. Phattepur-8 2012/08/04 Flood 58

26. Betahani-9 2012/08/04 Flood 1

27. Karkando-5 2012/08/21 Fire 1

28. Narainapur-8 2012/09/03 Epidemic 1

29. Nepalgunj-1 2012/10/01 Fire 1 1600000


10

ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1

Photo of dyke. It is an earthen dyke of about 4-5 m height. The top width of the dyke is 3 m wide.

At the river side (left side) the slope is protected by gabion mattress at the lower portion and by

stone rip rap at the top. Gabion mattress is provided at the bed for protection against scouring.

MRM lies at about 25m right from the dyke.

View of MRM from the top of the dyke. The road is about 25 m from the dyke at this location. It

seems that the dyke is functioning properly as there is no damage to the road.


11

View of intake from dyke. The intake is constructed throughout the river width.

View of the dyke from intake. The road lies behind the dyke.


12

ANNEX F : PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 2

Photo of washed away road section from upstream side. The washed away section is very

near to triple cell pipe culvert.

This is another washed away road section. It is located at about 250m from the bridge or 50 m

proposed location of the Bailey Bridge towards Baghouda side. DoR has started constructing 50m

concrete causeway at this location.


13

Triple cell and double cell PC were constructed to discharge the overflow from Rapti River. As seen

above, these structures are not sufficient to drain the water during high flood.

Single cell PC of dia 90 cm is laid but the headwalls are still not constructed. The location of the PC

is about 270 m from the bridge.


14

ANNEX G: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 3

Closer view of the scouring of the pier. To protect the pier from further scouring, bolders are laid

at the bed.

Bulging of wing wall and widening of gaps at the joint due to earth pressure. The existing

condition shows that the wing wall should be reconstructed.


15

Cracks at wing wall which occurred due to lack of maintenance (weep holes are blocked, no

attention during small cracks etc.). If the structure is not repaired timely, it will collapse within few

years.

Upstream view of khola. In general the width of the stream is about 8m. Due to adequate length

of the culvert, there is no major damage due to flooding except minor scouring of the pier.


16

ANNEX H: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 4

Remains of the previously constructed concrete causeway. As seen on the photo, the length of the

causeway was much less than the river width causing problems to the vehicles during high flood.

Carriageway of the bridge. As seen on photo the finishing works of the bridge is good.


17

ANNEX I : PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 5

Carriageway of the bridge. As seen on photo, the finishing of the works is good.

The local community is constructing gabion launching apron at the left bank, upstream. It is to be

noted that this structure will not very useful as the main problem is not the bank erosion but the

flooding which is caused mainly due to silting of bed at upstream.


18

Protection works made of bamboos at the left bank. This is a local technology and is working well

for the given site condition. This technology can be replicated for protection works at other

locations also.

Upstream view of Rapti River from the bridge. As observed in the field the height of left bank is

not more than 2-3m which is very little for the large river like Rapti. The bank height has

decreased in the past due to siltation. As a result the river overtops the bank and flows through

the field during high flood

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR district baseline

1

TA – 7984 NEP

October, 2013


Development


CHITWAN DISTRICT BASELINES: DEPARTMENT OF ROADS

(DOR)


METCON Consultants

APTEC Consulting




Version B


ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 CHITWAN DISTRICT .......................................................................................................... 1




1.3.1 Trends ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3.2 Issues ........................................................................................................................................ 2

1.4 Asset inventory ............................................................................................................... 2





2 CHITWAN DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE ............................................................................... 4

2.1 Asset1: Lothar Bridge on MRM ....................................................................................... 4


ANNEX A – MAP OF CHITWAN DISTRICT ....................................................................................... 1

ANNEX B: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS ................................................................. 2

ANNEX C: PAST EXTREME EVENTS ................................................................................................ 3

ANNEX D: ASSET INVENTORY – CHITWAN ..................................................................................... 4

ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1 ................................................................................................ 8


1

1 CHITWAN DISTRICT


The Annual Road Management Plan for 2070/71 has been published but is too large to be included

in this report


Budgeting

Budget Head FY 2011/12 FY 2012/13 Remarks

General Administration 8818900 -

106-Road Board 26,125,000 27,500,000

107-City Road 101,745,000 107,100,000

148- District Road 34,532,500 36,350,000

123-Regional Road 23,465,00 24,700,000

302-Tourism 10,830,000 11,400,000

199-Chepang Marga 55,404,000 58,320,000

157-Bridge Construction 66,785,000 70,300,000

158-Bridge Maintenance 6,650,000 7,000,000

Total 334,355,400 342,670,000

Staff

The names and positions of district officer is given in Annex B


Bharatpur Division is one of the 25 divisions of DoR and covers several districts including Chitwan

District. Although the main task of the division is to maintain the roads (routine, periodic,

emergency, recurrent etc.) it also executes small to medium road and bridge projects

1.3.1 Trends

The current trend of the divisions are as follows:

Planning




Design


big projects, especially for donor (WB, ADB etc.) funded ones DoR hires foreign consultants.

Construction




more frequently.


2

Although Chitwan Division is meant for maintenance of roads, it is carrying out construction works of

roads and bridges also. For example it is involved in construction of 180 m long motorable bridge

and Chepang Marga.

Supervision of Works

1. For small and medium works, division staffs carryout supervision works;

2. For large contracts, especially for donor funded contracts foreign consultants are also hired.

Monitoring


1. Programme

2. Cost

3. Quality

4. Progress

1.3.2 Issues

Planning for the asset management in the road sector has improved the quality of maintenance in

DoR. However, following initiative will help to overcome the shortfall in the maintenance

activities of division.

a. Timely release of the maintenance budget.

b. Close monitoring of the activities both at division and central levels.

Training, working environment and motivation to the division staffs.

The number of length workers deputed in hilly reason during rainy season is not sufficient

due to high importance of the highways.

Old and worn out bridges in PRM needs timely attention.

Criticality of Krishna Bheer should not be overlooked.

Rutting problem of ascending loaded lane in TRP and PRM should be addressed with

reference to new technology.

ROW encroachment, sand quarrying in the road corridor, and access road from highway by

local bodies are other threats to SRN

1.4 Asset inventory

The list of rural roads and bridges in the district is presented in Annex C


Past extreme events in the district are given in Annex D





1. WB is providing 10% of the maintenance to the divisions.


3

2. SDC is providing support for construction of dyke



. The key criteria for prioritisation include:










type


1 Lothar Bridge

Bridge To show an example of exceptionally

heavy siltation at/around the bridge. At

present the vertical clearance is 2.5m

which was 8m in 1977 (during

construction).

2 Riu Khola Bridges

Bridge The river is damaging surrounding areas

even after the construction of two bridges.

3 Approach Road of Sauraha

Bridge

Road Flood washed away approach road and

houses at left bank in 2003.

4 Landslide Protection works

along Narayanghat-Mugling

Road

Road Several check dams are constructed at

upstream to protect road and bridges

from debris, which is unique and

successful.

5 Slab bridge across

Badarmudhe Khola in Madi

(damaged bridge)

Slab Bridge To show the example of change of

hydrological regime within short period

and an example of poor design and

construction.


4

2 CHITWAN DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE

2.1 Asset1: Lothar Bridge on MRM

Extensive siltation near/at the bridge site. Difference between bed level and bridge has been

reduced to 2.5 m which was 8m in 1977. This shows bed level has risen by 5.5 m within the span of

35 years. If the situation is not controlled the bridge will be washed away in future

Sketch Plan of Site


5


The bridge is located along MRM at the border of Chitwan and Makwanpur Districts. The bridge was

designed by ND Lea and Associates and was completed in 1977. It has five spans and its total length

is 150m.

The abutments and piers of the bridge are RCC whereas the superstructure is prestressed concrete.

Although the bridge was constructed more than 35 years ago, the structural components of the

bridge are still in very good condition and any major maintenance works are still not required.

While the bridge was completed the clear vertical clearance was about 8m. However, due to

substantial debris deposition in the last several years, the vertical clearance has reduced to 2.5m.

Due to heavy siltation, the bed level of the river is higher than the ground level of the village located

at downstream right bank. To protect the village, about 2 km long earthen dyke is constructed.

As per local people the river overtopped the bridge in 1993 and 2003. It did not damage the bridge

structure but it eroded both banks and damaged to land and properties of the village lying at the

right bank. But there is a high risk of washing away of the bridge during heavy flood in the future.

Watershed context

The bridge lies inside the watershed of Lothar River. This river joins Rapti River at a distance of 5

kilometer downstream from the bridge site. Almost all the watershed of this river lies in Chure

range which is highly susceptible to landslides.

According to the local people, there were big floods in 1993 and 2002 and these floods transported

large amount of debris and deposited at/near the bridge site.

There is a high vulnerability of washing away of bridges during high flood.

Asset location

The bridge lies along MRM of Narayanghat-Hetuada Section. Lothar Khola is the border of

Makwanpur and Chitwan Districts. Geographically the bridge lies at the foothill of Chure Hills. The

watershed of the river is mainly covered by forests and some land areas are cultivated. There was


6

rapid deforestation at the watershed in 1990-2000. This was the main cause of landslides at upper

area and heavy siltation at downstream.

The bridge is located at the foot hill. Due to very steep slope, the river transport debris from the hills

and deposits near the bridge site.

The area near the bridge site consists of cultivated land and shrubs and bushes.

The soils of the Chure are composed of sands, gravels and boulders and lacks sufficient clayey

materials. As a consequence they are easily eroded during monsoon rains. As mentioned earlier

there is heavy siltation at the bridge site area and if this continues further, the bridge may collapse in

future.

There are no water bodies near the bridge site.

The bridge lies at the flat area and there are no ground instabilities at its proximity.

Asset condition

The structural components of the bridge such as abutments, piers and superstructures are in good

condition.

The condition of gabion bank protection works and dyke at downstream right bank is good.

There is heavy siltation near the bridge site and is endangering the structure.

Asset design

It is a double lane bridge with 5 spans and its total length is 150 meter. The bridge was designed by

ND Lea and Associates (Canada). The substructures of the bridge are RCC and its superstructure is

constructed with prestressed concrete girder. The horizontal alignment of the main bridge lies in

curve. Design and construction of such curved bridge is rare in Nepal.


According to the local people, there were big floods in 1993 and 2002 and these floods overtopped

the bridge and deposited large amount of debris at/near the bridge site.


As previously mentioned there is a heavy siltation at the bridge site. In order to control the siltation,

DWIDP is constructing check dams at upstream and discouraging deforestation. Similarly, DDC has

contracted to extract river bed materials from the bridge site. However, these measures are not

sufficient to control the silting.

DoR/DDC/INGOs have constructed gabion walls and earthen dyke to protect the villages from the

flood. These structures are functioning properly.


The design of the bridge is appropriate for the given site condition. The length of the bridge is almost

equal to the river width and there is no obstruction to water way. Due to proper design the bridge

components are in good condition even after 35 years after its construction. At present the vertical

clearance of the bridge is 2.5m and is very less. However the bridge was designed with a provision of

8m vertical clearance and was adequate for that period (before heavy siltation).


Adaptation location


7

DWIDP is constructing gabion check dams upstream of the bridge and the DDC is extacting river bed

material from areas adjacent to the bridge


The check dams are in under construction

Threat description

Due to heavy siltation, the vertical clearance is about 2.5 only and the river overtopped the bridge in

1993 and 2003. The bridge is at high risk of its washing away during heavy flood in future. Hence, the

concerned authority (DoR), should take immediate steps to remove the debris as soon as possible


High debris flows in the past have raised the bed level considerably and continued deposition under

higher flow conditions in the future will threaten the integrity of the bridge superstructure

Adaptation design

The design for the check dams is not known

Adaptation success

The success of the various interventions is not yet known.


1

ANNEX A – MAP OF CHITWAN DISTRICT


2

ANNEX B: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT

OFFICERS

Names and positions of district officers

SN Name Position

1 Mr. Birendra Mahaseth Division Chief

2 Mr. Sourav Bajracharya Engineer

3 Mr. Ganga Bahadur Maharjan Engineer

4 Mr. Basant Yadav Engineer

5 Mr. Birendra Kumar Mandal Engineer

6 Mr. Nanda Kumar Gupta Engineer

7 Mr. Dal Bahadur Gurung Engineer

8 Mr. Yadav Prakash lamichhane Engineer

9 Mr. Himalaya Prasad Parajuli Account Officer

10 Mr. Roshan Dev Sub-Engineer

11 Mr. Sachendra Mishra Sub-Engineer

12 Mr. Raghunath Subedi Nayab Subba

13 Mr. Shiva Sharma Nayab Subba

14 Support Staffs (42 nos) Drivers, Supervisors, Peons etc.


3

ANNEX C: PAST EXTREME EVENTS

VDC/

Municipality &

Ward No.

Date

Type of

Disaster

People Affected

Family

Animal

Loss

House

Destroyed

Shed

Destroyed

Land Loss Public

Property

Estimated

Loss

(Rs.) Dead Missin

g

Injured Total Partly No. Unit

2065 (2008/2009)

Kawilas-6 2065/02/31

Flood

Landslide 7 7

815000

2066 (2009/2010)

Jagatpur Lothar 2066/04/23 Flood 5

2067 (2010/2011)

2068 (2011/2012)

Mangalpur-5 2012/07/01 Flood 70

Meghauli-1,2 2012/07/01 Flood 250

2069 (2012/2013)

Kabilas-9 2012/06/4 Storm 1 0


4

ANNEX D: ASSET INVENTORY – CHITWAN

List of Roads in Chitwan


5

List of Bridges

SN Name of

Roads

RIVER/

STREAM

Chainage

Km

Length

(m)

Width, m Span

No

Type Loading

Capacity

Remarks Maintenance

Division

Region

Road

way

Carriage

way

Sup. Str Foundation

1 PRM Mowa 66+610 22.00 8.00 6.00 1 Steel Plate

Girder

Spread CH-

15/CH-

80

Bharatpur Central

2 PRM Dahki 73+090 33.00 8.00 6.00 1 Steel Plate

Girder

Spread CH-

15/CH-

80

Bharatpur

3 PRM Barbang 74+050 26.40 6.90 6.00 3 RCC Slab Spread CH-

15/CH-

80

4 PRM Nagdi 81+040 37.15 6.94 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH-

15/CH-

80

Bharatpur Central

5 PRM Trishuli 83+990 122.60 8.80 6.00 3 Suspension

(Steel Truss)

Open CH-

15/CH-

80

Damauli Western

6 MRM Mardar 444+670 45.00 10.50 7.70 2 RCC T-Beam 20-44 Bharatapur Central

7 MRM Pampha 449+570 45.00 10.50 7.70 2 RCC T-Beam - HS 20-

44

Bharatapur Central

8 MRM Budhi Rapti 455+760 62.00 10.50 7.70 3 RCC T-Beam - HS 20-

44

Bharatapur Central

9 MRM Budhi Khola 456+760 15.30 10.50 7.70 3 RCC Slab - HS 20-

44

Bharatapur Central

10 MRM Kair 458+410 61.60 10.50 7.70 3 RCC T-Beam - HS 20-

44

Bharatapur Central

11 MRM Khageri II 462+940 66.00 10.50 7.70 4 RCC T-Beam - HS 20-

44

Bharatapur Central

12 MRM Khageri I 463+060 39.00 10.50 7.70 2 RCC T-Beam Spread HS 20-

44

Bharatapur Central

13 MRM Narayani 473+610 420.00 11.00 7.70 14 PSC Pile HS 20-

44

At bordere

with


6

Nawalparasi

14 NMRM Kharre 11+300 36.50 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH-

15/CH-

80

Bharatpur Central

15 NMRM Dash Dhunga 12+600 12.00 7.60 7.10 2 RCC Slab Spread CH-

15/CH-

80

Bharatpur Central

16 NMRM Phohor Khola 12+850 38.50 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch - CH-

15/CH-

80

Bharatpur Central

17 NMRM Lamobaluwa 16+380 28.40 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH-

15/CH-

80

Bharatpur Central

18 NMRM Khani 16+850 28.00 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH-

15/CH-

80

Bharatpur Central

19 NMRM Bhorle 19+500 56.80 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH-

15/CH-

80

Bharatpur Central

20 NMRM Mauri 21+700 26.30 7.00 6.50 1 RCC Arch Spread CH-

15/CH-

80

Bharatpur Central

21 NMRM Dumre 22+030 32.40 8.00 7.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH-

15/CH-

80

Bharatpur Central

22 NMRM Simaltal 24+250 37.20 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH-

15/CH-

80

Bharatpur Central

23 NMRM Rigdi 25+570 50.25 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH-

15/CH-

80

Bharatpur Central

24 NMRM Jalbire 29+210 25.66 10.00 9.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH-

15/CH-

80

Bharatpur Central


7

25 NMRM Nyanse 32+670 31.00 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH-

15/CH-

80

Bharatpur Central

26 NMRM Tope 32+860 23.00 8.50 7.50 1 RCC Arch Spread CH-

15/CH-

80

Bharatpur Central

27 NMRM Kali 33+350 60.00 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH-

15/CH-

80

Bharatpur Central

28 NMRM Gairi 34+660 60.00 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH-

15/CH-

80

Bharatpur Central

29 NMRM Chinsenji 35+120 41.15 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH-

15/CH-

80

Bharatpur Central

30 NMRM Khahare 35+490 65.60 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH-

15/CH-

80

Bharatpur Central


8


View of the bridge from the dyke at downstream. The elevation of the adjoining village at the left

bank is less than that of river bed level (see the level of the temple). DoR has constructed a long

dyke to protect the village.

General view of the dyke. Its top width is about 4m and it protected by gabion mattress at river

side.


9

Left bank at upstream side of the river. DoR had planned construct dyke at this location also.

However, it could not be constructed because the local people objected this idea demanding a

complete package of protection works.

Photo showing excavaton of river bed materials at downstream. DDC contracted to a private

company to extract the river bed from the bridge site to lower the river bed level. However, the

extracted volume is very small in compariosn to the total deposition.


10

The river bed materials are also being excavated from upstream side also.

i

TA – 7984 NEP

October, 2013


Development


PANCHTHAR DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF ROADS

(DOR)


METCON Consultants

APTEC Consulting




Version B


ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 PANCHTHAR DISTRICT...................................................................................................... 1




1.3.1 Trends ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3.2 Issues ........................................................................................................................................ 1

1.4 Asset inventory ............................................................................................................... 2




2 PANCHTHAR DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE ........................................................................... 4

2.1 Asset1: Barpa Landslide on Phidim to Taplejung Road ................................................... 4


ANNEX A: MAP OF PANCHTHAR DISTRICT ..................................................................................... 1

ANNEX B: ANNUAL BUDGET ......................................................................................................... 2

ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS ................................................................. 3

ANNEX D: ASSET INVENTORY - PANCHTHAR ................................................................................. 4

ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1 ................................................................................................ 5


1

1 PANCHTHAR DISTRICT


The ARMP has not yet been drawn up


Budgeting

The annual budgets for 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 is given in Annex B

Staff

The names and positions of the district officers is given in Annex C


Bharatpur Division is one of the 25 divisions of DoR and covers several districts including Chitwan

District. Although the main task of the division is to maintain the roads (routine, periodic,

emergency, recurrent etc.) it also executes small to medium road and bridge projects.

1.3.1 Trends

The current trend of the divisions are as follows:

Planning




Design


big projects, especially for donor (WB, ADB etc.) funded ones DoR hires foreign consultants.

Construction




more frequently.

Although Chitwan Division is meant for maintenance of roads, it is carrying out construction works of

roads and bridges also.. For example it is involved in construction of 180 m long motrable bridge

and Chepang Marga..

Monitoring


1. Programme

2. Cost

3. Quality

4. Progress

1.3.2 Issues

Planning for the asset management in the road sector has improved the quality of maintenance in

DoR. However, following initiative will help to overcome the shortfall in the maintenance

activities of DRO.


2

* Timely release of the maintenance budget.

* Close monitoring of the activities both at Division and central levels.

* Training, working environment and motivation to the Division staff.

The number of length workers deputed in hilly reason during rainy season is not sufficient due to

high importance of the highways. Old and worn out bridges in PRM needs timely attention.

1.4 Asset inventory

The list of District roads and bridges is given in Annex E


Cooperation with other sectors




WB is providing 10% of the maintenance to the divisions.



. The key criteria for prioritisation include:










3


type


1 Barpa Landslide Road One of the most problematic site of

Panchthar-Phidim Road Section. At

present it is almost stabilized after

construction of breast walls and bio-

engineering works. To provide an example

of successful adaptation measure.

2 Jorkulo Landslide

Road During pavement construction, the

contractor excavated roadside hill slope

for gravels and crushed stones. After

excavation, the hill slope started to slide

and closed the road several times. To

show an example of man made problem.

3 Kabeli Bridge Bridge Selection of bridge site and its type is

appropriately done. Example of properly

designed bridge.

4 Hewa Khola Bridge

Bridge The gradient of the river at the bridge site

is high. There is high vulnerability to

damage of the bridge by transported

boulders during very high flood. To show

bad consequences of providing pier across

fast flowing rivers.

5 Tamor Bridge Bridge Newly constructed bridge at the boarder

between Panchthar and Dhankuta

Districts. It is the longest bridge of the

district and is very new.


4

2 PANCHTHAR DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE

2.1 Asset1: Barpa Landslide on Phidim to Taplejung Road

View of road and landslide area from Taplejung side. The whole landslide area, at present is

covered by bio-engineering and is almost stable.

Sketch Plan of Site


5


The landslide is located at a distance of 18 kilometer from Phidim (towards Taplejung side). It is huge

landslide with an average size of 60m X 70m (along road) and it is the most problematic site along

Phidim-Taplejung road section.

The landslide was developed before the construction of the road. After road construction the

landslide became more active and frequent and obstructed vehicular traffic on several occasions

especially during monsoon.

In order to minimize the effect of landslide, DoR took the following actions:

Realigned the road through the upper portion of the landslide

Constructed breast wall throughout the landslide area;

Applied bio-engineering measures on the whole landslide area;

Provided larger side drain along landslide stretch.

The incidence of landslide has decreased significantly in the last 2 years after adopting the above

measures.

The landslide stabilization works were carried out in piecemeal and hence its construction and

maintenance costs are not known.

There were not any extreme events except closure of vehicular traffic.

The information on IEE/EIA of the area was not available.

Watershed context

The asset lies inside the watershed of Hewa Khola which is located at an aerial distance of less than

on kilometer. There are not any major water sources flowing through/near the asset. Only one small

rivulet exists at the mid of the landslide. A pipe culvert is constructed for draining the water at

rivulet location. This rivulet becomes dry throughout the year except during monsoon season.

Asset location

The landslide is located at a distance of 18 kilometer from Phidim (towards Taplejung side). The hill

slope where the asset is located is steep (about 250).

The area near the bridge site consists of cultivated land and shrubs and bushes and trees. Although

there are not any major water bodies at the surface, it seems that there is considerable sub-surface

water movement.

The name (Barpa Bhir) of the location indicates that it used to be landslide prone area even before

the road was constructed. The landslide became more active after the road construction. There used

to be frequent road closure up to two years ago (or after 15 years of road construction). However,

there has not been any major event in the recent time and it seems that the landslide has stabilized.

Asset condition

The whole asset can be divided into following components/adaptation measures:

a) Road (surface); the road surface is maintained satisfactorily. However, it is still not black

topped. The DoR staffs stated that they will black top the section after the landslides are

stabilized.


6

b) Breast walls; these structures are constructed throughout the landslide section and its

condition is good. There are not any problems such as breaking of gabion wires, bulging of

walls etc.

c) Side drains; DoR has constructed a bigger size side drains at the landslide section. The drain

was cleaned and any major damage was not observed.

d) Vegetations on the slope planted as bio-engineering measures for slope stabilization; the

vegetations are green, thick and have fully covered the slope minimizing the probability of

surface erosion.

Asset design

The road is designed as per feeder road standard. Although there used to be landslide problem in

the past, the area is stable at present. It is to be noted that avoidance of landslide area in the design

phase was not possible as the whole area was moving.


The road has frequently been closed due to landslides especially during rainy season.


The adaptation responses to prevent the landslide are:

a) Breast walls

b) Surface water management

c) Bio-engineering works

These adaptation responses of the above measures are found functioning properly.


The hill slopes geology of whole country in general is fragile. Due to this, majority of the hill roads

suffer from landslides. DoR have adopted several measures to protect the hill roads from landslides.

In majority cases, DoR is successful and in few cases the landslides are still not stabilized and causing

problems. Barpa Bhir is one of the few examples where the DoR has been successful in stabilizing

the landslide problem to a great extent.


Adaptation location

As set out in baseline report above

Watershed context

As set out in baseline report above


The adaptation works are generally in good condition

Threat description

The threat is that increased rainfall and intensity of rainfall duet o climate change will increase the

moisture in the landslip areas and therefore increase the instability of the hillside.


As mentioned above in baseline report


7

Adaptation design

The design of the adaptations is as described in the baseline report above

Adaptation success

The adaptations have been successful to date


1

ANNEX A: MAP OF PANCHTHAR DISTRICT


2

ANNEX B: ANNUAL BUDGET

Budget Head FY 2011/12 FY 2012/13 Remarks

General Administration 8818900 -

106-Road Board 26,125,000 27,500,000

107-City Road 101,745,000 107,100,000

148- District Road 34,532,500 36,350,000

123-Regional Road 23,465,00 24,700,000

302-Tourism 10,830,000 11,400,000

199-Chepang Marga 55,404,000 58,320,000

157-Bridge Construction 66,785,000 70,300,000

158-Bridge Maintenance 6,650,000 7,000,000

Total 334,355,400 342,670,000


3

ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT

OFFICERS

SN Name Position

1 Mr. Birendra Mahaseth Division Chief

2 Mr. Sourav Bajracharya Engineer

3 Mr. Ganga Bahadur Maharjan Engineer

4 Mr. Basant Yadav Engineer

5 Mr. Birendra Kumar Mandal Engineer

6 Mr. Nanda Kumar Gupta Engineer

7 Mr. Dal Bahadur Gurung Engineer

8 Mr. Yadav Prakash lamichhane Engineer

9 Mr. Himalaya Prasad Parajuli Account Officer

10 Mr. Roshan Dev Sub-Engineer

11 Mr. Sachendra Mishra Sub-Engineer

12 Mr. Raghunath Subedi Nayab Subba

13 Mr. Shiva Sharma Nayab Subba

14 Support Staffs (42 nos) Drivers, Supervisors, Peons etc.


4

ANNEX D: ASSET INVENTORY - PANCHTHAR

LIST OF ROADS

LIST OF BRIDGES


5


Gabion wall of 2 m height is provided throughout the lanslide stretch. The condition of the wall is

good.

Lined side drain is provided throughout the landslide stretch. Its base width is 70 cm which is

bigger than usual.


6

Types of vegetations applied for bio-engineering works. Similar type of vegetations is applied on

the whole area.

There is a smaller landslide area toward Phidim side. A rivulet lies between them. At this section

also 2m high gabion breast wall is constructed.

Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report€¦ · Achham, Banke, Chitwan, and Pachthar Districts...

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