Tear and Repair: A Relational Approach to Racial and ... · Tear and Repair: A Relational Approach...

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Tear and Repair: A Relational Approach to Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Danielle N. Knight, MA, LPC-Intern (supervised by Christie Melonson) Christine D. Wong, MA, NCC Texas Counseling Association Professional Growth Conference November 13, 2014

Transcript of Tear and Repair: A Relational Approach to Racial and ... · Tear and Repair: A Relational Approach...

Page 1: Tear and Repair: A Relational Approach to Racial and ... · Tear and Repair: A Relational Approach to Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Danielle N. Knight, MA, LPC-Intern (supervised

Tear and Repair: A Relational Approach to Racial and Ethnic MicroaggressionsDanielle N. Knight, MA, LPC-Intern (supervised by Christie Melonson)Christine D. Wong, MA, NCCTexas Counseling Association Professional Growth ConferenceNovember 13, 2014

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IntroductionsWho Are We?

Danielle Knight

Christine Wong

Tell us a bit about yourself!Your backgroundsWhat drew you to this presentation?

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Purposes/ Goals of Presentation

Learn a new way to attend to session that may increase awareness of racial microaggressions

Learn a multiculturally-sensitive way to attend to racial microaggressions that occur in session

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Learning Objectives

1. To educate attendees on various psychological and physical effects of racial and ethnic microaggressions on minority individuals.

2. The impact of racial and ethnic microaggressions on the therapeutic alliance.

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Learning Objectives (cont’d)

3. To educate attendees on Safran and Muran’s (2000) relational treatment approach and their rupture-resolution models.

4. To describe a multicultural counseling approach to Safran and Muran’s (2000) rupture-resolution models.

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Learning Objectives (cont’d)

5. To provide attendees with practice recommendations and suggestions utilizing this approach.

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Overview of Presentation

Why it is important to address race and ethnicity in therapy

Definitions of race and ethnicity

What are microaggressions?How they affect the counseling relationship?Consequences of racial microaggressions?

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Overview of Presentation (cont’d)

What are alliance ruptures?Importance of addressing ruptures in

therapy?

Alliance-Focused Therapy and Basic Therapist Skills

Experiential activities!

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Why it is important to address race and ethnicity in therapy

US is becoming increasingly diverse

Racism still exists – just changed forms

Minority clients less likely to come to counseling (Owen et al., 2011)

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Why it is important to address race and ethnicity in therapy (cont’d)

Minority clients are more likely to terminate prematurely (Owen et al., 2011)

Misdiagnosis of minority clients –colorblindness (Ridley, 1995)

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Definitions – US Census Bureau

RaceReflects a social definition, and not an

attempt to define race biologically, anthropologically, or genetically

Ethnicityrefers to an individual’s self-identification of

their origin or descent, “roots,” heritage, or place where the individual or his/her parents or ancestors were born.

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Definitions –Counseling & Psychology LiteratureRaceSocially constructedonly meaningful when understood from social,

historical, and political contextsNOT genetically based (Andersen & Collins, 2013)

Ethnicity“A group classification of individuals who share a

unique social and cultural heritage (customs, language, religion, and so on) passed from one generation to the next” (Richardson et al., 2010, p. 227)

Also socially constructed

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Microaggressions - HistoryChester Pierce (1977)“Subtle, stunning, often automatic, and

nonverbal exchanges which are ‘put downs’ of blacks by offenders” (p. 65)

Other terms used to refer to microaggressionsSymbolic racism (Sears & McConahay, 1973)

Modern racism (McConahay, 1981)

Aversive racism (Dovidio et al., 2002)

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Microaggressions – Definition

Sue, Capodilupo, et al. (2007)

“Brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral and environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults to the target person or group” (p. 273).

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Microaggressions – Types

Race

Ethnicity

Gender

Sexual Orientation

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Consequences of Racial Microaggressions

Mental & physical health (Blume et al., 2012; Nadal et al., 2014)

DepressionAnxietyStressEmotional & psychological well-being

Difficult dialogues on race (Sue et al., 2009)

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Consequences of Racial Microaggressions (cont’d)

In counseling, affects how clients view/rate

Working alliance

Counselor’s general counseling competence

Counselor’s multicultural counseling competence

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Question to Audience

Experience with microaggression based on your race, ethnicity, culture directed at you?In general?During your counselor education?

In supervisory relationship?

Experience with committing a microaggression?

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What are Alliance Ruptures?

Fluctuations in the quality of the allianceCan be major or minor

How they affect the therapeutic allianceClients rate lower working alliance for

unresolved rupturesSuccessful resolution of ruptures can create

an “emotionally corrective experience (Safran & Muran, 2000)

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Basic Therapist Skills

Self-Awareness

Affect regulation

Interpersonal Sensitivity

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Awareness Activity 1: Mindfulness

Raisin exercise (Segal, Williams & Teasdale, 2013)

Intentions for Raisin Exercise (p. 114)

1. Noting the contrast between mindful awareness and automatic pilot

2. Seeing how paying attention in detail can reveal things we had not noticed or had forgotten

3. Paying attention in this way can transform the experience

4. Noticing mind wandering as normal

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Awareness Activity 1: Mindfulness

What was this experience like?Was there any difference between this

experience eating a raisin and past experiences?

How can this translate into the counseling process?

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Awareness Activity: Role Plays

Way to practice metacommunication

10 min role-plays

About 5 min processing each

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Role Play 1: When Racial Microaggression is NOT addressed

Questions to ClientWere you aware of the MA?What thoughts/ feelings did you have?Thoughts/feelings you had toward the

counselor?

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Role Play 1 (cont’d)

Questions to CounselorWere you aware of any internal and/or

external reactions the client had?Was there a shift in the relational dynamic

after instigating the microaggression?

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Role Play 2: When the Racial Microaggression IS addressedClientHow did you feel when you brought up that

a racial microaggression occurred?Did you feel the RM was “successfully”

resolved?How did playing a racially different client

help you become more aware of what a client of this background may be thinking or feeling?

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Role Play 2 (cont’d)CounselorWhat was it like to have the client bring up

the racial microaggression?Were you satisfied with the way you

negotiated the racial microaggression? If not, how would you have done it

differently?How might being aware of your client’s

racial, ethnic, or cultural background help you be more mindful of when a racial microaggression occurs?

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Final Questions?

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Thank You!Danielle N. Knight

[email protected]

Christine D. [email protected]

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ReferencesAndersen, M. L., & Collins, P. H. (2013). Race, class, and gender: An

anthology (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Blume, A. W., Lovato, L. V., Thyken, B. N., & Denny, N. (2012). The

relationship of microaggressions with alcohol use and anxiety among ethnic minority college students in a historically white institution. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18(1), 45-54. doi: 10.1037/a0025457

Constantine, M. G. (2007). Racial microaggressions against African American clients in cross-racial counseling relationships. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(1), 1-16. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.1

Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., Kawakami, K., & Hodson, G. (2002). Why can’t we just get along? Interpersonal biases and interracial distrust. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8(2), 88-102. doi: 10.1037//1099-9809.8.2.88

Gaztambide, D. J. (2012). Addressing cultural impasses with rupture resolution strategies: A proposal and recommendations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(3), 183-189. doi: 10.1037/a0026911

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References (cont’d)Henry, P. J. (2010). Modern racism. In J. M. Levine & M. A. Hogg (Eds.),

Encyclopedia of group process & intergroup relations (pp. 576-578). doi: http://dx.doi.org.libweb.lib.utsa.edu/10.4135/9781412972017.n174

McConahay, J. B., Hardee, B. B., & Batts, V. (1981). Has racism declined in America? It depends on who is asking and what is asked. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25(4), 563-579.

McConahay, J. G., & Hough, J. C. (1976). Symbolic racism. Journal of Social Issues, 32(2), 23-45.

Nadal, K. L., Griffin, K. E., Wong, Y., & Hamit, S. (2014). The impact of racial microaggressions on mental health: Counseling implications for clients of color. Journal of Counseling and Development, 92(_), 57-66. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00130.x

Owens, J., Imel, Z., Tao, K. W., Wampold, B., Smith, A., Rodolfa, E. (2011). Cultural ruptures in short-term therapy: Working alliance as a mediator between clients’ perceptions of microaggressions and therapy outcomes. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 11(3), 204-212. doi: 10.1080/14733145.2010.491551

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References (cont’d)Owen, J., Tao, K. W., Imel, Z. E., Wampold, B. E., & Rodolfa, E. (2014).

Addressing racial and ethnic microaggressions in therapy. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 45(4), 283-290.

Pierce, C. M., Carew, J. V., Pierce-Gonzalez, D., & Wills, D. (1977). An experiment in racism: TV commercials. Education and Urban Society, 10(1), 61-87. doi: 10.1177/001312457701000105

Ridley, C. R. (1995). Overcoming unintentional racism in counseling and therapy: A practitioner’s guide to intentional intervention. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications

Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (2000). Negotiating the therapeutic alliance: A relational treatment guide. New York, NY: The Guildford Press.

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References (cont’d)Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A.

M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271-286. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271

Sue, D. W., Lin, A. I., Torino, G. C., Capodilupo, C. M., & Rivera, D. P. (2009). Racial microaggressions and difficult dialogues on race in the classroom. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15(2), 183-190. doi: 10.1037/a0014191

U.S. Census Bureau. Race. Retrieved from http://factfinder2.census.gov/help/en/glossary/r/race.htm

U.S. Census Bureau. Ethnic origin or race. Retrieved from http://factfinder2.census.gov/help/en/glossary/e/ethnic_origin_or_race.htm