Teaching Calculus Now - Macalester Collegebressoud/talks/2018/Duquesne... · 2018. 8. 17. · order...
Transcript of Teaching Calculus Now - Macalester Collegebressoud/talks/2018/Duquesne... · 2018. 8. 17. · order...
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TeachingCalculusNowCurrentTrendsand
BestPractices
PartIII:IssuesofDiversity,Equity,andInclusion
PDFfileoftheseslidesavailableatwww.macalester.edu/~bressoud/talks
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1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
BlackNon-HispanicStudentsas%ofMajorsinDiscipline
Engineering PhysicalSciences Math&Stat AllBachelor's
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HispanicStudentsas%ofMajorsinDiscipline
Engineering PhysicalSciences Math&Stat AllBachelor's
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Asian-AmericanStudentsas%ofMajorsinDiscipline
Engineering PhysicalSciences Math&Stat AllBachelor's
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Non-ResidentAlienStudentsas%ofMajorsinDiscipline
Engineering PhysicalSciences Math&Stat AllBachelor's
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Womenas%ofMajorsinDiscipline
Engineering PhysicalSciences Math&Stat AllBachelor's
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STEM leavers:• 48% of those who declare STEM majors
do not graduate with a STEM degree• 49% for men, 47% for women• 65% for Black Non-Hispanic students• 50% for Hispanic students• 52% for those whose highest HS math is
precalculus• 36% for those whose highest HS math is
calculus Source:STEMAttrition:CollegeStudents’PathsIntoandOutofSTEMFields,NCES2014-001
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Guessthepercentages:
??%: “Turnedoffto”science??%:Non-STEMmajorseemsmoreinteresting??%:LifestyleofSTEMcareerunappealing??%: Inadequateadvising/help??%:PoorteachingbySTEMfaculty??%:Conceptualdifficultieswith STEMsubjects
(Seymour&Hewitt,1997)
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Guessthepercentages:
??%: “Turnedoffto”science??%:Non-STEMmajorseemsmoreinteresting??%:LifestyleofSTEMcareerunappealing??%: Inadequateadvising/help??%:PoorteachingbySTEMfaculty??%:Conceptualdifficultieswith STEMsubjects
(Seymour&Hewitt,1997)(updatedsoon!)
60%57%43%75%90%27%
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Switchers by grade in Calculus I.Women:
A: 10% B: 13% C: 24%Men
A: 6% B: 6% C: 12%
Women in Engineering:A or B: 4% C: 19%
Men in EngineeringA or B: 2% C: 7%
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Reasonforswitching Gender StudentsearningAorB
StudentsearningC
ToomanyothercoursesIneedtotake
Women 43% 33%
Men 42% 16%
Havechangedmajor Women 40% 43%
Men 33% 39%
Takestoomuchtimeandeffort
Women 33% 25%
Men 29% 26%
BadexperienceinCalculusI
Women 18% 53%
Men 19% 35%
Don’tunderstandcalculuswellenough
Women 18% 38%
Men 4% 26%
Gradewasnotgoodenough
Women 7% 15%
Men 0% 13%
Students could select more than one response.
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SenseofBelonging
Feelinglikeanacceptedmemberofthedomainwhosepresenceandparticipationisvaluedbypeers.
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Unpleasant apprehension arising from the awareness of a
negative ability stereotype in a situation where the stereotype is relevant, and thus confirmable.
Stereotype Threat
Steele&Aronson,1995
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Studies Finding Performance Effects
• Women taking math tests (Good, Aronson & Harder, 2008; Spencer, Steele, & Quinn 1999).
• Latinos taking verbal tests (Aronson & Salinas, 1997).
• Low SES students taking verbal tests (Croizet & Claire, 1998).
• Blacks and miniature golf (Stone, 2002).
• White males taking math tests when compared to Asians (Aronson, Lustina, Good, Keough, Steele, & Brown, 1999).
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NegativeStereotype
Questionsability
Underperformance
Questionsbelonging
Under-representation
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WhoBelongs?• Whatstudentcharacteristicsdoyouvaluemostinyourclassroom?
• Whatarethefoundationsuponwhichstudentsbasetheirsenseofbelonging?– Highachievement?– Quick,elegantsolutions?– Perseverance?– Engagement?– Grit?
• Caneffort-basedbelongingprotectagainststereotypethreat?
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Teachers’TheoriesofIntelligenceImpactPedagogicalPractices
• Whengivenanentity theoryofmathintelligence,participantsendorseteachingpracticesthat– Conveyafixedviewof
intelligence,suchasimplicatingunderlyingintelligence,comfortforlackofability
– Reduceopportunitiestoworkonchallengingproblems
– De-emphasizetheroleofeffortinoutcomes
Rattan,Good,&Dweck,2012
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Teachers’MindsetsAffectPedagogicalPractices
• Teacherswhoholdanincremental theoryofmathintelligence,endorseteachingpracticesthat– Conveyamalleableviewof
intelligence,suchasfocusingonstrategiesforoutcomes
– Emphasizetheroleofeffortinoutcomes
– Increaseopportunitiestoworkonchallengingproblems
Rattan,Good,&Dweck,2012
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GrowthMindsetsDweck,1999
• Intelligenceisfixed– Trait largelydetermined bynature
• Intelligenceismalleable– Quality thatcanbeincreased through
nurture
Entity Theorists Incremental Theorists
• Learninggoals– seekingtodevelopability
• Performancegoals– seekingtovalidateability
Desire similar outcome:achieving good scores, doing “well”
Different motivation for pursuing this outcome
“The main thing I want when I do my school work is to show how good I am at it.”
“In school I am always seeking opportunities to develop new skills and acquire new knowledge.”
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GrowthMindsetisnot• … the power of positive thinking• ... only about effort• ... only praising effort• ... about celebrating mistakes• ... a way to blame students• ... only for low-achieving students• ... only about students
www.turnaroundusa.org/7-things-growth-mindset-is-not/
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Research-basedStrategiesforReducingStereotypeThreat
• Encouragingstudentsandteacherstoadoptagrowthmindset.
• Encouragestudentstobasetheirfeelingsofbelongingontheireffortsandengagement.
• Createaclassroomlearningenvironmentthatvalueseffortandengagement asapathtobelonging.
• Encouragestudentstoattributetheirdifficultiestocausesotherthantheirownlimitations.
But most students don’t know how to engage in productive effort!
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ApplyingtheScienceofLearningtotheUniversityandBeyond
“It would be difficult to design an educational model that is more at odds with the findings of current research about human cognition than the one being used today at most colleges and universities.”
Halpern & Hakel, Change, July/August 2003
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Lecture63%
Someactivelearning18%
Mainlyactivelearning
3%
Lecture+CBI3% Other
13%
PrimarystyleofinstructionforMainstreamCalculus
Someactivelearning(e.g.clickers),mostlylectureMainlyactivelearning(e.g.flippedclasses),minimallectureCBI=Computerbasedinstruction“Other”includestoomuchvariationtospecifyonestyle
35% of surveyed universities are using active learning in at least some sections
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Donovan & Bransford (eds.). 2005. How Students Learn: Mathematics in the classroom.National Research Council
Search for How Students Learn at nap.edu
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Kober, N. 2015. Reaching Students: What research says about effective instruction in undergraduate science and engineering. National Research Council
Search for Reaching Students at nap.edu
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Saxe, K., & Braddy, L. 2016. A Common Vision for Undergraduate Mathematical Science Programs in 2025. Joint report of AMATYC, AMS, ASA, MAA, SIAM.
Search for Common Vision at maa.org
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Excerpts from CBMS statement on Active Learning
We use the phrase active learning to refer to classroom practices that engage students in activities, such as reading, writing, discussion, or problem solving, that promote higher-order thinking.
We call on institutions of higher education, mathematics departments and the mathematics faculty, public policy-makers, and funding agencies to invest time and resources to ensure that effective active learning is incorporated into post-secondary mathematics classrooms.
EndorsedbyPresidentsofAMATYC,AMS,MAA,NCSM,NCTM,SIAMand9othersocieties
https://tinyurl.com/cbmsactiveConferenceBoardoftheMathematicalSciences
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MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA
Instructional Practices Guide
GuidetoEvidence-BasedInstructionalPracticesinUndergraduate
Mathematics
Search for IP Guide at maa.org
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“Themathematicsprofessionasawholehasseriouslyunderestimatedthedifficultyofteachingmathematics.”
RameshGangolliMERWorkshopMay31,1991*
*With thanks to Susanna Epp for preserving this quote.
Itismysincerehopethat,almostaquarterofacenturylater,thisisnolongertrue.
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DiscussionQuestions:1. What active learning approaches are being tried? How are you assessing
their effectiveness, and how well are they working? What external resources have you found to be useful?
2. In what ways does your departmental and/or institutional leadership recognize the importance of and support active learning approaches in the classroom?
3. What constraints from within and outside your department, are you encountering for implementing active learning approaches? What could your department do to enhance the use of active learning approaches and increase faculty buy-in?
4. What strategies can we use for nudging our institutions and instructors towards more active learning or student-centered approaches? Consider… Instructors, Coordination, Curriculum, Room Layouts, Teaching Evaluations/Observations, Retention/Teaching/Promotion
5. What could your institution do to improve student success and retention for at risk students?
PDFfileoftheseslidesavailableatwww.macalester.edu/~bressoud/talks