Teacher Notes This PPT was revised October 25, 2005. This PPT introduces scientist/history of DNA,...
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Transcript of Teacher Notes This PPT was revised October 25, 2005. This PPT introduces scientist/history of DNA,...
Teacher Notes
This PPT was revised October 25, 2005.
This PPT introduces scientist/history of DNA, DNA structure and RNA structure.
There is a DNA Structure handout for this PPT. The DNA Scientists portion can be done using the book and review with this PPT.
DNADNAThe Structure of DNA
Should auld acquaintance be forgot,
And Auld Lang Syne!
Name the organelle and give its function.
And Auld Lang Syne!
Animal Plant
Nucleus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum: aids in processing carbohydrates, lipids and proteins for export from the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Body
Nucleus: control body of the cell; contains the genetic material (DNA)Golgi Aparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell
Ribosome: site where proteins are made
And Auld Lang Syne!
What is located in the nucleus?
What type of organic compound is DNA?
What is the monomer of DNA?
And Auld Lang Syne!What does the DNA of all these organisms have in common?
They all share a universal genetic code.
And Auld Lang Syne!
What is the name of these monomers?
To what organic compound group do they belong?
N
H
H
H
O
R
C C
O
H
N
H
H
H
O
R
C C
O
H
amine group
variable R group
carboxyl group
carboxyl groupamine group
And Auld Lang Syne!
What does the chain of amino acids represent?
Threonine
Arginine
Glycine
Glycine
Proline
Asparagine
ProlineAlanine
Polypeptide Chain – A Protein
History of Heredity
Why am I so gorgeous?
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel determined that traits were passed from generation to generation.
But, I haven’tfigured out
how thishappens
Frederick Griffith
Griffith was working on a vaccine for Streptococcus pneumoniae
He worked with 2 strains of the bacteria:Smooth capsule that causes disease
Rough capsule that does not cause disease
Frederick Griffith
He added these bacteria strains, some dead and some living, to lab rats.
These are his results:
Frederick Griffith
Live R+ dead S
Bacteria
Live Smooth Bacteria
Live Rough Bacteria
Dead Smooth Bacteria
Griffith Proved:That somehow the dead bacteria have passed their disease-causing substance to the harmless, living bacteria.
Griffith discovered a factor that could transform harmless bacteria into disease-causing bacteria
What was this substance called?
DNA
Oswald Avery
Avery’s team determined that genes are composed of DNA
Erwin Chargaff
Chargoff discovered that DNA has the same amount of adenosine as thymine and the same amount of cytosine as guanine. A = T and G = C
A AA AA A
AT
T
T
T TT
T
CCC G G
G
Rosalind Franklin &Maurice Wilkins
Franklin and Wilkins used x-ray to discover that DNA was a double helix.
Watson and CrickWatson & Crick won a Nobel Prize for discovering the structural model of DNA.
They credited Wilkins and Franklin. Wilkins also got a Nobel Prize but Franklin did not. Rosalind had passed away and the Nobels are not awarded posthumously.
DNA is a Nucleic AcidWhat is a nucleic acid?
Nucleic acids are one of the major organic compounds.
Auld Lang Syne!Nucleic acids contain C, H, N, O, P
Are made up of nucleotide monomers
Store genetic information
Help make proteins
Examples: DNA & RNA
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen base
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
DNA StructureFor what does DNA stand?What is the monomer for nucleic acids?
What is the structure of this monomer?phosphate
nucleotide
N base
PO4
SugarSugar
PO4
N baseThe numbers are the positions of the carbons on the sugar.
(the 3’ end)
5
4
3 2
1
(the 5’ end)
sugarnitrogen base
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
A NUCLEOTIDE
H
H2
H H
H3
HH H
H
H
O
O
O
C C
C
N
N
PO
O
O
C
C
C C
C
O
OO
C
C
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1. Phosphate Group2. 5-Carbon Sugar
(Dexoyribose or Ribose)3. Nitrogen Base
1. Phosphate Group
2. 5-Carbon Sugar(Dexoyribose or Ribose)
3. Nitrogen Base
Nucleotides, too
NucleotidesThere are four nitrogen bases making up four different nucleotides.
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
CytosinePyrimidines
PurinesA
C
G
T
N base
Chargaff’s Base Pair RulesAdenine always bonds with thymine.
Adenine (A) to Thymine (T)
Guanine always bonds with Cytosine.
Guanine (G) to Cytosine (C)
The lines between the bases represent hydrogen bonds
A
CG
T
C
G
A
A
T
G
Nucleotide
PS
N-b
Pairing DNA NucleotidesWhat is a nucleotide?
Rule
A to
C to
T
G
What is the base pairing rule?What would be the complementary nucleotide pairing?
3’End
3’End 5’End
5’End
DN
A D
OU
BL
E H
EL
IX
ladder shaped molecule
Purpose of DNA
Why do we have DNA?
DNA contains our genetic codes
For what does it code?
for proteins
What actually makes you look the way you do - DNA or Proteins?
What is RNA?
RNA stands for RiboNucleic Acid
DNA must have a “helper” molecule.
RNA is a single stranded nucleic acid
made up of monomers called nucleotides
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen base
A
B
C
RNA Nucleotides
A - Sugar (ribose)
B - Phosphate
C - Nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen base
Name the parts of the nucleotide.
Phosphate Group
Nitrogen Base
Sugar
(ribose)
RNA
Identify the parts of the RNA strand.
Rules for Base Pairing
Cytosine pairs with Guanine
Adenine pairs with Uracil
Notice that RNA has Uracil (not thymine)
A = U
C = G
Rules for Base Pairing
C = G
A = U
3’ DNA strand
5’ DNA strandRNA strand
C
A
T
G
G
U
C
A
What is the function of RNA?
Carries DNA’s message code
Helps make protein
Types of RNAMessenger RNA (mRNA)Transfer RNA (tRNA)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
DNA RNA
Sugar is deoxyribose
Sugar is ribose
Adenine base is present
Cytosine base is present
√
√
√ √
√ √
Comparing DNA & RNA
DNA RNA
Guanine base is present
Thymine base is present
Uracil base is present
Shape is double helix
√ √
√
√
√
Comparing DNA & RNA
DNA RNA
Shape is single stranded
Located in nucleus
Located in cytoplasm
Stores genetic information
√
√ √
√
√
Comparing DNA & RNA
DNA RNA
Functions in protein synthesis
Composed of nucleotides
Template for synthesis of proteins
Transcribes the Template
More than one type
√ √
√ √
√
√
√
Comparing DNA & RNA
Works Cited