Teach Me to Think
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Transcript of Teach Me to Think
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Teach Me to Think:Developing Student Thinking Skills,
Its what sets us apart.
The State University of New York at Cortland, New York
(SUNY Cortland)
Dr. Orvil L. White
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dthinking%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dsbcfp-imp%26b%3D1&w=460&h=480&imgurl=ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu%2F211.fall2000.web.projects%2FTara%2520Sarvela%2Feinstein%2520thinking.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fffden-2.phys.uaf.edu%2F211.fall2000.web.projects%2FTara%2520Sarvela&size=41.3kB&name=einstein+thinking.jpg&p=thinking&type=jpeg&no=5&tt=1,157,193&oid=d71bad8ce97447a4&ei=UTF-8 -
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Introduction What is Critical Thinking?
Why we need Critical thinking students. Critical Thinkers & Critical Thinking
Using Critical Thinking
The Goals of Critical Thinking
Developing Problems
Solving problems
Practice
Questions for Assessment
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What is Critical Thinking?
Focused thinking
Thinking with a definite purpose (goal)
Can be a complex & involved process
An active process that involves constantquestioning
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Why we need
Critical Thinking students The significant problems we face
cannot be solved at the same level of
thinking we were at when we createdthem.
An Albert Einstein Quote on Creativity
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Critical Thinkers & Critical Thinking
Critical thinkers: distinguish between fact and opinion; askquestions;makedetailed observations; uncoverassumptions and define their terms;and make assertions based on sound logic and solid evidence.
Ellis, D. (1997) Becoming a Master Student.
Critical thinking is best understood as the ability of thinkers to take chargeof their own thinking. This requires that theydevelop sound criteria andstandards for analyzing and assessing their own thinking and routinely
use those criteria and standards to improve its quality.
Elder, L. and Paul, R. (1994, Fall) "Critical thinking: why we must transform our
teaching." Journal of Developmental Education.
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How far have we come? One of the largest and most neglected
responsibilities in school is to develop in each child
the ability to think well. Materials used in schoolsmust be worthwhile, but their main function is tofurnish the means for practice in thinking.
Critical thinking is most sorely needed in the world
today.
Lee, J.M. and Lee, D.M. (Eds.) (1950) Guiding life in the school: The childand his curriculum. (2 Ed.) New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts,Inc.
(1st Edition 1936)
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Critical reflection of our courses indicates that many of usare victims of the traditional approach to the teaching of
exact sciences.
Our sequence of presentation of subject matter, as outlinedin current secondary school texts, follow an order ofpresentation that has been in modefor at least twenty
years
A fair criticism of our present courses is that they are toonearly limited to a giving backby students of
information which we, or our textbook writers, deemessential.
Many times we fail to distinguish between learning and
memorizing.
David Aptekar, Mackensie High School, Detroit, 1945
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When, Where, and How is Critical
Thinking Used?
Everyday & Everywhere
Academics, professionals, scientists, teachers , &students, and everyone who makes choices
Decision making, solving problems &puzzles, making connections, understandingissues, evaluating evidence and discoveringnew information
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What are the Goals of Critical
Thinking? Finding Meaning
Seeking Logic Searching for reason
Looking answers
Developing facts and opinions
Appreciating different points of view
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What Challenges Will I
(and my students) Face? Keeping and open mind
Being objective Keeping yourself subjective
Avoiding looking for the easy answer
Having sound, verifiable evidence
Using different perspectives (even if youdisagree with them)
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What Challenges Will I
(and my students) Face? (continued)
Admitting there may be more than oneright answer
Asking yourself Am I willing to change mymind?
Knowing this can be a time consuming
process
Understanding that in the process there willbe new challenges
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How Can I develop my Critical
Thinking Skills? Think about your thinking
Think about why you make your choices
and decisions Think about why the world is the way it is
Practice every day!
Word problems Math problems
Puzzles
Games of strategy
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Developing Problems Start with basic, ordinary problems and then
add additional requirements.
Good critical thinking problems should crosscontent areas and require the student torecall information from other curriculumareas. Math & Logic
Science (Chemistry, Biology, Physics, etc.)
Geography
History
Connect to students everyday lives (to a social context)
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Problem solving set-up.If Tepporn has three times as many apples as Sumalee and Sumalee hasone/forth as many as Kemmawadee, who has four, how many apples doesKanchulee have if she has two more than Tepporn?
Kanchulee = Tepporn +2
Tepporn = 3 Sumalee
Sumalee = Kemmawadee
4
Kemmawadee = 4
Kanchulee = (3 x 4 ) + 2
4
Kanchulee = 5
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Give them a way to solve
problems that works For any problem list:
What you know
What you need tofind (usually a single answer)
What tools you haveto help solve the
problem What else do I need
to find out to solvethe problem?
What doI Know?
Whatmust IFind?
WhatTools doI have?
What elsedo I need
to find
out? *
1 1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
* Where do I need to go to find thisinformation if I dont remember it?
Always Draw a picture
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Trains A train leaves New York City, NY
and is traveling to San Diego, Ca.
Another train leaves San Diego, Ca
and is traveling to New York City,NY.
How long before they meet?
What time is it when theymeet?
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US Trains
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What do I need to know? What is the
distance?
How fast are thetrains traveling?
What time did theyleave?
Distance
4517.1 m (2806.8 miles)
Speed
160 Km ph (100 mph) Departs at
10:00 Oclock local time
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U. S. time zones
San Diego train travels 12+ hours
New York train travels 15+ hours
There are 4 different time zones in the U.S.
They meet at ~12:0 pm inDodge City Kansas
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Problems with an Undefined Answer The solution to some problems are
influenced by many factors
Background, experience, and education
The social context
Subjectivity of the problem solver
The personal beliefs, values, assumptions, andpreferences of the problem solver
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What Do You Think?
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Problems with No Real Answer Some critical thinking problems need not
have a set solution.
In this case the way a problem is solved inthe important factor.
Each student may come up with a differentway to solve the problem and a differentanswer.
The solution must be possible and the answermust be plausible.
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How many.? How many 5 Baht
coins, stacked flat,
will it take to reachthe top of theEmpire StateBuilding in New York
City?
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What do I need to know? How tall is the
building?
How thick is a 5Baht coin? How many 5 Baht
coins in an: cm?
Meter?
inch?
Foot?
Height
Antenna/Spire
449 m (1,472 ft)
Roof381 m (1,250 ft)
Technical Details Floor count 102
1 floor = ~ 3 m (10 ft)
_5__ 5 Baht coins = 1 cm_~13__ 5 Baht coins = 1 inch
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Consider the Spherical Cow
How many pair ofshoes can you make
from a sphericalcow?
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What do I need to know? How big is the cow?
How much leather isneeded for a pair ofshoes?
The spherical cow has aradius of 1 meter.
One shoe can be madefrom a piece of leatherthat is 40 cm x 60 cm.
Surface = 4pr2
(S = 4pr2)
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We all go round and round Standing on the equator how
fast are you traveling aroundthe earths axis?
Give answer to the question inmiles per hour and Kilometersper hour
Standing one meter from theNorth Pole how fast are you
traveling around the earthsaxis? Give answer in Kilometers per
hour.
1042 mph / 1670 km ph 0.0026 km ph
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and the world goes round & round. How fast is the earth
traveling around the
sun. Give answers in;
miles per hour
and
Kilometers per hour.
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1 AU = 9.3 x 107 miles / 1.5 x 108 km
1 Astronomical Unit (AU)
and the world goes round & round,but how fast is it going?
10616 mph / 5377 Km ph
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Which came first?
Which event tookplace first?
Last?
Students practice thisin the classroom inorder to understandwhat has happened in
the real world.
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Order ofEvents
Puzzles 1 5
In what order did theevents occur? Each block will be
numbered. Use thenumber 1 for theoldest rock layer
Bonus:In puzzle #5 The
earthquake occurredbetween numbers______ & ________?6 7
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The relationships of the parts are
important to problem solving
100 212
0 32
180100
OC OF
180 : 100
18 : 10
1.8 : 1
Bonus: At what temperature arethey the same?
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The relationships are
important to problem solving180 : 100
18 : 10
1.8 : 1
(OC x 1.8) + 32 = OF
(OC x 2) 10% + 32 = OF
[( OF 32) + 10%]_____________________________________
2 = OC
(
O
F x - 32)_______________________________________________________
1.8 = OC
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The Questions We Ask
How do thequestions we askaffect the answer
we get?
Avoid: Yes or No questions
Double questions
Personal questions
Use: What..
When.
How.
Please. Defend
Expand
Elaborate
Rephrase
Explain another viewpoint
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What Questions Promote
Critical Thinking? Socratic Questions
1 Ask for clarification
2 Probe assumptions 3 Probe reasons & evidence
4 About views & perspectives
5 Probe implications &
consequences
6 Questions about thequestions
Four Types of Questions
1 Summary & definition
2 Analysis questions 3 Hypothesis questions
4 Evaluation questions
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The Jeopardy Approach:
Is an answer the answer? Normal assessments
Multiple choice
True / False
Fill in the blank
Can we give students an answer and have
them ask the question?Yes!
The Jeopardy approach can be applied to all
curriculum areas.
http://www.earthlife.net/images/eury-cell.gif -
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Biology If the answer is the cell
what are the questions?
If the answer is waterpollution what are thequestions?
If the answer is habitatwhat are the questions?
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Earth science If the answer is Plate
tectonics what are the
questions?
If the answer is the solarsystem what are thequestions?
If the answer is volcanoes
what are the questions?
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/Continents.shtml -
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Physical Science (physics)
If the answer isfriction what arethe questions?
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Chemistry If the answer is ionic and covalent
bonding what are the questions?
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The social aspects Some activities need a team of people to be
accomplished.
What types of activities are these (examples)? What makes a good team?
What makes a good team member?
How is the body like a team?
How is a machine like a team?
What other things are like a team? List allyou can think of, share them with your
partner.
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Suggestions for your students Start each day (class) with a thinking problem.
Allow students to challenge each other with
problems. Use problems that require logical thinking
Logic problems
Logic puzzles
Lateral logic problems
Requires the most abstract thought
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Logic ProblemsTRUE STATEMENTS:
A. The number of false statements
here is one.B. The number of false statements
here is two.
C. The number of false statements
here is three.
D. The number of false statementshere is four.
Which of the above statements is
true?
1. THREE BOXES:
There are three boxes, one contains only
apples, one contains only oranges, and
one contains both apples and oranges.
2. The boxes have been incorrectly labeled
such that no label identifies the actual
contents of the box it labels.
3. Opening just one box, and withoutlooking in the box, you take out one
piece of fruit. By looking at the fruit, how
can you immediately label all of the
boxes correctly.
Which box did you open and how can
you be sure to label all boxes correctly?
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Logic ProblemsTRUE STATEMENTS:
Option "C" is the answer: three
statements are false.
Since each statement concludes thatthere is a different number of
false statements, that proves that
only one statement can be
correct (hence the object is to
decide which statement is true).
Given that one statement is true, by
definition, the other three must befalse!
THREE BOXES:
The box that must be opened is the onelabeled "apples and oranges." Bydefinition, whichever fruit is inside,is the only fruit type that that box
contains.Let's say that you found an apple in that
box that was labeled with bothapples and oranges; because youknow it must therefore only containapples, then you conclude that thebox that is labeled "oranges"
cannot contain only oranges, as allboxes have been said to bemislabeled.
Thus, the box labeled "oranges" mustcontain both apples and oranges,leaving the box labeled "apples" tocontain only oranges.
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Which switch is which? Only one switch works, Which one?
You may only turn on one switch at atime.
You may only turn each switch on onetime.
You may only leave the switch buildingone time to check on the lights (the doorlocks behind you).
There are no windows andyou have no helpers.
How do you tell which switch works?
There is more than one answer
Lights
A B C
Switches
A B C
Door
Door
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Logic Puzzles1.CIRCLES:
Using six contiguous straight lines,
connect all of the sixteen circles
shown below.
1.
2. TEAPOTS:
If teapot A holds 32 ounces of tea,
about how many ounces does
teapot B hold?
1.
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Logic Puzzles1.CIRCLES:
Using six contiguous straight lines,
connect all of the sixteen circles
shown below.
1.
2. TEAPOTS:16 ounces (about half of pot A). The amount of tea that can
Be kept within each pot is determined by the height of the
spout opening. The tea level cannot rise above the spout
opening since any extra tea would merely spill out from the
spout. A simple visual estimate would conclude that thespout of teapot B is approximately half the height of that
of teapot A, therefore providing only half of the capacity,
or 16 ounces.
1.
CIRCLES:
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Area of an Odd Shape Find:
The area of thered shapedtriangle
Area of the squareArea of the circle / 4
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Blocks How many blocks
are in the picture?
Ask:What is the best way to
solve this problem?
What is the basic size
block?
Is there only one answer?
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Blocks How many blocks
are in the picture?
What is the best way to solve thisproblem?
What is the basic size block?
Ask:
Is there only one answer?
1 @ 8x8
8 @ 1x1
18 @ 2x2
9 @ 4x4
+ 4 @ 6x6
40 blocks
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Think Tube
Whats going on inside?
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Lateral Logic ProblemsAVOIDING THE TRAIN:
A man was walking along a
railway track when hespotted an express trainspeeding towards him.
To avoid it, he jumped off thetrack, but before he jumpedhe ran ten feet towards thetrain.
Why?
THE LOCKED ROOM:
A man is dead in a
puddle of blood and
water on the floor of
a locked windowless
room.
What happened?
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Lateral Logic ProblemsTHE LOCKED ROOM:
The man committed
suicide with an
icicle.
AVOIDING THE TRAIN:
The man was walking through
a train tunnel(or on a bridge)and was almost at the endwhen he heard a whistleand spotted the traincoming towards him.
He therefore had to moveforward, towards the train,so that he could jumpclear safely.
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And now, Just for fun
Sometimes we need to
teach with humor andgive our students achance to have some fun
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? -ectomy
Removing an appendix is
called an appendectomy,
removing tonsils is called
a tonsillectomy. What is it called when
they remove a growth
from your head?
Answer A haircut
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A9gnMiXnN2lGuk0BxDijzbkF/SIG=16j3g0asv/EXP=1181387111/**http%3A//www.tropicalisland.de/india/rajasthan/karauli/images/JAI%2520Karauli%2520in%2520Rajasthan%2520-%2520boys%2520having%2520a%2520haircut%2520in%2520a%2520barber%2520shop%25203008x2000.jpg -
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Word PuzzlesGerman
EnglishFrench
Spanish
English as asecond language
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Need Your Help!
"Welcome back to the show. Before the break, Mr Ixolite heremade it to our grand finale! How do you feel Mr.Ix?""Nervous."
"Okay, now to win the star prize of five million Baht all you haveto do is answer the following question in 90 seconds.""Okay, I'm ready.""Right. In 90 seconds name 100 words that do NOT contain theletter A.
Start the clock!"
Hint: Mr. Ix says hes counting on you for help.
Answer: One, Two, Three, Four, Five, .
.... One Hundred!
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Dr. Whites Trip to Thailand
The weather during Dr. White strip to Thailand was normal.
It rained on 15 different days,
but it never rained for a wholeday.
Rainy mornings were followedby clear afternoons.
Rainy afternoons were precededby clear mornings.
There were 12 clear morningsand 13 clear afternoons in all.
How long was the trip?
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0Je5x5SBFZGKPkA8VajzbkF/SIG=12nhr6j39/EXP=1180128722/**http%3A//img78.photobucket.com/albums/v255/foxracrusa/summerstorm.jpghttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0Je5mURA1ZGoDUBFkWjzbkF/SIG=15od620ab/EXP=1180128401/**http%3A//www.guidetothailand.com/pattaya-thailand/Pattaya%2520Beach%2520Travel,%2520Jomtien%2520Beach,%2520Pattaya%2520Hotels,%2520Jomtien%2520Hotels_files/beach1.jpghttp://www.sciencecartoonsplus.com/galmath2.htm -
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Dr. Whites Trip
Hint:
1) One whole daycan be clear!
Answer:
5 totally clear days and 15 halfand half.In the 15 half and half days:
7
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How and what our students learn is areflection of how and what we teach!
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* Earth Facts I Need to Know Average Distance from the SunMetric: 149,597,890 km
English: 92,955,820 miles Scientific Notation: 1.4959789 x 108 km
(1.000 A.U.)
Perihelion (closest)Metric: 147,100,000 km
English: 91,400,000 miles Scientific Notation: 1.471 x 108 km (0.983
A.U.)
Aphelion (farthest)Metric: 152,100,000 km
English: 94,500,000 miles Scientific Notation: 1.521 x 108 km (1.017
A.U.) Equatorial RadiusMetric: 6,378.14 km
English: 3,963.19 miles Scientific Notation: 6.37814 x 103 km
Equatorial CircumferenceMetric: 40,075 km
English: 24,901 miles Scientific Notation: 4.0075 x 104 km
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I should know this AREA FORMULAS
CIRCLE: pr2 (p=constant=3.142(approx), and r = radius)RECTANGLE: ab (a = width and b = height of rectangle)
SQUARE: a2 (a = width = height of square, all sides equal)
TRIANGLE: 1/2(bh) (b = base width and h = height of triangle)
SURFACE AREA
CYLINDER: 2pr2
+ rh) (p=constant=3.142(approx), r = radius, h = height)CUBE: 6a2 (a=length of each side of the cube)
RECTANGULAR PRISM: 2(ab + ac + bc) (a, b, and c are the lengths of the 3sides)SPHERE: 4pr2 (p=constant=3.142(approx), and r = radius)
VOLUME FORMULAS
CUBE: a3 (a = length = width = height of square, all sides equal)
CONE: 1/3pr2h (p=constant=3.142(approx), r = radius, h = height)CYLINDER: pr2h (p=constant=3.142(approx), r = radius, h = height)PYRAMID: 1/3(bh) (b = base width and h = heght of pyramid)
RECTANGULAR PRISM: abc (a = length, b = width and c = height of rectangularprism )
PERIMETER
CIRCLE: pd or 2pr (p=constant=3.142(approx), d = diameter and r = radius)SQUARE: 4a or a + a + a +a (a = length of each side of square )