TDPC SYMPOSIUM: SOME URBAN FACTS IN THE OECD

TDPC 28th Session 4 December 2012

• Population in OECD urban areas continues to grow

• Urbanisation interacts strongly with periphery and rural areas

• Functional analysis of urban areas helps design urban governance solutions

Is urbanisation still important in the OECD?

Urban population will keep growing even in OECD countries

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Popu

lati

on in

OEC

D c

ount

ries

(bill

ions

)

Wor

ld p

opul

atio

n (b

illio

ns)

World urban population

OECD urban population

OECD rural population

World rural population

Source: Calculations based on UN population database

Total urban and rural population: world and OECD countries

Recent increases in urban population in OECD and Major emerging markets

0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

7.0%

8.0%

South Africa India OECD Brazil China

Ad

dit

ion

al

urb

an

po

pu

lati

on

in

% o

f to

tal

po

pu

lati

on

(2

00

0-2

00

9)

millions of additional urban population (2000- 2009)

57

3

53

148 5

Source: OECD Regions at a Glance 2011

In % and total value of additional urban population 2000-2009

The 264 large metropolitan areas in OECD countries account for more than 50% of the OECD GDP

47.9%

68.6%

52.6%

35.7%

53.4%

70.1%

57.9%

42.7%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

264 46 105 113 # of metro areas

PO

PU

LA

TIO

N

PO

PU

LA

TIO

N

PO

PU

LA

TIO

N

PO

PU

LA

TIO

N

GD

P GD

P

GD

P

GD

P

OECD (28) Asia (2) North America (3) Europe (23)

Source: OECD metropolitan database; the large metropolitan areas have at least 500,000 population

% of population and GDP in large metropolitan areas by continent (2008)

Large city GDP per capita gaps vary by continent

Ratio between GDP per capita in metropolitan areas (larger than 500,000 population) and GDP per capita in non metropolitan areas (2008)

1.08

1.24 1.27

1.37

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Asia (2) North America (3) OECD (28) Europe (23)

Pressures on land-use

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

yea

rly

gro

wth

of

bu

ilt-

up

are

a (

%)

Source: OECD metropolitan database; selected metropolitan areas

Yearly growth of built-up area in metropolitan areas with population growth less than 1%

Lower urban density may generate higher CO2 emissions per capita

WienMontreal

Berlin

HamburgMünchen

Köln

Frankfurt am Main

Stuttgart

MadridParis

Marseille

AthinaRoma

MilanoSapporoTokyo

Nagoya

Busan Monterrey

GuadalajaraMexico CityPuebla

Amsterdam

Warszawa

Katowice

Stockholm

Philadelphia

Columbus

Denver

Portland

Cincinnati

Washington

Kansas City

Saint Louis

Minneapolis

San FranciscoLos Angeles

Atlanta PhoenixSan Diego

Houston

San Antonio

Orlando

Seattle

MilwaukeeDetroit

Chicago

Cleveland

New York

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01

CO2

emis

sion

s pe

r cap

ita

(200

6)

area per person (km2/pop) (2006)

Europe North America Japan and Korea

Cities influence other regions Rate of urbanisation in OECD countries

Population growth 2000-2006 by city types and core/hinterlands (average yearly growth rates)

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

Small urban areas Medium-sized urban areas

Metropolitan areas

Large metropolitan

areas

Functional urban area Core Hinterland

Strong spatial externalities between urban and rural regions are observed

population rural regions grow more, ceteris paribus, the more connected they are (the smaller the distance) to the closest urban or intermediate region

there positive growth spillovers from urban to rural regions in terms of population. These effects are decreasing with distance

In addition urban areas benefit from rural areas in terms of provision of landscape, recreation, open space, natural resources, etc.

there can be pressures in the use of land from urban to rural areas (e.g. issue of urban sprawl) The existence of these externalities makes worth shifting

the attention from the administrative to the functional organization of the territory (functional regions)

Functional vs. administrative regions

2) Functional regions (e.g. metropolitan areas) vs. administrative regions

1) Core cities (cities de facto) vs. administrative cities

OECD functional metro region

TL3 administrative region

Rennes, France

• Integrated national vision of urban development that includes merging of ministries or the strengthening of regional governments to foster local governments’ co-operation (cf. NUPR of Poland)

• National sustainable urban policy approach, including a

comprehensive, multi-sectoral approach to urban development tailored to the needs of different types of urban areas (cf. NUPR of Korea)

• The creation of an institution and a framework for supra-

municipal metropolitan administration such as a metropolitan regional government (cf. NUPR of Chile)

OECD countries have solutions and policy experimentation to share

National Urban strategies