Fundamentals Module

Lesson 1

Find someone who……

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What is Language?According to Brown:

-A systematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures, or marks having understood meanings (Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 2003).

- A communicative tool that helps us to express needs, feelings, ideas, or jokes.

Handout 2

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Language Systems

GramAmarLexis PhonologyDiscourse

Language Systems

GrammarLexis

PhonologyDiscourse

Language Skills

Reading Writing

Listening Speaking

Non-verbal Communication

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Competence (inner)

Performance (outer)

All of the content students know

All that students can do with whatthey know

The shift in theories of education . . .

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• Learning theory

• Teaching method

• Procedure

How are these terms different?

Handout 5

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Behaviorism

1. Main Principle1. Main Principle Analytical study of behavior and how Analytical study of behavior and how certain tasks help to change behavior, certain tasks help to change behavior, i.e., repetition helps with pronunciation; i.e., repetition helps with pronunciation; behavior is observable; stimulus-behavior is observable; stimulus-behavior-response-reinforcementbehavior-response-reinforcement

2. Goals of Education2. Goals of Education Society uses educators to control human Society uses educators to control human behaviorbehavior

3. Teaching3. Teaching TransmissionTransmission

4. Learner4. Learner Passivity, respect, docilityPassivity, respect, docility

5. Learning5. Learning Change in behaviorChange in behavior

6. Evaluation6. Evaluation Subject to not making mistakesSubject to not making mistakes

7. Methods7. Methods Grammar Translation, Audiolingual, Grammar Translation, Audiolingual, Situational, TPRSituational, TPR

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Cognitivism1. Main Principle1. Main Principle Processing of informationProcessing of information

2. Goals of Education2. Goals of Education Learning to learnLearning to learn

Learning to thinkLearning to think

3. Teaching3. Teaching Strategic trainingStrategic training

Cognitive skills; problem-solvingCognitive skills; problem-solving

4. Learner4. Learner Active beingActive being

5. Learning5. Learning Ausebel was one of the original theorists, Ausebel was one of the original theorists, the first person who talked about the the first person who talked about the differences between mechanical (e.g., differences between mechanical (e.g., repetition) and significant (reception & repetition) and significant (reception & discovery) learning.discovery) learning.

6. Evaluation6. Evaluation Strategies based on significant learningStrategies based on significant learning

7. Methods7. Methods Direct MethodDirect Method

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Constructivism1. Main Principle1. Main Principle How learning occurs in mediated How learning occurs in mediated

contexts (culture)contexts (culture)

2. Goals of Education2. Goals of Education Education must promote sociocultural Education must promote sociocultural and cognitive development; integral part and cognitive development; integral part of historical and cultural evolution of of historical and cultural evolution of humankindhumankind

3. Teaching3. Teaching Potential vs. real level aimed at Potential vs. real level aimed at promoting self-regulationpromoting self-regulation

4. Learner4. Learner Active co-constructorActive co-constructor

5. Learning5. Learning Imitation and use of linguistic discourse Imitation and use of linguistic discourse (questions, demands, petitions, support, (questions, demands, petitions, support, explanations) are valued; affective explanations) are valued; affective learninglearning

6. Evaluation6. Evaluation Constant relation between examiner and Constant relation between examiner and student; co-operative learning tasksstudent; co-operative learning tasks

7. Methods7. Methods Communicative Language Teaching, Communicative Language Teaching, Cooperative LearningCooperative Learning

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-Teacher asks learners to choose a country they would like to learn -Teacher asks learners to choose a country they would like to learn about.about.

-Students are asked to find out information about the country chosen: -Students are asked to find out information about the country chosen: location, population, type of food, traditions, climate, contributions to location, population, type of food, traditions, climate, contributions to the world.the world.

-Students conduct research in teams.-Students conduct research in teams.

-Students are asked to think of a suitable way to present their findings to -Students are asked to think of a suitable way to present their findings to the rest of the class.the rest of the class.

-Students are asked to prepare a “country fair”: they will bring pictures -Students are asked to prepare a “country fair”: they will bring pictures and realia or traditional food from their country. They will be visited by and realia or traditional food from their country. They will be visited by other classes, teachers, and family members.other classes, teachers, and family members.

-When the fair is over, the teacher asks students to reflect on what they -When the fair is over, the teacher asks students to reflect on what they learned while working with their teammates.learned while working with their teammates.

Cooperative LearningHandout 9

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Traditional Practices New trends

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Roots of ELT

Traditional Practices New trends

Grammar translation Learning vs. teaching

Audiolingualism Constructivism

Mechanical tasks Discovery learning

Memoristic learning Experiential learning

Individual work Transfer

Teacher-fronted lessons Language awareness

Cultural awareness

TBL

Learning strategies

Cooperative learning