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Transcript of TCP/IP(networking)
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Module 5TCP/IP
(The Transport and Internetworking Layer Protocol)
By Dr. Percy Dias
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History and Future of TCP/IP
• The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) created the TCP/IP reference model because it wanted a network that could survive any conditions.
• Some of the layers in the TCP/IP model have the same name as layers in the OSI model.
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Internet Layer
The purpose of the Internet layer is to send packets from a network node and have them arrive at the destination node independent of the path taken.
Internet Protocol (IP)Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)Address Resolution (ARP)Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
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Internet Layer Protocols
• IP performs the following operations– Defining a packet and an addressing scheme– Transferring data between the Internet Layer
and the Network Access Layer– Routing packets to remote hosts
• IP is sometimes referred to as an unreliable protocol– Provides connectionless, best-effort delivery
routing of packets
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Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol (IP)
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Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol (IP)
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Transport Layer Role and Services
• Supporting Reliable Communication
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Transport Layer Perspective
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The Transport Layer FunctionsFive basic services:• Segmenting upper-layer application data• Establishing end-to-end operations• Sending segments from one end host to
another end host• Ensuring data reliability provided by
sequence numbers and acknowledgments• Ensuring flow control provided by sliding
windows
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Reliable Data Transport• Ensure that segments delivered will be
acknowledged to the sender• Provide for retransmission of any
segments that are not acknowledged• Put segments back into their correct
sequence at the destination• Provide congestion avoidance and control
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Connectionless and Connection-Oriented Protocols
• Connection-oriented protocol– A protocol either that requires an exchange of
messages before data transfer begins or that has a required pre-established correlation between two endpoints
• Connectionless protocol– A protocol that does not require an exchange
of messages and that does not require a pre-established correlation between two endpoints
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Connectionless Communication
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Three-way Handshake• TCP is connection-oriented, so it requires
connection establishment before data transfer begins
• For a connection to be established, two hosts must synchronize on each other’s initial sequence numbers (ISNs)
• Initial Sequence numbers are actually large random numbers chosen by each host
• Connection establishment refers to the process of initializing sequence and acknowledgement fields and agreeing to the port numbers used.
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Three-Way Handshake
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TCP Connection Establishment
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Windowing• Flow-control mechanism requiring that source
device receive an acknowledgment from the destination
• TCP uses expectational acknowledgments (Forward Acknowledgment)
• Window size determines the amount of data can transmit at one time before receiving an acknowledgment
• Larger window sizes increase communication efficiency.
• Window field implies the maximum number of unacknowledged bytes allowed outstanding at any instance in time.
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Window Size
Larger window sizes increase communication efficiency.
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Window Size• TCP window sizes are variable during the
lifetime of a connection.• The window “Slides” up and down based on
network performance, so it is called sliding window.
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Flow Control
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TCP Dynamic Sliding Windows
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TCP Dynamic Sliding Windows
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Acknowledgment• Sender keeps a record of each data
packet that it sends and expects an acknowledgment.
• Sender starts a timer when it sends a segment, and it retransmits if the timer expires before an acknowledgment (transmission rate should be slowed)
• Each Acknowledgement contains a window advertisement that indicates the number of bytes receiver can accept
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Segmentation, Reassembly, and In-Order Delivery
• TCP on the receiving computer reassembles data into its original form
• The data is put in the correct order– If segments of a file are assembled out-of-
order, the file is useless– TCP provides a guarantee of in-order delivery
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Segmentation, Reassembly, and In-Order Delivery
• Due to IP routing, a TCP receiver can receive data out of order
• If multiple routes exist between a source and a destination, routers can load-balance over several routes
• Packets can arrive out of order
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TCP Providing In-Order Delivery
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Port Numbers
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TCP and UDP Port Numbers• Internet layer delivers data (packets) from one computer
to another, but it does not think about which application sent the data or which application on the receiving computer needs the data.
• For example, if you have five web-browser windows open, the internet layer delivers the data to the computer, but the transport layer works to ensure that each browser gets the data destined for it and not one of the others.
• TCP and UDP use port numbers to pass information to the upper layers
• Port numbers use to keep track of different conversations crossing the network at the same time (Enables the receiving computer to know which application to give the data to).
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Using Port Numbers to Identify the Correct Application Process
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Identifying Application Processes Using Port Numbers
• In previous slide, the application was assigned a dynamic port number by the host computer– A host typically dynamically allocates port
numbers of value 1024 (210) through 65,535 (216 - 1).
– When a host starts a new application process, it allocates a dynamic port number that is not already in use by another process.
– By each process having its own port number, a PC can have multiple conversations with other PCs (sometimes called multiplexing).
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Identifying Application Processes Using Port Numbers
• Connection to Servers: Well-Known Ports– Most TCP/IP applications use a client/server model
for communications.– Servers cannot use dynamic port numbers because
clients must know ahead of time what port numbers servers use.
– Numbers below 1024 are considered well-known port numbers.
– well-known port numbers are used by Servers, other port numbers used by clients.
– Each client on the same host uses a different port number, but a server uses a same port number for all connections.
– Well-Know Port Numbers are controlled by Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA).
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Client Connecting to Well-Known Port of a Web Server (80)
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Popular Well-Known Port Numbers
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TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment
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TCP• Connection Establishment and
Termination• Reliable (Error recovery – consume more
bandwidth and use more processing cycles)
• Divides outgoing messages into segments • Reassembles messages at the destination
station
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TCP• Flow control using sliding windows• Multiplexing using port numbers• TCP relies on IP for end-to-end delivery of
data• At the receiving station, TCP reassembles
the segments into a complete message using sequence numbers. TCP must recover data that is damaged, lost or delivered out of order.
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UDP Protocol
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UDP Protocol
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UDP• Connectionless • Unreliable ( No error recovery – use less
bandwidth and fewer processing cycle.) • Does not reassemble incoming messages • Uses no acknowledgments • Provides no flow control• Less overhead than TCP•
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TCP Function Summary
Function DescriptionMultiplexing Function that allows receiving hosts to
decide the correct application forwhich the data is destined, based onthe port number
Error recovery (reliability)
Process of numbering andacknowledging data with Sequenceand Acknowledgment header fields
Flow control usingwindowing
Process that uses window sizes toprotect buffer space
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Comparing TCP and UDP
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Cisco Academy 3 References
Slide 2 CCNA1 9.1.1Slide 3-4 CCNA1 9.1.4Slide 9-10 CCNA1 11.1.1Slide 11 CCNA1 10.1.4Slide 13-15 CCNA1 11.1.4Slide 16-18 CCNA1 11.1.5-
11.1.6Slide 19 CCNA1 11.1.2-
11.1.3Slide 20-22,33 CCNA1 11.1.5-
11.1.6Slide 26-
27,30,32 CCNA1 11.1.9Slide 34-35,38-
39CCNA1 11.1.7-
11.1.8
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Cisco Academy 4 Exploration Reference
Networking FundamentalsSlide 2-4 5.1.1-5.1.5Slide 8-10 4.1.1Slide 11 4.2.1Slide 13-14 4.2.3-4.2.4Slide 16-18 4.3.2Slide 19 4.3.4Slide 20-22 4.3.4Slide 32 4.1.4Slide 38 4.4.1-4.4.3Slide 40 4.1.4
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