counter-revolution Untler the whip of tb~

Will the revolution by Ru)'n nunuyevsknyn

National ( h:.lr"omllh, Nt"ws and l.t'ttt'rs ("ommillrt's

111l' c.·ou'lh'r·tt•vnlutio1 that has put tbwo the alll'gt••l •·rxtreml' l.t•il :.1\em)lt at t•our tl"t'tal" in l'ortut::tl ,., unfoldir~ .mall fronts. from lhl' imrositinn or ''disciplirw:· un l:ltl.ny wurkN!i tu the pur;:in~ of !\1F,\ CArmrcl Futcc:. ~.turt•UH•nl) .iud lt·~·,..\iriJii"hinS! a nH1it;.ry hi,.,r­arclly !:~~·at to "Jl'' - tht• rapilahst Aow:rnmt•nt. Th,. 1111iunalization of rmlic• r,tations exr.t•pt t')Jtsropllt'y's it;~dt;J Rl'nasc£'nt'a goes hand in h'mtl with tryin~ to drive.• till' pca!iinntry ocr the uccupit•d J:.nds, ami "rC'orAanizing" all "far lefl" newspapers. So much to~ the Socialist Parly'11 "!!trngglt" fnr dP.morro~i'y." lnrll'f'd, so far lo till' Right h::::: thi:: .:~llegcd "Lcrl Centrist victory'' over Com­munism moved that Socialist Soares and his Major Gl'n· era! Ar.tune.s themselves Ccar an outriAhl fltscist r('turn. Hence, they :.re denouncing, nol too loudly, "bliml anli· Communism.''

~"bat they inrttu 1.!1 not the rstabtishmf"nl or any genuine worke,.o;' demo~racy or releasing of workrn;' revolutionary eaergles, but jud the Inclusion In the gov· emment or thP. Communist Party, whleh Is as prutlced •• they »re .In class-eollabGratlonb;m, and was the rlnt to engagt- In strlkf!·breaklng action against the mass •lrike!l that roUowed the ovt'rthro'\1. or tbe rasel~t_ regimr.

And lhll cr leader, Alvaro Cunha!, promptly ncccdrtl to them: "We _have In (ace the new rHtlily."

The Nov, 25 Coup: Before and After In a word, the Rightist move bnl'kward ·- the Nov.

25 coup - lmllead or being seen nnd roiJJ:!hl as the wnil' o( the ,counter-re\'Olution that it Is, is heing whitewnshed br the press as i£ that wa,~; the way to avoid n hloodr Ch!le-type ~··up. Out lha only reason they de not dart' yet roll history backward that far Is ·because thr mass movement is still intact, has not · be~n taktn· over by any exlsUr.g parlles,

Moreover, thr: \'ery iact of the !i!Jonluncous m01ss outburst or wilcteal strikes, which arose upon the over· throw of the fascist ~:.etnno reRimc and was not sub· ordlnated to any "Party", is the rea sen the masses arc mastering new .Ideological imu~hts. Thus, the majority first voted for the Soci:.llst Party because they were running away rrcm the Communist Party in revulsion agaii1st th~ latter's s~rlke-breaking activity, but .now these same masses are t~king 3 second look at the class :haracter or the SP·lYJ>E> or "demucracy" and askln~: was Its esV(Iusnl u!. democracy mure than the left cover· lng for NATfJ, as iC Helmut Schmidt's West Germnn type of "llocil\llsm" dif!crs fundamentally from the open lm~>eriallsm or F~~rtl's CIA? They ·now see it not as any kind or Wllrkers• democracy; r&tllt'r the howling for "sacrifice and h~~rd work" is clea>'ly a ddensl' or the capitalistic system.

New Questions At the 5Rme llmt', m:my qu,;~tiuns ar,-nlso beinA

rai~d ahout thr. l.rfl und illl "programs" void o; '.l concrete phdosophy or lab~ration. Hadn't nil the "Left" nc::ed P'l If General Spino!;. had bet'n the r('al l~nder ol the overthrow or the Caetano ll:glmr? ll:uln't there been an underesllmoUon o( the nn~cent worl-:ers' untl peasants' struJu~ies, r.tudent rrvolts, women's movement, though there were many open lnstnnees since the miai-19GOs or the resllessne~s in the hand? llad uny giwn lull credit In the African llevulullnn,_ whl~·h ll•tl the Jlortu· guese soldiers to undermine lhn f~o;rl!.t imJwri:1tislil' regime at home?

Thr truth I~ thai lhe rt'\'aluUon In Porltutal bel(an In

• m Portugal advance? Mrka, .md not only because Porbgurs~ lmptrialism W:l!t losing, but hl"l'nu~e lhc Arrlun rt'volullons, lheorel· !call)' as Wl'll u pradicall)·, weie shaklnp: up lhe very ones. who came to shoot them down. ( J)

~lon•owr. lht• n;1tiun:~l Iiber;rlion slruj!~les W('ra•n'l just !he "accirlent~,J" sprmubmuds inr lht• t•orluAtu•s~:~ rcvolutlrn. Nur wu~ ilnnlv the "ct'l! ~;:•.a11" nr !lu_• Ar,k.-.n I'U".-trilla.; which the l'nri'Jguc!=r army t·upicd when il hl'gan nrganizir.;.. it~ opposition. The rcvnlulionary elf' ments in the MFA were witncssin~ tht~oretical dt·velop­mt'nls in the Mtican revolutionary movemt'nt that mo1·ed hcyond nalionalism to Marxian socialism, to world rel!l­liofls. 'M1e "Left" leaders who rusht-U to Portugal, de­cla.minJ: most 01gainsl "doArnalisrn," are the most clflJ:· malic about their mo~t empiricist programs-as if each ~·foAan is "the" proof of ~ocialist •miversals, and any deviation rrmn any or them a cnpitulalion to the·

. hourgL'Oisle, ·a mere "Bon:~partisl car;ea~ure." (21

To Begin at the Beginnin"g The ~ruth is ·- we must begin at the heP.inning

thnt even under Spinola'; "le1u.lcrship,'' the Portut:~uuc re~·olutlon did not begin as no more than an ordit:ary eoup d'etat, Not only w.::.s Spinol~n'l~ the rcisllcader, but neither wa!i the whole Army. R&iher It was thP. ri!YOh'· Uonary secticuls o.~( :he MFA. 'l'hus, whereas at the start the young Lol!lcers orr.anlzr.t.l u11 $0 narrow nnd·reaction· ary a lew!l ns opposing the new· conscripts becoming orlicers, once they orgnnl1ed new cell:l in lht! arn.y. both the leniency with which the guemtlas trel&ted them when they were captured, and the education thnt was being

· carried on in the national ll.beralion army began chang­luA ~he nUturc also of the MFA within the· Portuguese

. 1\rlll)', · . The lr.aUets nr the FRELIM(l In Ma~amblqtte, the'

PMGC in Guhu~·Bissau, and MPLA In Angola may not match tb~ ir:llernizliUon le"nf't!i that the Bolshtvlks wrote ·in 1917, but they eertabdy wen.. an f'nUrely new ground for fif!lhtlng in Portugal, 1974, Jn ·urging tht> l'nrhui'IIPI'P l'oldiP.n to .-_go hamt' znd make their 3WII reVO!Utlon, llat' 1iittlonal liberation· forer.s · were raaslnR questlont, lntluding · tht role o( women, that the "ad· vanced" Portuguese had not even hrard o(. (3)

8eC3\JSe nf \L<; narrow b~llinn\ngs, the radicalization or the ~tFA was underrstlma!ed by the Old Lert, some golnlt so fur as to consider it no mo1·e th!ln, as notcrl: "BonaJtartist ~ar!caturc." Ot~t'rs- thounht that the MFA'.s 5th Oi\•iJo~iun, wh1ch wus respnn:.lhle (ua• propag01nd:. worll. and callt•cl ror "ctoltural tlym.r.mi7.ation," was bul. an ex· r•rt:ssion ur pun• anU simplistic Maoism. But; In fnct, with all mlstakt.s, this never aptlronched th.:: shel'r dl'menlin o( 1\1 no I s m in Portur.al. hradlininA ils

II) c;,.,. "~:'~~lolly !I-re "'""'" ~'"'""'"' ""'"'" 11011.1· Th• st•w"l" '"' ,,.., ..... t.l"""· p,..,.,,.,, n .... ~ •• 1969, lor CJ""'" M .... >Jion•. l~n fA(LIMO prnidcnl, ;, lht tn<nl C(lrn01111~111vot oy .;1.,~.,., :ohl.;.;;:, ::'.d rnntnon\ th1 /or\1 lh"'tehcal II!Citato allO Pn Wamon't L1hP1atran, ph.h f}UOiai•M\ lr<1m wnmrn !Paden 1't1111111 to H11 Sour(•t 5•1•rl .. l S1u.oe~hn ul Amolcor Cnhtol !PAU"'.CJ,. Menthlv Rnl••• \969. Cot11ol olw W/01011 lht foreword to llc••l Duvrdwn'• Th1 Llb11ollon of Gul111 whrch ha\ the mo\1 l•eauhlul r>!Ciure\, onclud,•q that ol Cotmtn P~•etro, o lff<drno polotocat c"mmouor, At ,tl '"•PI'"''· IM cuutnl HY Tl"'ll Mlt .. lllt \CCitOt> 11·-l·r•l cnmet o:ln Qlhtle, lwlld101ly, Allttle, whtth conto•n\ o r>OIIn\ l1v 11"1 !hrod col lht l110d•n of Po• IUQUO\C! Afro~o. Or. Netn ul lh• MPLA, WhOH' m.JII tH•nl lnleJvlfW " ltll<l•tlod '" th• J.,, •. l, l'il16 .. we of \ho M•lldluf•t Gacrdlu.

~~ ,1:;· ~~~1.'!t'·~~··,~,:~. ~f.~"~~p~~, ,:."J.,:~~~~~~~··t~t·r'l117~~ 11 tt volooble becou~ot ol !I~ tn·ll<'l\<"111 t<'JI(tl\, and toQ\ much mat110at 1111 PRP/OH, lhouoh tl loth Ia mttlhOO thai II " htadtd b~ 0 woman, nor 1\ hrr mtmc, !~bel d.1 CatMO, mcnhun~ onywhet~, thnuoh lhct :.nol~"' utcnt.h o•tr ~~ poo11.

JJ) Th1 Stlwq.lot lar MOIOI!Ibltl;lll I'll· 147·~0

From N&L. Jnn-FAh 1Q7n ' __ 5182

'

•

/, I

i

p;~pcr: "ll~·vbionism In puwcr means sol'ial·!lscism in power." (41

A deepe1· l.tOk at nt'w bee:lnnlnf.<~ will, nr """"cdly, lea~ us lu the !ipuntaneous mass moven:'!"l: land seizures by revohttlor~ary sections of the poor ~asantry as well a' the great proletarian strikes, of which there Wf're no Jess lh11n 100 fhP. vrry fird mnnth rjfl~t the oV!'tlhrow cr Uo~ r .. ,y,, reKim~t - Uu~ yuulR u wdi a1 nomen's Liberation Movemeut, whlrn has been paid !toast attt'D• lion, though It Is .;, pivotal 'on~e. (51

Whcu the SP-CP had, in 1969, otJ:nnizcd t~e Ol'hlll· cralic Women':; movemc111. it was strictly limited tu economic issues ... not that "Equal Pay for Equal Wo:k" was cvt•r ('Dfon::cd t'\'t•n in 1974-i5. Still, tlult n:ovement, !10m abuve, kt•pl ••y•·~ IHrm••l away frnm "feminist" issue!> such as ri{~hl In ellorlion, or olh!!r m~n/wom:m r•·l~tmns. lhm.!):!h ~Om:.' !Jor!t:;;:::.o:::: ;::...,n were backward enough to oppose thrtr wi\'l'<: usinl! con· tr:~cepth•es bl!causc it rould !>upposedly make them impotent! E\·en when women wen• t·tnnplaining tht•y wert> as :Jfraid or thei,. men at hnmt• "as ur busJ'•.•:. 1n the factory," it di1 not m~ve thust' "ad\·ant"t'd poiitit'os" In <'hange the nalur~ or their org:zniz.:~tior.. The Women's Liberation Movement ( M LJ\t 1 thereupon aro.!:e on new ground, ~round that didn't separate philosophic founda­tion from !eminism or class slrug!!lts.

New Force1 of Revolution, Focus; Wome11, Youth, Pea•ants

Amilcar Cabral, hack in the 1960's when Porlu;;ue.~e economy seemed to experience its greatest "de\·elnp· ment" with Ute mulll·n<ltlona!:: rm::•;ing in un i'urtogal, said that Portugal, as the weakest li::lc in world im· perlalb:m, "conl•f not orford neo·colonialism.'" 1'he only Ones who seemed to llstfn to t'le Arrit-an re\·olutiuuat\' were the Portuguesl;' students. whose strikes came to iJ climax In 1968 and were a,:!alnf:t. ~onscrip!ion os well a~ lor :JcaJetnic freedom.

The more ·roreign capital bl.'gan to m0\'1! •into l'ort..,. 1:31 as a sale ha\·en for profits and low·puid iubor. the more eontrotlictions undermined the regime ...

Take the question of the 1973 Middle East War ""ith the accompanying Arab quadrupling of nil prices On the lact.o ot It, il :tt'l!:ued to have no relationship to any. thing happeninJl, in Portugal. But, in fact, lasc:isl Pot·t· Ugal, with Its. monopuly Cl!f' and in collab~~ration witll two Swedish and two Dutch shlp)'at'lts, ha,f ~ .. 111. the l:lrt•lll :~ht:\"Y lisno ~e dr)' tlocks because lhf.!Y cxPel'led a. most pro!itable tanktir b•:silless. ·

The complex a\ Sl!:~s wa~ based on rPflnln~ and petrochemicols and the expansion of motor vehicle 81.• rembly phmlll, But \\"hf're a 25 ptrcent Increase In lanker business \\'a!l expected, a 10 perc~nl drop In oil purch!lses was tbe ronsequencc of the quodrupled oil prices, The Western economic crisis, whlrft was global, ..!etply af!erteli Portugal, lacing ddeal in Afrlro and ma11slve unemploy:nent and s'rlkes at home,

1'he humun factor o-f thi11 equation wns not "i.Jn!~· the :sufterinn .. Some_ mow forct•s of r_e\·olution were born. t'irst, no less than 9ne and or.e·haiC million toUt or a ropulation or a.s million) had seen service fn Africa

·where they had been IIOiitlcizl:d '')' the national llbero· lion m~.vemrnt. Second!)•, the miserable conditions In Portu~~:, .. :uml Portunuese workers also to w~st Europe. By 1974 1n1 less than 900,000 Porlll""t't'~t'- hnrl rn.:grntl'rl to West Eurupe, with 7UO.OOO In France and ISO,OOO in ~~s~ ~erm.any, Th~s m~v~ tu lhe bl~ c!tle;; ~hruud for "''"l"UJ"III~In wu11 K&ulUIL"u uvet• as u H meant eronomtc

f.CI Mooid llogon,- whoch OllPfii•PO "' lht Jo.nt 6. l97.t "'"" of S.ull• r•pul•r 11 QUill~ lt1 Robon Btackbum't Llolllonr Tht F•ll of f•UIIM INtw Ltlt Rnltw, London, No. 87•8, SepT ·Otc. lil741. >I OliO ConiOitll at OpllfOdilll lht Llut•\'1 ':Y11rhn' CDMMIIIIIQI/1,

~5,\,,~r":J.~ 11et~ ... ~~~:,n •':9~1 Vn":t':~d~·~~ ~~~I! .~:h~~·~irot~t!~ and comprt~tlvt ro,.oluloooory otudy, II '' tht onlv one u• thl' nnolvtel that ho1 a IUb\lonTool Uth{oO on the toft ot womtn, a ... ; Ill QIOtlG/y d~tn'l IUIIII frum lhf lt!CIOIIGnllnt ol fllhtr IS /hOI dof1n't mtnllon Trot&kylll orc.up1, or !hot Trol\kyiU orouo1, .,.h•d• oo 11r. lttdltnly ju11 on thwm~tlvn,

clc,·elupmt•nt Pt home, Actually, the ,::rtat number that l!!ll agriculturr. - there was a drop :rom 50 percent to 3:J (lt.'rcent in agricultural prnduc:lon-me3nl not lr.dU!i· tl"iul clevelupmcnl nt home, but ogrieultural collapse. (61

All lhl'se factors !Jrou~ht the womPn Into production -- industrial, ngricullural - onJ into unemployment. UH.'\" were lhl.' first io be hit hy nnPmrolnymPnl wh!('h, hy 1!175, numhcn•d no ll•ss than 500.000. The women wtuo l'::lahlished tht• Women's Liberation Movl!:ncnt (MLMl did out think that all their ttroblems were "solvr.d" by the t>xi~tmg ll:Jrtles ond untons. Which doesn't menn tht•)" didn't aeU\'ely participate io all of them. It doL's me:111. as wa~ proved nil o\'er a~ain at the !\lay 1, 1975, tlrmunstratinn wht!re they were allacked br !he CP and · other so-call,•d Ldt men wllu did not slop from also attackmto: their l'itildren, th<!t nut onh· W<l); an autonomous mCII'ronwnt f'f Wtoml'n n~>rpo;o;:~r.. hut lhl'! Old l.l'fl harl to dll.,wcr lut! .. ,~, .. !~oil :od}J}>cll~ ;ofh:r the ICVt.'htUon 011 the most. fundamental m;~n/woman relationship,

,\n JIILl\1 Jennet, ralhnK: for equol pay for women at the VIa Longa l"lrewery and P;to sugar lactory, was forl'l'd to state: "!! l'i rot only ::.e bossc'i that ar~ ex. ;.%oilin:;: us: it'-. our own comrades that are relusbu!: equal pay,"

Or take the quesllon or aJ:riculturc and the most reactionary Catho:k hieran·hy, lrunically. the entry of for~i~;J ca1•ital - U.S., West Ger.nan, Swedish, Dutch. Jo~rench - built up not only big im.lu!i>try, like the Lisnave ship)·ards or the new r.irp.lrt at· Farno. hut als!) fin this ease West G~rmnn capltall on irrigation scheme in t~c Alentejo, Which is exactly where the majority of workers were women, where the greatest activities, in· eluding the seh:ure of land, "'ere ·most militantly fought for by women. Along with the militancy wa! the demand for a philosophy to fight agamst the ideolo:;:ieal power of the Catholic and faschl tradition which had forced WJrnen into submission to God, roll'!n, family, They have o long tradition or strikeS, arres~. JmprlsonM•nts. Whether It Is In the AIPntejo district, where out of 10,000 unemployed, 8,000 were women, or in U.c cities where, be!lldes industrial struggles, women are very Important in health care service, Gr in ideologlc~l strugsles, where !.urt>ly one or the, most rcvo··tJtionary groUplriSs, PRP/. HR is headed by· a wom:m - "t;,'l'lcl do Carmo -there Is no way to escape the nt!w, the-'ph•otal role "of w~men. tit~ routh both on campus and in the army, or the poor peasants. On Feb, 9, 1975, 30,000 farm workers In Alentejo demanded confiscation of the properties of the owners attempting coups,

lnslead or keepin.c •.vay lrom "feminist" questions, the Old Left better learn ·to rt'o;-oghtre new forces or revulullon a11d ne• wa)'ll or tltnerJ~i"h!~ "' ;t,o.se :"lin:es. Bdore lt!t! April, 1974 overthrow of lhe lasc:lst regime, undNcurrerits or revolt arose among women, rrom Iller· atUre to actual Class 5truggles.

Thus, New Portuguese :;.euers {published here ns 'fb{' Titree Marias and by nn met~ns "just liternture"­ll•ul:J:/, grcot literature It is) posed C/IICSiions Of human retnl!un:; fllr more ftrofou.ndly tht~n the Old" r.eft hnd. Their freedom from jail was b)' no means dUL' only to tilL' o\'ert:Jrow 1•! till' Caetano regime, !Jut to the prrJil•sts by t'a• lntern11Unnal women's llberattr,n movement. (7i The symbol thu \\"L•men's mo\'cmenl, In agrlcullure espe· ciall~·. had cho~en wn:; Caturina E~ft!mia, assnsslnated by. tlv~ Notional Gu:wl dttrin.; o strike f1.r the clr,ht·hour day:

Women bc\:Hn\:· <!ttjil:.;ially imJmri<~nt 10 19'13 when : !:~:::- :!::::-!:::: ::::.!·!!:::-::. !:::!: !::.!!!:-:: :::::! :!!:ttronlcs. and dln•clly Into the rlAht :t.Roinst mulllnatlonnls: 1'1mex, ITT, Jlle!osy, ond the "arment lndustri· 1 where Swedish

161 "Tht Th11101 nl thr Pmtuout-. Revoluhon" bv IC•nneth Ma•, well '" 111•111111 Att•ln, Jan. 197o

171 Whcon M111i0 Dnfltnu, 1»'11 '>f lh~ oulhnf\ ul Htw Porllltlll"' Ltlltn (The Th11• Morlol), wa~ in th1 Slolll, 'lht nnl onl~ lfl\1\1 .. 1 l!>f. tnlflnahonal .,.omen'' moYemtnt t>od much tu do wolh hnona htr Ol"ld hfl cn·011Ihor1 flam joll, bur lnl~>lld: "I hehewe '" ltm•· n11m ll.rou111 lor me '' 11 tht hopo 111 d>Ongc.o 'octcol·; " Hrr ~rtth 1\ ttprod>iCI"Il 1ft HIWI I. LIII0/10 ,t,prot 1 11 1~.

5183

. ·:

- ..

capitol owned J:i of the 25 maJor companies 1. It is in textiles and eh~c\ronics a11C shipyards .il~:re the grass roots workers' movement first erupted, and where none quesllor.cd tt.e militancy or wcr.:cn workers But they were asking not only for a !umlamP.nlal change in labor conditio!l.s, but for d!Uerent ret:..tlons ut home.

Or take agt'lculture. Wonum's wages averared onl:r' 50 escudos a day, so percent lower than men's. Jut.t .a.s In Lisbon, women workers took uv,' a ~~J•tdry plant to make it a free sen·ice so th&l ''w:;.,;·i,.,:r class women will be liberated lrom 1.ousework," so lbe.t \~,'ere among l~e most Jlttlve 1!1 the peasant seizures t.f lanrt nnd cultivating it nn a cooperaU\·e basis, Tht> peasa .. , c;;.me in their tractors to toke part in the Aug. W political demonstration to unite with the workingcl~ss tenants and squatters who were occupyir~ h~uses. At Caixa t~e pec.;;anl!r orcupicd the l:~nd of tt:e Duke of l:~!oes and turned that into a roopl'rali\'c.

Duol Power? CRTSMs? Apartidarism (Non-partyism)?

,\s the ma,;s ,;trike=- sno\H'{' tn(• \·cry £irs! mon\!t ·after tilt• (t\"l:rthrow o! thc la~d~t n•::imc. thcsl! wrr~· no ordinary ~trikes ;uul some t•ndcd in flc,·upation o! fnc !Nit•:<, tht• mo~t lmpo: t~:!l bt•int: ih<' wut•krrs oc-cupy in:::: :he J.isnnn• ship~·:mls. But wiotlc lhcr'! IS no douOt that ont> of thr r,re;~l dco;elopment:; wa!> that at lht• Lisnnn• ,.hipyard tompll·x. neith('r it nor thr Revolutionary Coon·

· ci!s of WOrkers, Soldi<'rs and Sailors tCRTSlt!i) ,~·ere natianwidc.

Of all thl' partie!i that aro!'e the one that was most indigenous ano.l rc\·oJtJtionnr:--. was the PRP/BR (Rev­olutionary P01rty oC the Prolc~ari11t - Revolutionary Brlgaclcsl. {B)"So chnradt>ristic 'Jf the revolutionary sltu­nllon is anti·p.wtylsm (aparUdarl!lml th:~t th!s group, a ~piUof! rrom the CP. trjet' to auign priority. not to the party, but to the spontaneous man org:mlzations. Tht.y calleJ for. and were lnstrumentnl in organh.ing, RevOlu­tlor.:~rt Counci!J rot Workers, Soldiers and Sailors. The' critical qt:estion betame: wen• the}' really developing spontaneous!::· and on ·;~ nn.tlona"l !lcalc1 Wa~ ·it the type of mas" outpourin~. and an arming of the y,·orking class that u;ie couid SOl)' these inst:mcett of sell-acllvit)'' created actual dual power?

ll simply wasn't true that tht"re was such a sell­mlibU;uUon of the masse11 that actually challenged the

· new, but very· much sllll tbe capitatl:otlc government. Nor was It tree that even the. n.ost ''revolutionary" Ketllt~ns of 1_he Mfo\ e.;ualted the armtd people, quln· tessenU:al ror a social" revolution, Antlleut ~·~~ :lll wlls II true that the Con5lltuent Anembly was anything 1111· proarhlng such high rhdori~;:. The vote •·01s ju:;t n tok. JJ. m<'re cun!luillltl\'r. one .u that, th3t" didn't' cbn.ll~ngc continued army rule. To say, as one (9) of the 1'rol· !.kyl!t groups maintained, that lhe t'oMtlluent Assembly waa a "&tep toward a workers' and peasants• gov::-rD· ment," i• Liller nonsen!e, reformist euphoria.

By the time Soares' "democrac)·'' won ·and Gon· calves wu lbrown out or government. It was the end. also of the ~:-.holy aillar.ee of SP and Mao!.st!'" .. not to mention the Cath(llle Church hierarchy which Ia tl1e true winiler as tht! counter·re\'olutlon uutu!d;; Its fas<:lst fac''· ,\ ne.;• united front of all Left groups (FUR included MES, PRP/BR. i.UAR. LCI and Oithers) wal'ned, In il!i

Ill Both PRP/"ft's Mo"lfe1IO and monv olhtr docU~Mnh of tht

rol~~~~~d~·!r~~·''"'i.~~~~ ~::. ~rr .. ~~~c:.~ ~~o~r~~·~~J~~~t IC•r DoswfiiNII 1f ttll t. ... tllltlo,.., P~••·

191 Thtlt 011 h•·~ TrollkY''' ~:~roup' i" Portuoot, urot htaded by lht mojouly of I~ rourlh lnleroolional S.C:rtlortot iMOndtl\, 1:r,.; 00>1 by tht SW .. flot Hort.,nl. Stt l111t1Collltfltnlt1 Prtn, Stpl. 8 far ''In DtltMI Ol lhf "orlu(l .. f\0 kt~OIUIIO!'I" bV P11111 f1<1nlt.,

~~~~~h~~:f,':t,~~~!'~:;!.~;~~! :~~~~1·,~~"~~~~~u.;~ 0~ 110 pp) ill lht OCt. IJ, t975, !UUI of If'. "ftlr A Cllftt(t Pllltlt(ol Ccur" io1 Portuoe~l" b'l' C>trrv rctot~. Jo\C'Ph ll.:tn~n 111'-(l c-o• Novo~:k.

Sept. 10 Manlttsto, (10) thai the reacUonor!" escalation woutd end l" a rightist coup, On Nov. 25 it did,

Tbe first ~\r.gc o! revolution has ended.

Countcr·Rovolution in Portugal, Against Africa Thl re~·olutlc..n in Portugal ~·::\~ born ln ~he Afriran

Rt·vo\uUon!i, The ;,:vunter·rcvuiut!on in Portugal Is "co· !nddiag" with the USA·CIA·Suuth African consptracy to try to recolonize Angol:t. As against the re\·vlutlonarv •appt•a~ c-oming £rom lllack A!ricn as well as Porlugai, South Mrlcan apartheid Increased its fah;ehoods along with it!. powt>r, tr:r•inc lo make itself "part" of "The West." The one thing that characteriz~ci each of these total opiiOSite.o ~but. hardly touo::hed the revolutionary !crt in Europe thut rcmain~:J color blind as white), WJS its very ort::mism. and not just the pr.:agmnllsL~' su.,cr· ~lructurc.

Thus, Admiral Bierman, SC'utl-. A.rrlran Chic[ o£ U1e General StuH, wrote in 1!:172: "It i:o imperative that a superpower would be in\·olvcU iu Uu: :.tratc,i)" ('.r the sot..thern hemisphere ... We must persuade the West thnt <:oJmmunist penetralion into the Svuthern hemi· s~Jiu:re is ." direct threat to Wtbl!!m Europe and the· rest o! !he free world." It is this whicll is now appealinJ to the Ford·Kissir.ger-CIA dirty tricksters and deep org:mic lmperin!lsts.

Wltilc K1!<sin~er's prr.occupatil)n, rir.~: with South \'i~tn.un :md th~n the Middle Ea!ot and Ro'isian detente. had. in l':ll"ly :o;o·s. not ho\\£'d to a closf' r"lotinn:;hip to apartheid Smnh r\fl"ic::. by the tim(' Angula won it:; lrt!t•dum. U.S. intp!!rlalism wa:~ all e.ors to .the slrr.n .c:all or ;tl\lmperlallsms and rarism: Soutlt African ai'artheid. uhlch, for mor~ lime th:tn we really know. wn listened tu l1y '•(.'ommunist" China for whom nothing t.tkt>s th~ placr or their c.own nationalism which consldi!!tS not the U.S. bL•t Russia Enemy N6, t.

Thus South Africn has won Its point, West. Eatt. And now ·it Is not only the Ford·KisE.lngcro~:IA·MC'Ynlhan cabal. but the journalists, and not only suc.'h as C. L. Sulzberger. but so·called En~lish I.iberrols 11Uch as "the actual head o( the Liberal Party, Jeremy Thorpe, and I be l\lanchesti!r Guardian. ( 11) ' ,

All are out to bralnw:ash about what type of govern· ment is In Portugal, and bow Russia supposedly eontn~ls Hte MPLA lock, 1dock end barrel. RuBIIMn detente or othP.tWI!'r., l~ • nckle Is out Ia ~eacb us the "prlndples or gt.1polltlts": how Portugal faces the- Athaulle at the tar We!!lerra tip of EuroN, wblle her llllanti!J. ~are :s~t':l· teglcally placed astddl! the shipping lanes between Europe, the !lt~Uiterrauun and.. the Americas, not ~a mention th:tt 1\tr ••African colonies" had the best pnrl facUlties. ror lht:" Indian ~nd South Atlantic oceans.

It ts not tbnt :my or ~his Is fooling the masses; it Js not even !oollnQ. the Senate .. But while the Senate and House. wlii SI)On ea"pltulate, Am.ericl'ln rc\·olutior.arles must not onl)' opposu U.S; imperialism in Portugal and

,_. An$(ola (see "U.s. works with South Africa," p, 12), but tht acls uf solidarity with the Portuguese Revolution mu~t not be separate from a serlotts Uteor~tlcai summa­tion of where the Portuguese R<:vol'.ltion wa11 slo~·!)ed. ancl how •.o try to advance under tbe whip of tlie counter· rc~·::tut!:m.

Dialectics of Theory As a first IIII!P in that dlrci:tlon, and in the hope

that the dlscU11slon will di:tlectirally develop, ln Port~l.(al most of all. let us begin wl~h one of the points raised

1101 Lulll tit Clout loppiOII biliftg\IOUV 0' Cltn lfrl;;!•l 1-!:::. ll UIIU .;;;,.;.AI., t)", t'l:~. 1:~1>;e1 !Uut wit" ,....,., Chit'\ onoty11,, ot• locoul T1ottlo.J11m n11d b !Uti! Tfet~lt.yt11. lr ~m't Wd MW liQht

~"~~~! t:c,,~ ~b;~~~. 'tF.r,.::~:~"':,.:d~ ~:r.~"::~!!'f. ~.:~~.~.~~: nolltOf'Otlt by quoli~ L'Ht.Uiltllltt aout•· S11 ••peclollr 1•9.7!1 whtrl lhe MOQ<IU pHi;lolm: "Tht IW., IUPII•CII)Witt do not piOV t_hl flllfll fOil! • , • "TI\' ;\."\'i"IJir ol 11'111 I•I)Gn\IQniW cl SQvtU loQC,oi·I.,PIIIC':• '"" 11 ortallr •. , • from ttl.e oclivUtn ot lho ~1h 'otumn1 rft'll• .. nlld ll~ 11111 -.<IIIOUI IIWIIIO'"II~f polh ... " II I 1 Sle llr.ttl<lil,o ''Rlaclt. ono.l Rtd Oa"'l Mi•: Con !llock and Whitt" by Gtollroy To~1fll", N.•IIChnt.f (lltllr411111 12·14•75

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in the Drafl Program nf th~ Revolutlonar)' Party -Hl!vo\utionf!ry Itrielldl!s: •·Jt i~ 11l~o th('l ()rr.anlzation capable or making a synthesis bctwt!cn theory and revo!uUouary rractlce.'' o:n

That cannot just be staled. It must be worked out, beginning with the voices .:md actions thnt came from below, and questions asked of "what hnppens alter" even as th(ly rais('d the struggle for wor·kers control of producuon. CRTSMs • .Jnd the ways of selt·dcfense to tight the myriad !onnfl the <'Ouutc-r·revoluUon is imposing, as PortugueSil and as part or world caphallsm. as it conspire!. to get back total power.

From the very first proletarian revolution, 1848, Marx had drawn the "onclusion "From the first momr.nt of victory, :lnd after it, the distrust of the workers must not lil• directcfl an)·morc afi<llnst the conquered rcaclion· ary p:arty, but against the pre\'IDU!I aliy, the petty bourt:cois democrats, who dr.~ire to ex!•loit the commo11 vktory only Cor themselves.'' tl3)

:nstead of quotinc endJ,•ssly what Lenin ,-aid on lhl'

f"l 1he Stop!. 10 Rl!voluliotlory Unitl.'d FfOnl Man•/1!$11> "'0:' in. <"I<.Odr<! ot a ~::orale page ;,. r1ople'' Tront!Qtinn 5"'fvlce 0<1 Par• fugal, (JJJ Korl M<:rll't 18!10 Adlinu.

P.1rly in !903- a position he many umes rev1sed (14)­why not scr. hnw f..cnln reorganized hi:ot thouel'lt when he ~vas first cou(ronled with the bctra:•al of the German Social Democracy and r::.ised the pcr·spcctlvc: TrtHIS· form the Imperialist Wor Into Ch•il War, not just as a slogan, but the new pbUosopblc. dialectical qu~stion nr transformallon Into :>P.PQsile. (1!' 8~• 1917, "All power to the Sovlcb" was rOI;:"'d in ~1,; ,.,:: •. :'f"lphlc reorgalliza. tlon and its political cxpr~:~-lon In ~'a~e and RevoluUon: that there can hr. no uew &UC"t·.:y unlc&s tJrodudlon Rnd the rf:!lt> hi run by tht" populution "fo o1 . rnan, woman and thlld."

To reduce that to a question o( the Party, the Party, the Party "to lead," as cvr.ryone from the Communists, ~Jaolsts, T:-ol!ikyists (of all \'llticlies) arc doh1r,, Is to doom the re~ourgenc!l or the re\·olution.

Stop to think as well as to do.

fl<~: For the mo<l!lifolion ,., l~t Pl'l''"f' ronupt, 1903·1923, Me Ct> XI on ''Forml of Orgrmllotion· The Rel,ho~•P d the Sporrla~>· .~, Sell·0f70rtlzation ol the Pr01erortol •o tt-re 'VCitiQua:•d Porty'" a:s .. en 01 Ch. XJI an "Whet Hopptns .-.fterf" m Mer•lnn """ ,.-.de,.,, pp, 177-209, -

~s,w:J.~).o S::'.,h,}--c;;;;~u~h~~"d'!~~~~!:b;:::~~!· ;,~ ,a:_ ~%~~;: 11o.r. J>orrlo4, ••oroduud a:s .-.pptndrll to tho! \YOlk !Bergf"II<Jn, pub· lrthef, NY). ·

ADell · Publication Hard ~over: $8.95

Paperback 1 $2.95 (Plus 15c Poslage)

0 Jo

New1 " t.tnm ERS, 2AJ2 E. GtaDd Bhd. R.a. 316 !07

Dttralt, MJ .t8211

1900 E.

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MARXISM AND FREEDOM from 1776 until today

by RA YA DUNA YEVSKA YA A~thor of Philosophy and Revolution

Preface by HERBERT MARCUSE Price: $5.00, pf~jl 25c postage

- ' · ·· <--- t.11ws & L(ltters, News 1: Letters

lBJl ~~~~.""Mf"W','l'· 316 letroit, Mich. 48207

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.?ROSSEGUI!t( A REVOLtiyAC m 'PCi!TUGAL ? ( Traduzid·> e rcimpresso de News & Letters, Jan Fev. 1976. Um ,iornal Marxista-Humanista.)

R!\YO. Dunayeveka;ra Prcoidenta. !1a.ciona.l de Comiasiio de ~Iot!eiac o Carta.a

>\ contra-rnvollJ9io qu.e aupricaiu. n ale~dc. "gnlpe de eatado tentad.o pol.a~ !81"9a.s uJ. tra.-esquftrdistc.s" em Pori<uga.l del!envol vo-ae por tSdas f,;,S .frontlbirea, do impo:r: da "disoiplino." noa op~mios ao oxpnrgar eta Mli't. (l•iovimento clas F01'9aa A,.._daa) o o ra­elriabelecimento cla. hi<!r~iu. mili'tar que t'ioa tiel pe.ra com "elo" - o govflrno capi­talist&. A D&Oiono.lizayiio da• eutagoes r&dio~·Jicas, com 6X0"9Ro do Rttdio Reuso•nya do epiaoopado, vz.i junto com o. tontativa. de er;ul~ os campon!sea da.e terrae que o­cupaa, o a !tre-orga.ni~A9iio11 de todos os jorn.a.is "ul tra-esquerdiE=ta.s.ti Chega des eo as­sun to d.a. i.·ilo·te. pare "a democraoia" do Partido nooialista, COil oe%"'tesa, eats. vitc5ria slegada. cia "Eaqnorcla C•ntrista• o6bre o Comuniema, tem-oe a'111n9ado tanto na dir09iio cia Diroita de i:&l l:lZUleira que o eooialistll. Soa.res e o an General.-d~via&o An1iUDea. ai me amos temeil d.e ua. poes!v.,-1 vol to. completa pn.,.a o .t'ascimno. Da!, deuUD.oiam,: e n&o a.be-rtzunon1:e ~i&f 2 anti.;..oomu:oino cego. . _ .. .

0 que propooe nao e a eetabeleoimonto do moa demooraois doa operirioa, do proli­teri.&do, ou e. li'beM:aqio das enorgiAe revoluc1on4rias destes, mas aim. a. met•a i:lolusio no govlrno do Pa.rlido Comunis·~a, qu8 ach&-se tao pratioado como el411S na oola.bora9&o do.s olaeaea, e foi a rrimeiro de 6lltrog~>,...se ao trabslho de i'urar a. mul titDda de greYes cia.e sega.iram o golx-c de eJJtado do regias fasoiete..- · ! E o ohef'e do CP, A':l··aro Cunhal, tmed.iat:emanta lhea deolarou: "Temos qee ~nfreu:ts.r ~ JSOVt\ Nalidad.e. 11

Q. Golpe ~ ~. ,S2 ~ J!2!!.!!.1!.::2: ~ .! Dopois

Ea uma. palaVl"B., os Direitiat~a desv;aram- o golpa de estad.o do clia 25 de noveaa-. bro - em viz de est&r vioto o combatido' (\Ort.o·. o raC'Oo da contra.-revolUtJ&o qua e, ea1i&

Benda d.1af«U'9ado pela. i:Dpret\aa como sa .t'tJsae n'!B'ta :aa.zurir.a. que oe evi-ta. ua golpo de e.­tallo .t le. Chile.· Contndo, a ~nico. ra•ao pola. qual niio desviBI!I a proo~oao hiat6l'ioo a. 4ate extnmo, 8 deVidO eo f':::to 'io que· C ;:Ql:"iiil~%l.'tO da.& iiiii.iB&ii i.lnda OtSt4 !ntiJ"gr0, e ainda. niO est4 oonvertido peloa partidos exiatontes. ~ · · · Ademaia, o mere tato de que a explosio eapont!nao dae graves Om maae& ~ qua levan~ ta.nw-so na derrota do regime fnaoiSta de Cae-tB.no o que uio sabordina-ea po:o qualqu'lr Partido - !IS a rr.•io polo. qual aa maasa.a oontinuam a aprotundar-se us novaS penetra.-90&o idoQldgioaa. Aaaim, n m~iorio. inicialmente voton para o Partido Socinli•ta per­que ttl#da-ae do Partido Comtlniata ern reaqS.o contrm, a suQ. atividade de tu.ra.r groves, Dli:Ltt a.i"i.;'a eotaa mesmaa maBaas d&o uma ~OV3 olhad.& c.o o~"l1otal"'.u~cio-eoon~mioo d.&; demo­CZ&Oia. do Partido Socialist~> o so pergnnt"!": toi o on patroc!nio para a. demoora.oia: maia do qno ~uele da Eaquerda na ~ tent~tiva de protoger & imagem de ~~. oomc se o tipo do sooia.liaMo de Helmut Scnmidt na 'leaanha Ooidontal ~ass diferente do ponte il.e viB!a tundalo.antal do imporialismo e.b•rto do QM_ dG Prooidonte Ford? Agora alas o vlem nao o?mo tipo lie.~~ de ::!o:1::craoia. a operEoa, maa aim como o olBIIlor para. "o aaorit!oio e o tra.bslho duro• qua & ol~>~lllllen.te uma. detose. do sistema oapita.ll.ata.

!!2.'!!.:!. Por~r.mtn.a

Simu· .. tanee.monte, mnitas pargun"ta.s n.preaan:bm-se ceres. da. Esq'llflrda e "oa ae"A pro­S'!"!!..~~;;:' r !!!!M~ f!!.! t~d.e de ::;:::~tt~v:r: ~:.lvnvtia. u~aucata. \la libarl;aqao. Nio agiU 1iOd.a a Esquorda como oe a General Spinola !4ooe o verdadoiro chafe do golpo de eotado do regime

\. onetanista? !lao.· ha.via uma eoboetim!ll'iio do a operitl"ioa ueaoentos o dao luto.e do a campo­nOse a, dao ~aboliOaa eatudant!a, d~ Movimento para & Lib~rtny&o da Mulber, eobor& honveaae auitaa inetantoa abartoo doede moad~s cia d•aacto do seo•enta doea& inqnl.etQ9~0 no pal: a? Fo1 da.dA o orne: t -to quo mot<-tloia as revoluqOea :15. /Ctirca que na ve1:'da.de oon-

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duirDm oa aoldnd.os portugu&sea se l'evolta.reu contra ·o regime !"aaoieta illlperi&l.ista em l'orlng'a.J.? · Pa....-a. dizcsr a. ~tftrdad.e, a revolUQio am Portu.ga.l se :!.nioiou. na !f'rictt. e uBo acS por­

C['Ile o i.mperialis:t:lo· portugut!c ue ea't3Vn. esgotand.o, raaa porque as rnvoluqO'os af'rtoaDaa, teorica. tanto q':)anto pratioamente, mesmo a.gitavam o.qu.elao ro.'9as que via:-= lut:z.:o con­tra. eloo. (l)

Al(m. diaeo, as luta.s )llbB.:-a,libe'l.·taqS:o dos povOJ:a atricanoa Uo r.lims.u:tara..;3 par aoaso a ioevolt.q&o om Portugal. Rem toi meamiJ c mero mioroooiAZio daa: guerilhAa a.f'rioanas que co:-iaru oc port~8ooe c::ua.ndo orgaeizar9m em um n!ve:·l do opoaiq&:o. Os olamoni;oa revo­luoion.tl%-ioa do XFA &ssiatiram aos d.eaonvolvi.I::Iontoa te~ricoa c'~o moViulonto ravolu.,iodrlo atriouo que se extendia mutto r:~~m do naciono~ino para abrallgt;r a so":\i&l.iuo marxiatn pa1•a. &bl'al:1g'ar aa rol~Ueo do mundo intoiro. Os ohef'es d.a. Eoquerda q':::. ";gJ;t~ a. Por­tugal, o que mai.s rda.gi:t"am co11tra. "o d.ogmatismo" Po os ma.ia dogm"£tioos treu'\ie doa b&Ua programr.a ms.is empiricistas - como P.e oada. 1:-,ma de pr-,paga.nda ftlsse ••a• prova d.os V'lll­

lorea wrl.veraa.ia oocialistan, e como se um deErtio de qualquar deates tease a oapi't~a.-9Qo para a blirgueaia., uma mE-ra. 11 ca.riCP.tura. bonapo.rtista." (2) ·- ,.

f.!:!:! Comeoa.r !12. Com!Qo

. pare,. dizer a verdade :__ -temoo ··c;ue come<;~ nO coml9o - que memo sob a chetia de Spinola, " revol119iio porl~sa niio 00""'9ou oomo mero golpe de ostado ordinuto. !lao 96 foi Spinola. niio o verdsdel .. t'O ohcfo, mas nom f'oi o ox&rcito como '!o~al. Foram oa aetorea reVolu.oionJ.rioa do-MFA.~ Dai, anquanto no comlqo on jovens oomancl.gn:tes. ·organi­~~ ... oe em um n!vel t&o limi -tado o 1-e&oion£:-io como na m~a oposiQS:O aos novoe · con-. Boritoa fioa:rem ~or;.o.n~tee 9 uma. v'ftr; que tenham organi:~e.do umaa pequa~ nDid.:Ldea n"vua no ox&roi.to, !Ullbas a brs.nd.u.ra eom .. qual as gueri.lh&s os tra.taraa quando fora111 captadce e a eduoaqGo que perpetuav&-ae no ax&roito da liber~tuj&o nc.oional ~.nioio:n, a ndanqa na naturo•o. ta111b&m no M.l?! de!ltro do ex6rci.~o portueuaa. Talvez oe pentletoa do FRELIIIO em MO<;GIIbique, o PAIGC cu: Gu"-'-Biaeau1 e o M!'LA e<> Angola uiio oe oomp!U"elll com OS p...,_..

'tlet~s· de oamaradagem quo os boloheviques escreve~ em· 1917, mas com carte:~ for=m ~ base intetramonte nova para a lu~a. em·Portugal de 1974. Wa sua ~.ntativa de oonvencer os oold.n.doB. pnrtugu8seo quo val ta.Rsenl o tizossem a. !'lU& pr6p1"ia revGluyio, as t81"9&11 da iib~rtaqio no.eional 2?regeantara.m q-aectO~s _pertm:t:" Cl pa.pel dA mulher, do qu.tll os portu-~8aeu •progressista•" nunc~ 1inham considarado. (3) · : Par ""US"- <loa cous in!oioo li.mitatloo, a radl.ol\l.iz119ao do MFA foi sobesti.mada ·pela ~·elha. J::sq:uerda, carl ; indiv!duoe mesmo o coneiderando ll'>da mai.a .do que """'" oarioaturo bonapartista.• Outlvs aohavam que a quinta divisio do MFA, tiveeee roaponaabiltdade P,ela. pror,a.ganda. e pale "~i~aqi'io oulturalu e que toi;n&d.a. manoa do que waa e%l'reaa&o cio Haoimao poro e oimples. Contud.o, par-a .di•er a vozi(l.a.d&, com $fod.os oo saua er:;."''e, e!•_-.

Portugal nunoa ohegou ao Ma.oiGQO irraoione.J., uonoiando nos oaua jorn&is: 110 "!'eviaio­:D.ismo no pod.er oignificP. o poder na.a mB:oa do fascimno sD.aial.u (4) : Uma. vista. mo.iG profUnda do oom3go fa.• de ntloeeeidado oom quo n.oo condu.li:IYOD ao mo-vimeuto eapontlneo_ daa masaa.s: a ~~~dn. d.as terrae pelott aatora" re.volaoiodriQS ~s Compon8aoe tanto oomo ae gr~mdoa grovoo_ des uper&:M.oa, d.e.a quais -ba.via na.w..- menoa :.\e oem durBnte o p.-i.me:l.l'<> mb dopnia do gotne de e•tado do regi.m~ i'asoieta - a juventude *""to quanto o llovimer.to pan. a Libert119~0 cia llulho::- (IIL!t), que q.....,8 ..&a reoebn· at.,... 9;, neniitiiia., ;;;be:-e -~1!-~·na t8J!'9a-oentnl.. (5) . . · . ...

Quand.C! toi organizado p~lo SP..CP em 1969 o Mo!:Lmento Domoorll:tioo daa llul!!eres .-.i.Ja1 ..,... iia'tritamonte la q-IS&~·toen· eOon6micAI•••quAJi uao si~.Jific& que "rem:aneft9&0 justa par t1•ablllho j•Jeto• jisas.U~··tenha ai.do oDfOZ'9Bdo IIQoaO · ... 1974-1975. De todo.e u ....... nairas, oaao ~ovimento, por oima, ignorou as quoatOea femtaistaa, taia como o direito do ab8no; em .outr&• qnerloou perante aa rile9oea ctre o hoetll •· a:ll!lllhor;. oabo:ra 'IID.a bo~ene portuguOsea eRtiveooem bnetnnto atraaados a tal ponto que tenh&m opeato que ~a suaa mulharoa IJB&eeara rem.ddioa c.ntioonoepo1onain pcl"'!tUe u sua. vis oa tMiUl- ~potentee:_ Meemo quando ae mulhoree se quoi:c>vam do rata de que tinlwl mldo doA mlll'idcm oomo· t!11111>4

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t. "doa patrOeo das f'4brioaa, nem na com que "oa pol!tioos a.d.icnta.dos" mudasaR a na.'turt~za. da sue. orga.ni:ayio(l Da!, o ll:o!i::len'to pa.ra a. Libertnc;Bo d.& Y.:·1lher (ltLM) levantou.-se em novo terr$no, um torreno que nao aepara.aae a base !iloa6tioa nem do feminismo nem daa lutaa ee ul~uaou.

Uo•,r.::~.s F3t'Qtl& Ravoluoion.6.rias, Poco: A Mulher, a Juvent~de, oa CamponOaea

Ba d'oada de seaaenta quando a oconomi~ port~sa paraoeu ~~aear palo aeu per!odo de r;d\jsenvolvimen:to" ma!.or, com a untrade. rlos mllliiir-naoionaio em Portugal, Al:lilcar ~3bral . diese que Portugal., r.o111o o. ligs.;:&o maic traca ~~ i::1pe~ialiamo global, nzaio e•ta.va. em oondigOes pa.ra pe:rmitir o neo-oolonialsimo•" ~a.r6oe que oa 1iniooa que preotare: Jt.ten­~B.o aoa revoluoionttrioo atrioanos f'on.m on ctrf;:Ur!anteo portu.gul)acs, cuja.:s g!'OV40 chega.rsm ~ ponte Baie alto em 1968, e esta.vara tanto contra e. con15cri9io oomo em tr~vor da li'hZ~l"it_ Qade a.oad8sioa. Cacta. ri• mais que o oapi tal estraugeiro eata.va. em Portugal como ret\1gio aegu.ro p~a o ganh~ o o opeririado ba:ra.to, o mo.is que as .onntradi90oa debUitava o :.•e-gimo, . ' Consideremos a quaetiio da guerra no Oriente M'dio de 1973 e os pregos de pet...Sle~ que oa £ra.beo quadrnpliOa.ram. De todaa as apar~noias, ~ p8,l"eo8l\ ttir ncnh.ua rel"9&o com QH a.contaoimentos em Portugal. · Por&a, _p£l.ra dizer a. verdade, Portugal frl:soiata, com

' 0 oeu monop61io do CUP e as suaa aolaboraqoel!! oom os dais eata.lairoa weooa e os tkls · clinaBl'<!ullaea, tinha oonortu!do o dique sloe de Liim!.ve porque espera.va 11111 ·oom4:roio luora-~ivo om uavios E•troloizoo•, . . ; ... ~ f'abrioaqao a Sines baeeava.-ea no retl.nSlllento a nos pro4utos petroqu!mic!)a e a e»­

pauao.da.o t£brioaa de a.»tomevoio. Ent:oetanto, devido BO aorescimento doe pregos arl.bi­coa, hou.ve uma reduc;io de 10 pol'Co:J.ta.gelll Aa. oompl'& do pe1iir6leo, onde eaperava.-ae · vm. aoreaoimento de 25 po.z-oento.gem no oom4raio dos petroleiroe. A . arise eoonj$mioa no OOi.­

'deu:te, que toi global, .a.r.,tou prof'undamen'te Portn.ga.l que em aquele per!t-!l.o enirentava. a derrota na 'frica e as grevea e o deaemprlgo masaivo na tarra na~al.

~ · o ta.tor humauo d1u:zta equa.yao n&o toi maram.ento o ao.trimento. · Pois, nasaenR.::umaa ~rgas revoJ:l>Oion!lri.as. ·InioiBlmante,-·niio "'""oa de 1.5 milhio (d.Jntro doo 11111a popul"'.l~ de 8.5 m~lh>o) tinham aervido.aa. !frio& o~de politio&rem-ae pelo movimento da. libertaqao na.cions.l. Segtmdo, u condir;oea mise1"1tvois em Portugal mandaram os ope!'41'1oa poriugulsea por toda. parte da. Europa. Ocidento.l. m. 1974 tintlam imigraclo pela :::uropa Uoicien~al ni.o · ~qonoa do 900,000 opem•ios portuga!eoa, com 700,000 na Franqll, .. e 150,000 Da Alemanha. <loidon.tal. Enoobrirruo esta mudanc(a pa.t"B "" grandee met...Spoles no estrallg<li:ro para ganho.r melhor ompr8go como oe ai&niticasae o denenvolvi.Mento eco:a6mioo era Portugal •. Ha." verct.:.d.o, o grande n~ .. ero quo deix01> o setor agroh-io - houve uma dimin11i9ao de 50 por­Oentagem a 30 porcentagem na produqio agr~i&-- :aio ·aignitioa o desenvolVLo.onto.in­~ustrial em Port\18tl.l, '""" sim o da,..&io Mrhio; (6) _ . · Todoa eetes fatc?ee oond»zirlllll a mulher dentro cia J>'·od119ao - indll8tl't!.U e agrhio ~ ooPDo tamb&& dontro do dosempr!eo. Foraia os prirl~iros a. aerem atiDgid.aa palo deBt• eroprlgo, e por 1975 conte.~ mai~ ou menoo 50Q,OOO.. A:s 1culheroB que eeto.belece!'~ o Movimon~o p~>ra a. Libcrt09o.o da IIW.hor .{MLM) ll&o t>ellaavam que to!!~• oa. ll&as proble!!!M :easiiiiil 4UttJlW1dou p~lua ptu~ldllu o unioaa o:isiunl;oo. Tamb&= u.o signi:tioa que nao 'iveosem p~ioi~ado ativamonte em todoa deates. 0 qua aign~tioa. -- como damou•trou-ac 4• novo o primeiro cia maio de 1275 - onde J:'oram a.taco.das pale Ci' e o1>troa O!!Amadoe ~omens da Eoquerda quo tamb~m nao ceaa&vam de atac&r oa seua tilhoa -- que nao s~ ha~in a neoeasidade de um movimento tcminiata aut6nomo, como tambdm atualmsnto a Volha Es­querda tam quo responder ao seguinte: depoia d.a. revolUq&a o que a.oontuce em aquele ri!vel maio !'"•ndamon~al dao r•lllt}DOB entre o homem " a IIIUlher? . Um panneto do MLI!, que oolioitam pel~ so.litrio juoto ~a.ra "'" mulhered II& oel"'tej&riz

clt> Via. Lonp • a. f&brio& do 8.9-UOA.C·, rio, f01'9S.V'a-Be disttr: "aproveitam-ae da 11018:.0 aituattio nn.o o6 os patrOaa, mo.s tMlb&D os noasos pr"pri.Js cama.rad&s." ·· • OU. conoidore !'Or r~xftltplo n. qoeatio c!.2. a.grioul tura e c. hiGi:'a.i'qUia. oa.tj$lioa aua.ia

reaoiontrit'-. Irn!\ioa.m.:.nte, e. entre.ds. do ce.pi tal estra.ngeiro - do a s.u ,A,, da. Alam&Dh&,

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Ocidental, d& Su&cia, .da Rolanda, da F~an9n -- desenvolveu nao a~ uma inddctria grande, tal como oo ootaloi~oa de Lienave cu o novo acroporto a Farno, como ~~b~ (nests caso o eap·.i;al da. Alema.nh.a. CcidentnJ.l o esquema da irri~io no Alentejo, que est£ exatamentt ond.e a. lll!!..io!·ia doe empregwioo oo.o mu.l.h&reG, onde aa atividadea maiores, a to:::~n.da da ter­ra inolnsivo, combatirl'l.m-ao pelas mulheres. Jl!:lto com este esp!rito militant~, ~atava. a. exigftnoia -para u:an. :t'il osofia qu~ pudeasu comba:ter o poder d.a tra.nsi9io catdlica e t(laoista que tinha. f'ol"Qa.d~ a mu.l!ler em uma poai9io ii'Dbmiaaiva porante ~-Deus, 0 Ho.11em, e a Familia. TOm una. long11. tradiyio de graves, apreonaOea, e det"Jnq'Oos. Q~e.-~ eateja. na. regiio do Alante,jo, onde S,ooo d.os 10,000 empr<Jgados s&o mal.b.erea, ~aer ~ste.ju. nos oantros u.rbanoa onde, altm das lutaa i!ldustra.is, as ll'lulheres tf!m muita impoM!lnci& no s~rvigo de aadde p4blica, ou nas·lutas· ~l6gioas7 onde oertamente ~ dos grupos mais revolucion"'-·ios, o PllP/BR .; ehof'iad.o por ums. ~ulho::- - I~"bel do Ca.rmo - niio h4 jeito

. nenhtm:~ de f'tu:rir da nova posig:iio central d.a. mulhar, da jnventude, ambos na. cida.de univeJ."'o sit£ria o no ax6roito, ou doe oamponlses. N~ dia 9 de feveroiro de 1975, os 30,000 t~

. bMhad.orea agr4rios no .\lentojo d.owmdaram a·a.procnsR'o 'das propried.adea d.oa done qv.oe, teJ tru•am o golpo de este.do. ·

' Em vfliz dl'l ignorar no questOoa .feministil.B, a Velha Eaquarda deve r9conhecer ae: DOVD.I !'C1'9a.• d.& revol1:19Ao o ~a novaE man!:ira.s naa quais esaaa f'tJt"9a.s da rsvolt19&o deaeDVol•­varam-se. . A.ntoa do gclpo do ostnd~ do abril de 1974, 1\D Mc<>rrontos do re'IOlta em£'­giu...e.nt:r& u mulhorea7 da literntura l luta ooncret& e atual de ola.ss;;s.

Aaaim.7 !.B:. !.2.'!M, ~ Portugu.#sas .(publioad.o nos E.U.A como !!. ~ !!!£!!.!! 6 de je1to uonhum •simplosmottto literatura" -- embora seja grande literatura) apreaentoa aa quest<;.,. oero& das rel"ioea hnmaz1!s mo.is p.'C>f'undaz:lon+.e do que tinha. aproaenbdo_ a 7elh& Esquorda, Sua libel"t1191\0 da prisao !oi do jei to nenhu,. resul ta.da sd da derrota do re­gime c&etaniata, mas tamb6m das prcto~tas p~lo movi.lllontc internaoional P"""" a libel"tiiiJ&. do mulhar. ( 7) 0 a!lllbolo do movi.lllento :teminista, espeoificBJIIIInt• na £rea agrhis, tinha. esoolhido Catarin~ Eu~emia, quo foi asaaaeinad& pel& Ouarda Nacional durante a greve para o tlia '4til 1-e oito- h.-oras. ·

A a ~ulhares so ~ornaram impc!'ta=1tes oepecial.lllonte o~ 1973 quando n. tal ta de op..-<. ririos .AS ccndnoiram na inddetria tSxtil o electrOnica, e diretam~ntc om opcsi9ao ao• mult~aoicuaia: o Timex, o I~, o·Plessy, e a inddstria t8xtil (ondo o capital eoeoo pcsauia 15 das 25 co.m;.anhiae maioroa). Eat£ n<>s ind"datrias t8xtile·. a eleotrCnioa o .de navaP9&a onde inicialmente 0 movimento prolitcriado ·l~ou-ee ~ora, e ondo ningu&m dnrldava o osp!rito revolt,· :onario dao mulho~oa. lias niio sd pediram. uma oauc!""9a r.­r.iamontal naa c:~ond.iq:OeA do trn.ba.lho, co;no "fJambd111 das relaqOea d.omdsticas. ·

Ou cozuaideremoa a eitllaQS:o a.gnlria.. 0 sal.trio que aa malherea rl!lloebia!D co"tava a~ 50 escudos por dia, !iO porcentagem men:os d,.., aqu.ele. do hom•• Como em Lisboay "'~• raulh~ee d!L claaso oper£ria aaaumiram a dire;&o doa eatab!·l~aimentoa de la.vader_i& para fas6r Jel.e "m aorvi9a line do tal mane:::11'a que ao mulherea da cla,aae op•:r-4ria "ae l2.vra sem do trn.balho dom.Satico,•~ nos satorea a.gr4rioa eatavam entre os indiv!d».os maia a::t:iva Iiente envolvidoa nn tomu.da. d.& terra e na cultiv89B.o em u& b3.ae cooperativa. Oa oao­ponlsea ohegnram nos oous tratorea para partioipar na demonota&9CQ pal!tioa do dia 20 olo agllstc p..,.,. unir oa arrendatdrios de fueilda da olasse opor4ria que oo11pavam u OAsa A Caim oa oc.mpon~aes ocupa.vam as terrae do Duque de LatOea fr ce "tranatonn&ram u um · oooperativo. ··

0 rodar d~pl~? CRTSMs? Apartidariaao? (Anti-partid~rismo?)

Como 4 , aa grevoo durnnte o pri.meiro m8a dopoia d.a derrota. do regime tuoiata., 11;0 tornm grevee ord.indria! e umaq temino.rn.m 118. ocu.paq~: doa eatc.leiroa do Lisna.ve pel ~porhic•, Maa enquan~o nao hd d6vidA do tnto de que lllll doe deaenvolvi.lllentoe zoaio·:·os f"ai a.quolo nco eataloiros, nem ale nom o Conc!lio doa Oper4rioa, Sold.ad.oe a Mariuheiroa ( CRTSMo) fol'am pot tedA a nnqiio,

De ~adae oa partidoe que naoooram, aquele que toi o maio ind!1ena e ravoluoton!rio toi o PRP/BR (ParUdc ilovoluoion&rio do P"rtido - Bri;...W.s Rovoluoion!rillB), (8)

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·"' antipartid.a.rd.&40 0 t&o carn.cterS:atica da aituaq8.o nvoluoiontria. de tal manoira que ... ste grupo, um j"n,mo do CP, tantou do.r prioridado nio a.o partido, ma.s ls orgauiz~Oea eapon~1ueao das masBas. Pediram, a tomn.ra:J pe.p&l importante na orga.niz119io do Cono!lio Revolltoion&rto dos O!le~;'trios, Solc1a.do9 ~ Mari~i:J.eiros. A!!eim, a quest8o morlo cr!tica tornoa-e$: oe do!onvolver espontanoaaonte au om t3rmoa nacionaio? Crin.vam o.poder duplo &iito tivo de eto..sao dao ma.oGao, o o c:.:t"Clar do proliteria.do?

Siuple&Bento nAo toi a verdada de ~e houv6so• tBl ~utomobili3ayGo des ~mssa.a que ol~nt~tonta cics&fiou o ::~.ovo govarno que aind.s. era. muito oa.pito.liat&. Hem tci '~ttrdad.o que memo aa OCJ90eu maio ~evolucion.trias do MFA igualtU"nm-se ao povo amado, da quin'ia.-­eP.s8noi~ P~ nma revolu~a~ social. E ~ ponca dizer que a Assembl6ia Constituiuto roi mui:to longo d..1. ret6rioa tio ele'7o.d.P.. 0 vota foi meramente um voto cozumltativo quo nio d.&aatiaase a j~ e:tiatonto c!omiu3.9ao pelo e>:~roito. (9) Como llll doB grup~s troUkistas ~anti.Dh&, disar quo a ~saembl.;ia COtistituinta foi •um psse;o na. dir89io d'll tJm gov3rno doe operdrios o dos camponGa&s,N 6 ~ absurdo, uma eutoria roto~ista. · Qw.,ru. jf. ~i'Ch.~ t"illnt'ado a .t.,.ooraoia. de Soe.raa e jlt tinha.-oo deopedido do gcvl!rno, GoJ19nlvee~ tel'L1inou-se tBliDAll a. e.l~ malva.da entre o SP a llS Msoiin:as, aM t'a.lar da hierarqci& ~ IgraJ& Cat6lio~ que 6 a verdadeira vencodora oomo deaenvolve-se o aspeto ft111oisto. da. con.tra.-rewlw;io. Uma. nova· t'reht:e tm.ida. de ·todoa os grapos da Esquerda (FUR, MES, PBP/BR, LUAR,· LCI e ont:-oa inoluoive) avisou, no sw I!I!Jliteato do d.\a .l.O de ""'l:t~~~~b:oo (10) <!UG a """"ntac;&o das t'e1"9&D rea.aiontlriaa terminavam em ,.. golpe de• ·u1oado 4iroitiata., Ho diR. 25 de novorabl'O rea.lizou--!e a. sua predi9Bo.

Torainou-ae a primeir& etapa da revoluqao.

A Co:J.ti-S....Revolucio .2!! Portael, ~ ! ~

A revol~&o _sm.Portugal nasoeu dent~ .das revolU9Cea.atricanat. A con.t~~evolU9&o. om Portugal "coinci~ae• com a. conspirB9o.o entH a liga.;.ao 11USA.-C:IA.-c· 'tricao-do---=!tl." tia.ra a re-ookllll!lo19iio de Angola. Como contra a dplica da .!tria& negra. • da Portugal, o apsrihcid. ~ !!'rico. do. Sul aumeiltou as suas prmisaa t'alaas, . junto com o, aeu poder 001 uma tentative. de faze:r---ee "pa.rta" dO "Ooidonte.11 Uma. U\lisa que oa.ra4lteri:ae eetos dots opostoo (maa qDC s6 ligeiramento tooou a. Eoquerda revoluoion£ria D& Europ" <!Ue f'ioa t&o. daltenioa como branca.), foi aemo o ~:~eu orga.nismo, e nio meramente a supereatrutun. doa p~atiataa.

Ae.ei!!, o ·Al1!!irente Biermu,. o Chete d.o Esta.~aior da .!f'rioa do Sal,. eeoreveu. em · 1?72• •E naoasa.trio quo um m>per-~oder envol.-....ae D& estrat&gia do ll<AIIisf'4rio do aul ~ •• Devemoa oonv~oer o poido~te que a penotr&Qio comuni~ta e ~ perigo imediato para t ~pa Oaidental e o restnnte dD ~~do livro.n ~ essa mensagem que atualmento solioite a. aten9Ro doo a&l.a.ndroe como Ford, ~isainger e o "CIL" e oa :l.mperialistao tortes. ' Enq"aanto <!U• a preooup3.90:o de Xiosinger dU1"8Dto oa· primoiros -anoa da_Ueaaa de 1970 bra. com n '!i~'tn.a.N do Sul· on oom o C:rien1ie Mddio e oom o datante nsao, na.c se tivesee irubmebdi>. 11. W!b rel3.9iio !ntillla. com o apo.rtb.oid na Jt:!'rios. do e-"..1, por qua.udo Angola. j£ tinha g&.nhado & sua liberdada, o imparialismo ame:rioano eaouta.va. a"ii;::.tcmento lL chama.da .. doa ~periali~oc e doa raoiamos; par m~is tempo qua se pode verifioar, o apartheid na. 1£rioa do Sul ooouts.va-oe pela China •comunista• cujo naoionaliamo nao oabstitui por nada, e oonaider3 ~ aeu advera4rio ~rinoipal nBc oa E.U.A. mas aim a Rdaaia •

• \.!:!£.'fill!; a. JCtric~ 1io Sul ganhou a G'l& primeira ba'talha, no t)oidente o no OrientG. E agora. n.Ao e6 inolui a lignqB.o "iorU..-Kiaaingor-CIA.~cyi:.ihon" Mas i.Ambdm oa joma.listaa oomn C.L. Sul•berger, oa ohnm~doa Liberais IDgl~8os coma o chafe atual do Partido Libe­~al, Jerr-:7 'rhorp.,, e o "Ka.nob.eotor Guardian.• (ll)

TodA>a hnt .... prupa.gandizar uma. tales. ima.g'll!l do gov8rno a'taal em Pol"tugel, e oomo a R~aia oupoatamente oontrola ~ MPLA, arma.o e b~ns. o dataate russo ou aeja o que ter, a oonva:..•aa. t8la. ea.t4 t1rinGlld.o nos· taiaino.r 11oa prino!pioa da. geopol!~ioa.•t ooe.o Po~lugol oe dA p&>•a. o Atlftntioo no oxtremo Qoidonto da Europa, anquanto as su&b illlas oM ~atratagioamente oolooo.da.a naa rotaa de na.Via ezstre a Europa, o MeditarranGa e a.a Am&rioaa, aem fa.lar do Zato de que 3.!1 oua.a coltlnia.a na. J:.t:t-ica. tinh.a.ll:l oa melhorea ti-11-taleiroo Ji..rll os Ooeonoa Indio o o At.ltt.nhco do Sill.

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Nao 6 ~G eat~ aituaqao engune as mnaeas; pois nem e~ o Senado. Contudo, enquant2 o Senado a a C~ara dnqui em pcur.o tempo capitDlarao, os revoluoiondrioa ameri­ODJ!.os nao od d.evem ppor-ae ao i.:J.perialismo americana em POl"'iiiJ&Bl e em A.ng"la (veja "U.s. works vi'!ih South. Ar~ioa," P• 12), ma.a as ayOea de aolidaridado com a revol09&o portugu@.aa. n'Bo :ievem separa:r-·ao do resume tecS:..•ico e .&rio de l')nde 11 revolUQ;&o EOl"tn.­t,.-u'aoa parou-oo, o como deve-so tenta.r progredir oob o ~oi te da contr&-o!>eVOlUtia.o.

£! Dial~otiooa ~ Tooria

Como primoiro paaao em &qnela direyio, e9oorando que a di~cua&o dos&nvolv~ae dialeotieAmente em Portugsl., e aobretudo, com89amos com um doa pontoa apresnt,a.doa ~-'·"'-. rant;o o Progl'tlma- Pro1i.t.ainar do Po.rli.do Revoluciozutrio - :Srigada• Rovolaoiozuiril\0• •t tam bell & orea:>h119ao capaz de sintotizar a tooria com o. pritica revolucioa.-ta.• ( 12)

Bio ae pode i"nzer uma deol~~o te6rioa. Taml'I.Sm r!.eve-se trabalh.tl.r a ooiaa, o01Ae-94Dd.O oosa aa voaoa e as aqOas que vlerazr. de em be.Uo, e pergun1:a0 cerea de •aquilo qu" viar dopoin" mesmo quaado lutaram par& ca oper!rios· con~~9l~ ~ produ9io, CUT~a, e o:a maneirao de auto-de:t'csa. para. com bater aoa .m:tU 'tiplea tormaS na.a quais a. cou:~zoa-rewlu.--9ao apre11enta.-oe, no sea aspe1:o port:ugu!a e no seU aapeto oa.pi1:3lista. globaJ .. 1 op:o ·oon-spira· para .. !"'aeher dli vel ta o puder total. .

Do. p.rimein. re:T~lJ."'J9-;a proli terl,a.da, ehl 1848, Mars j4 'tilllla · COl!Oluf:do, 11Dc ~.,--iw,.i.::-o moaanto da vit4ria o dopoiD, a deacon!'i&"9o. que aont-o.o prolitoriado j' neo deva ••r dirigida contra o pew.-tido ·aaoiozutri<' vencido, mao contra o &liado privto, oil d=o=tu pequenoa burgu1b~ew, que crooreJi aproveitar-ae cia vit6ri:: ~omu. para. o sou p1-6prio bene-ttoto." · ·

Em vb e.o ci tar cr.ntinuamente ~ que dl.ooo Lenin em 1903 oebro a Partido - - po­si9ilo ·<n>e roviaaaao .,-d.riSII vibes - (14) - porque. Die oonsider&llao,oaiaa Lmin reargani-zou 01- cone pernsaentoa quando inicial:.aente :toi controniia.d.o ooa a· tra19Bo da DCocrao'-a . 1

Sooi&l Alfta e lova.ntou & poropotiva: A 'l'ranstoro~"9ii:c cia Guerra Imp$riali~t ... ,.. uoi& · GUo:t">'a Civil, Die me....,.cte ""'"' trase de propaganda, mas oin """' & nova· que.n~ tiloacS­tiaa ~ dil6ctica cia sua tranotom119iio no e•u opOB~o. (15) P~r 1917, •orado o pcidor P&l'a oa sovUttoco• buai ... mo na reorganis119iio filoo6tioa • Iii. """' o:z:preaoac· pa1!tio& 110 E&-ioa.do t1 na ReV'OlUt;&os qu.e Do podo haver nanhuma. nova aocieda.de a Uo aer que a proc5.tJ9&o e' o -:,r;'iia.do ch~tt-=- pel,;. popU!1L9Ao ttao hom&m, il :nnlh«.•r, e I crianqa."

P~ra !'eduir ~le a lUI& queatio do ra.·.-i:ido, o Partido 11 p&ra &IIEilU'Iir o. 002Bndo, coma tu ... todoo, doe C0l!111Diato.D llOD lfaoiatu, ·ao~ trctlllciot&a (do todo. eop,aie) a con­deuar· o re~.urgimanto da rovolU9So.

Penaar tantO quanto taser. (Volt&.l"'eCCIo• a eeto uoUDt·o om umo. oa.lda f'utura de DoiF ~' dapoia de reoeber

"'"' ociaanio119ii:o 4c Port1160J..)

(1) l'eja, oopocir:.l111ont<> ao 1uto.s africa.naa anteo do 1974: !!!! Struggle £2.!: Mooambigue, Penguin :Sookll, 1969, por Eduo.rdo llondliUlo, <!liODI t~i n aqaele por!cdo o. proddonto do FRELIMO, & o oo~udo maia :ompreenaivo eDo~ito per ~m ohete atrioano, e ooni .. & primoira 'lf9ft:o te6!':!.~e oeroa da Lib"rt99&o d.a Mulher, r.daia a.a cit890os daa olt•t'•• te•iniataa. !!!il!!:!!. !!a !!!a ~· diaoursos solecionadoa de A.miloar Cabrol (PAIGC), MonthlY l!evtew, 19a9~ Cabral tomb'• oacrovou o prof,oio para~ Liber&tion•2! Guin6, ooorito por Ba.~l b~vidson, ~~e ~em ~v~c~~i~= o~ni~~9~ aqn~la de uwe priaione1ra pol1tioa importsnte, C&riOon Pnoh'a, inel,.,ivo. Como aconteca, o proaente !J! 'Umoa lly,asih'! (1-4-75) abnnge lUI a.riigo, Suddellly, Angola, que inclui "Qm poema eacri"to palo teroeiro doe ohe!'ee c1a &:trion portugul•a., Dr. t:oto do MPLA. ouja ·entreviata 111aia recea.te reporta-e., na publioa.-9io do dio. 3 de ~aneiro do 1976 do Manaheoter Guardio.n. . · ( 2) A fraao 00110 an£liae do Ml'.!. ap ... •ooo o:a Portugal !! !J!! .. Croaal'Oado por TOD3' Clitf, . om& duple. aa{da eapecial (No. 81-82 Sot. 1975). To~ muito valor po~ ao.uua dao 54 repar­tegena l"rl poa~toa, e ·tGm rouita mat&r.,. s8'bre a PRP/BR, embon-. n~ rDQncione o ta.to do qae chotia-se por uma mulber, nom d4 o noma del3, Isnbel do Carma, ainda que o an&li1e oubra

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oaia de 48 p~as. (3) The strugglo ±'or liOZMlbiauo, pdgs. 147-50. (4) U'iiia l0r.:a de p;;;;pngande meoiota que apo.rece = publio119iio l1o dia 6 d6 junho de 1974, do ~ Popular, ci'ta.-ae em ~: ~ ~ ot' Fascism (New Left Review, IrCnd.ljft, Ko. ·87-88, Set.-Doz., 1974), por Robin Hlaokb~. Tem tamb&n o apgndice Tho Lionav-. Worker's Couwst!.""'l - --· t5)-Po~: ~ ~!!! F>•eedom, Big Flo:• PublicaHons, (632 llriatol Rd,, llirmingham 29'" Engrn:Jlti IS um estucio revolncioni:-io qui) o.i o ma1s objetivista. como tamb&a comproen­aivo. g o dnico que analiza BUhstanoialmente o pa.pel da malher, e o aeu gloa~4rio nio ootre do seota.ri.ei:lai.mo IS que nao mencioua. OS gru.p09 trotakistaa. e g.$ f'ala da sua. pr6-pria or~~izaqao. ( 6) "The Thorns of the· Portugoeso Rev.:.lution" po': Xer.:neth M&%Vel1 .:;~ Foreis1 Af:ta.ira,. J..,,., 1976. ( 7) Quando Msria lls.rrena, ""'"' daa aatora.a do !!.!!! ~'!.Ill!.'!!!! Ldttara (~ ~ !!!:!:.i~ oatava no~ Eetndoa Unidoo, nio a~ insiatiu qae o movimento internaoional daa mUlheres tinha. mu.ito. r-oo-ponsa.bilida.d.e pela. libertaq&o dala o das due;;: outres aut8ra.s, mas "que: 11 Creio no fc:cinimno porque para mim d.a1 a. esper8U9a paza. tra.u.Eif'orma:'. a sociedade." SaD diacal'SD J:ep~duze-se em Netrs .!:!!! Letters, abril de 1975. _ . : 8) Ambos o >lanif'esto da PRP /BR 9 mlli tos outroa doCIIlllentos cia Re.'tolt19ao ?or1oug~>ba. · :reprorlazom-se pelo.!'People~s Translation Serrtco"(l735 Allston lfq, ll£r.l::ele;r, ca.., 94T:l3) e:a Porit;gal: ~ Doout~~nts £!: !!\!, !!!Vollitionm Proc.sss. . (9) HA doia grapos ·prinoipaie trots~istae e~ Portugal, um chefia.do pela maiori~ da "l'ourth Iaternationa.l Secretariat" (Mandel), e. tm1 polo SliP (Joe Hansen). Veja !l!.'i£:2..0.!!.­

dia 8 do setombro para nin Defense of ·the Portuguese ReV'Dlutiona,• por llai tsn _.,,~ Ernest Mandel ( 24 pllgs.) e esse estndo BIG flJI sl!bre a

o "Fourth International" e o .1M' (70 p4ga.) no dia.l3 de outnbro da 1975, sa!da I.P. "For A Corroot Political Course in Portugal• por Ge~ tole;r, Joseph aanaon o George Novak. . (lO) .!i!!!!!. £!.!. Ola.see (ilpo.roce bilinguamente como £!!!!!. Struggle) No. 31' e 32, de Ontcbro ~ Des. :ie l975z. diooorda com o anltliae de Ton.y Olirt, o trotllkitoiDO orioia.l • que ,;· "" ai trotakista. Bao esclareoe ~ais ~ uaaunto, mo.a tem vslo~ no ~&to de que reprodase us oomenUrioa maoistaa a oho.uviniataa acbos nn Fran9a (•France nooda a. strong armT"), e por tocla parllo.A.o mundo, por oitB>' j.'H11111an:i.t& ~· Veja especia.lmaa.te l-9-75 anda Os maoio1ias pro~lamam: -nog doiR superpodores nao ~a,;• o mesmo papel. 0 por1go da ex­ps.noiio d(; · imp•ria.liamo oooinl. o.>viGtioo ~ o&ior ••• da.o ntividadea da.a Clllintaa ~01111188 quo reprea&nt&m-BO palos va~ioa partidon re~ieioniatas.H (ll) Voja. 6spoai..J.mea.ta "lllaol: and Rod Doa.•.t Mix; Can Black· and White• por Geottrey 'rqlor em !!:!s.a!.!!.t2.t fJuard.ian, 17-l4-75. · · · (~2) o Mon~resto da. Fronto Re'talaoionltria Ua.ida. do dia..lO·da Setombro inolui-aa oomo p&gi.Ua aepa.ro.da am ''People's Translo.ti<Jn Sl!":"".~ce'' rela.tivo a. Portugal. ( 13) l.dd::~ss de K'a.rl Ms.=, 1850. (14) Pu:r;a.-modirio"9ao: no ooncoito do p..,...ido, 1903-1923, veja Cap. XI a!lbro ".Parma or Organization: Tbo ~olationsb1p or the Spontnnaoua Selt-Drga.niz~tiun or the Prolitari&t to the 'Vanguard Pa.rty' 11 oomo tatl!b&m Ca.p. A:II oebra 11 What Happens Atter?" em Mru:o:ri.Bal i:l!li Freedom, pdgs. 117-209. {15) Junto oom o ~ooophio Notobooka clo Lenin (vol. 38 do Colhoted Works), 'teja a sua oA""!tioc. do Econom~:s of tho Transition Period por Ilukharinto~reprod.usido como o Aponcliae para. acrue.lo eOtudO '(BorGtDM, publi~liY) • .

New;, & L"tters, 1900 Eas't Jefferson, Detroit, Mich oJ8207, U.S.A.

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