Taxonomic Survey of the Plant Kingdom - AP BIO DONOGHUE Q2 PROJECT

8/14/2019 Taxonomic Survey of the Plant Kingdom - AP BIO DONOGHUE Q2 PROJECT

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axonomic Survey axonomic Survey f the Plant f the PlantKingdomingdomKhalil Abuhassan

Q2 Bio Project


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The Plant KingdomMulticelled, eukaryotic, photosyntheticautotrophs

Plants in the kingdom originate from afreshwater algae

Cell walls made of celluloseCarbohydrates stored as starch

Divided in divisions instead of phylaHave evolved in numerous ways to adapt to

land life.


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Divisions and PhylumLiving organisms are subdivided into five kingdomsFurther subdivisions are called phyla and divisionsInterchangeable; they both mean the same

thingPhylum (plural phyla) is a part of the taxonomic

hierarchyContains classes with similar characteristics,

which then contains orders with commonproperties that are from a similar family


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Plant Kingdom GroupsNonvascular Plants: Bryophyta, HepatophytaVascular Seedless Plants: Lycophyta,

PterophytaVascular Seed Plants: Coniferophyta,

Cycadophyta, Ginkophyta, Gnetophyta,Anthophyta


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Bryophyta (Moss)Small, soft, and shortDo not have flowers or

seeds

Often have specializedwater-conductingtissues

Simple leaves and wirystems

Reproduces sexually:sperm from malemigrates to femalethrough water

Thrive in wet, damphabitats, such asforests and bystreams, or betweenstones

Many uses formosses: aestheticpurposes, peat mossused as a fuel,Sphagnum mossesused for first aid

purposes, other


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Hepatophyta (Liverworts)Some grow as a flat,leafless thallus

Do not have flowersor seeds

Most are leafy; leavesdistinguished frommosses by single-

celled rhizoids, lackof costa, andoccasional presenceof cilia

Most common intropical, dampplaces; mostcommon in shadyareas

Not very useful onmodern timesCannot survive in

excessively dryenvironments


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Vascular Seedless PlantsVascular tissues havehelped these plants tosurvive on land

Contains specializedstems, leaves,roots, cuticles, andstomata

Nutrition via the xylemand phloem

Do not produce usingseedsreproduceusing spores only

Share a single commonancestor

Nutrition via the xylemand phloem

Includes:Phylum LycophytaPhylum Pterophyta


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Lycophyta (Club Mosses)Most abundant intropics, moisttemperate regions

Spores highlyflammable, used infireworksContains vascular

network, which

separates this clubmoss from moss(bryophyta)

Contains microphyllsas leaves

Lycophytas ancestorsformed huge forestsduring the

Carboniferous Period;the remains of theseforests are seen ascoal deposits

A chemical fromChinese clubmoss isbeing investigated forhealing properties forAlzheimers disease


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Lycophyta


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Pterophyta (Whisk Ferns,

Horsetails, and Ferns)Homosporous, fewheterosporous

Motile spermGameteophyte is afree-livingorganism

Have true leaves

Stems, leaves, rootsFour main habitats:

moist, shady forests;

crevices in rock faces;acid wetlands; andtropical trees

Some used as food,

aesthetics, fertilizer,and removal of metalsfrom soil

Some are weeds orinvasive species, e.g.

Japanese climbing fern


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Pterophyta


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Vascular Seed Plants The seed separatesthis group betweenother vascularplants (seedless).

Embryo protectedby extrasporophytetissue,which hardensinto the seed

Seeds allow easierdispersion andcan even lay

dormant forperiods of time

Includes:ConiferophytaCycadophytaGinkophytaAnthophyta


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Coniferophyta (Pines,

Cedars)Cone-bearing, woodyplants

Majority are trees; a

few shrubsMost have a single,straight trunk withside branches

Long, thin, needle-likeleaves; some havebroad, flat leaves

Heterosporous, seed-forming

Found in cool climatesfurther south

Used for Timber andpaper

Wood referred to assoftwood


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Coniferophyta


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Cycadophyta (Cycads)Stout trunksLarge crowns of

compoundedleaves

Often mistaken forpalms or fernsVascular tissue, but

slow growing plantSperm formed in

pollen tubes arereleased inside

ovule

Subtropical/tropicalparts of the world

Nuts carry a nerve

toxin that is harmfulto humans


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Cycadophyta


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Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo)Only one existingspecies, Gingkobiloba, known as aliving fossil

Large trees withangular crowns, longbranches, and deeproots

Very long-livingUnique leaves: fan-shaped with veinsreaching to end of leaf

Heterosporous, seed-

No longer in wild,only Ginkgo bilobaexists

Commonly planted incitiesCultivated indifferent countries,was a part of historic Japaneseculture

Ginkgo nuts are apart of Chinasculinary arts forcertaincelebrations


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Ginkgophyta


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GnetophytaWoody plants Three genera: Gnetum,

Welwitschia, Ephedra

Gnetum : mostly woodyclimbers in tropicalforests

Welwitschia : only onespecies; large, strap-like leaves that growaround its base;deserts of Namibiaand Angola

Ephedra : long slenderbranches with scale-like leaves at nodes

Seeds of Gnetum gnemon used to produce thesnack known as emping

Ephedra used as astimulant; controlled bymany jurisdictions dueto deadly overdoses


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Anthophyta (Flowering

plants)Found worldwideHas adapted to

nearly all kindsof environments

HeterosporousSexually reproduces;

sperm conducted toegg via pollen tube(self-pollination)

Flowers ensurefertilization

Agriculture dependson anthophyta (rice,corn, wheat, barley,rye, oats, pearlmillet, sugar cane,sorghum); wood,paper, fiber;medicine;decoration and

landscaping


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Anthophyta

Taxonomic Survey of the Plant Kingdom - AP BIO DONOGHUE Q2 PROJECT

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