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The migration away from “one-size-fits-all” medicine, particu-larly in the areas of cancer detection and treatment, holdsgreat promise for patients and the field of precision medicine.Demand and jobs are increasing for researchers, clinicians,and professionals who are at home collecting, analyzing, andusing more and newer forms of data. By Ellen R. Delisio

In the field of oncology, innovations continue to growrapidly in precision, or targeted medicine, as cliniciansseek to find better treatments for specific kinds of cancer,rather than take a blanket approach via the traditional

trifecta of radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery. To do so, theymust test patients, note mutations, and identify biomarkers todetermine what treatments could work best with the fewestside effects.

Scientific breakthroughs, in these areas and more, have ledto greater understanding of genes and their functions andhave created new opportunities for precision medicine—andfor those with technical, research, and clinical skills eager towork in this ever-expanding field. Special consideration will begiven to those job applicants who can perform big data analy-sis and multidisciplinary research. However, new jobs will alsoemerge in previously unseen areas, such as business, transla-tional medicine, and genetic counseling.

“The theory of precision medicine is exciting and clear—deliver the right medicine, at the right time, to the rightpatient. But, in practice, it can be quite challenging—identify-ing how to develop a medicine with the right biomarker isactually really tough,” says Thomas Hudson, vice president,oncology discovery at AbbVie, a biopharmaceutical companywith a major interest in cancer research, headquartered inLake Bluff, Illinois. “It will take the collective efforts of multiplestakeholders coming together.”

Government projects lend a hand

New and powerful tools have aided the precision medicinemovement. The Human Genome Project, the first completemapping of human genes, published its preliminary results in2001. The project’s numerous benefits include knowing thelocation of the approximately 20,500 genes identified in thebody and gaining a clearer understanding of how genes areorganized and operate.

“The Genome Project has significantly improved our abilityto learn how tumor cells work at the molecular level—the morewe learn their inner workings, the better we’re able to de-velop effective therapies,” says Andrea Califano, chair of theColumbia University Department of Systems Biology, directorof the JP Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, and associatedirector for Bioinformatics of the Herbert Irving Comprehen-sive Cancer Center, in New York City. “Right now, we con t .>P

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Upcoming features

Targeting cancer and careers:Precision Medicine

Andrea Califano

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Companies get into the actOne of the fastest-growing precision medicine approaches,

thanks to the availability of more genetic information, is thedevelopment of cancer drugs that target specifc types of cancerand are effective in individuals with a particular genetic makeupor biomarker.

“Now we understand the genetic architecture of each cancer.Sometimes it is better to know the genetic basis of cancer ratherthan its location. Drugs are being developed based on cancer’sgenetic vulnerability rather than [on] tissue of origin,” says ChrisBoshoff, chief development offcer at Pfzer Oncology in NewYork City, citing as an example the fact that lung cancer hasat least 10 different subtypes. Currently, Pfzer has 14 cancerdrugs approved, and out of those, seven are based on precisionmedicine and target a specifc subtype of lung cancer, he says.

Some companies are even more specialized, such as LoxoOncology in Stamford, Connecticut, (recently acquired by EliLilly), which focuses on treatments for cancers caused by asingle DNA abnormality. A single drug could have a dramaticeffect on that type of cancer.

“I’m excited about the work—you take a biopsy of a tumor anduse next-generation sequencing to identify alterations in theDNA or RNA that indicate why it became cancer in the frst placeand help you identify vulnerabilities against which we can usedrugs,” says Loxo’s CEO Josh Bilenker.

One new trend in precision medicine is noninvasive testing,according to a statement from Novartis. While cancer istraditionally diagnosed with solid tumor biopsies, somescientists are using blood tests known as liquid biopsies,followed by genomic analysis of fragments of tumor DNA foundin the bloodstream. These DNA remnants reveal the kinds ofmutations that may be driving a patient’s cancer and couldprovide clues about how to treat it. Novartis researchers havebeen developing liquid biopsy technologies for several yearsand are now working to make them a reality in clinical practice.

Novartis has also launched several targeted medications,such as Gleevec, which was the frst in a new class of drugsfor precision medicine known as tyrosine kinase inhibitors.Gleevec treats forms of leukemia—chronic myelogenous leuke-mia and acute lymphocytic leukemia—that were often deadly inthe past, but are now treatable, chronic diseases.

Overcoming obstaclesDeveloping precision medicine treatments is not without

challenges. These include the cost of testing and implementa-tion, the fckle and resilient nature of cancer, and the volumesof data and regulations that researchers must deal with. Lack ofuniformity in testing also hinders the feld.

The complexity of drug discovery and development can alsoslow progress. Enter Harvard Business School’s Kraft PrecisionMedicine Accelerator, whose mission is to streamline process-es so patients get treatments sooner. “We’re trying to applybusiness thinking to blockages in the system,” says RichardHamermesh, faculty cochairman of the accelerator.

The initiative was funded by a USD 20 million endowmentfrom Robert Kraft, owner of the New England Patriots. Kraft’swife, Myra, died from ovarian cancer, and received targetedtherapy late in her treatment, but her disease had progressedtoo far. “The experience made him realize there is a lot of fric-tion in the system. If it could be eliminated, treatments couldcome to market faster,” says Hamermesh.

know that using drugs targeting specifc molecular dependen-cies of the cancer cell leads to signifcant increase in response.We expect that the future of medicine is going to be even morepredictive, rather than being based on trial and error.”

The next big game-changer was the Precision MedicineInitiative, launched by President Obama in 2015, with USD215 million in the 2016 federal budget. The allocation includedUSD 70 million for the National Cancer Institute (NCI) at theU.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland,to accelerate programs to single-out genomic drivers of cancerand to use that knowledge to create more effective treatments.Also part of the package was USD 130 million for NIH to collectthe health profles of 1 million Americans and establish a data-base that can be shared and used for research.

Called All of Us, the database project aims to gatherinformation from as many different segments of the populationas possible, says Kelly Gebo, M.D., M.P.H., chief medical andscientifc offcer of the All of Us Research Program. “We knowdifferent people respond to different types of medicines,”says Gebo. “We’re trying to do research on a diverse group ofpeople that traditionally have not been included in biomedicalresearch.”

While researchers often look at factors such as gender, All ofUs is recording other information including age, income, andeducation. “We want to try to look at [these other] differencesin populations and how they affect clinical outcomes in thefeld,” Gebo says.

Since the program launched on May 6, 2018, 150,000volunteers have registered, 90,000 of whom have supplieddata about their health and family history. The goal is to havepeople stay with the program for several years, updating theirhealth information. NIH has gone to great lengths to ensureparticipants’ privacy and intends to create a data platform thatcan be used by all scientists, as well as other companies andindividuals.

“This is going to be a tremendous data resource that allowsus to look at information we never could before,” continuesGebo. “I look forward to researchers getting their hands dirtyas they look into the data.” con t .>

ÒBig data needs clever, thoughtful analysis.Ó

Ñ Benedict C. S. Cross

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Affliated with the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Cancer Research Faculty

TheUPMCHillman Cancer Center, celebrating its 28th year as a leading centerfor cancer research, is recruiting outstanding faculty at theAssistant,Associateand Professor levels to join established programs in Cancer Biology, witha focus on hormone responsive cancers, oncogene drive signaling, andunderstandingmechanisms and targeting aswell asmodeling ofmetastases.

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Located in the city of Pittsburgh (routinely ranked as one of the topmost livableand affordable U.S. cities), Hillman (previously known as the University ofPittsburgh Cancer Institute) is an NCI-designated Comprehensive CancerCenterwith 344 members; 10 research programs in basic, translational, clinical,and population sciences; 13 shared resources that receive funding from ourNCI Cancer Center Support Grant; and an FY17 institutional funding base ofnearly $157million. In FY16, theUniversity of Pittsburgh ranked #5 in overallNIH funding. Hillman Cancer Center serves a catchment area of 29WesternPennsylvania counties and provides unique opportunities to collaborate withclinical and translational research programs involved in cancer patient care.

To apply for a position, please send your curriculum vitae, a one-page summaryof your research plans (together with recommendations) to Hillman DirectorRobert L. Ferris, MD, PhD, care of thompsonla3@upmc.edu. Applicationswill be reviewed and evaluated on an ongoing basis, following the receipt ofall required materials. The University of Pittsburgh is an Affrmative Action,Equal Opportunity Employer. EEO/AA/M/F/Vets/Disabled.

Robert L. Ferris,MD, PhD, Director, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center

c/o Lola Thompson, 5150 CentreAvenue, Suite 500

Pittsburgh, PA 15232

Tenure Track Faculty Position

Center for Cancer Research and

Therapeutic Development

Applicants are invited to apply for a tenure-track faculty position at the Associate/FullProfessor level in the Center for CancerResearch and Therapeutic Development(CCRTD) located at Clark Atlanta University

(CAU), Atlanta, GA. CCRTD is the university-wide Center of Excellencededicated to basic and translational research, training of new generationcancer scientists, community outreach and education with a purpose ofeliminating prostate cancer health disparities.As a consequence of targetedrecruitment of faculty and staff over the past 12 years, CCRTD is currentlyone of the largest centers in the nation with a unique and comprehensiveprogram to combat prostate cancer.Current faculty has expertise in the areasof cell and molecular biology with a focus on understanding intracellularmechanisms that are involved in the development and progression of prostatecancer during different stages of the disease.These studies are geared towardsidentifcation of intracellular mechanismswhichmay be used as drug targetsfor the treatment of the disease. In this phase of its development, CCRTD isrecruiting scientistswith expertise in drug discovery and delivery to target theabovemechanisms.As a frst step in this direction, we are recruiting a seniorinvestigator who will play a signifcant role in this effort. The successfulcandidate must have a Ph.D. in medicinal chemistry, cheminformatics, insilico drug-design or a related feld with signifcant experience in synthesisand characterization of small molecular weight compounds to targetintracellular pathways involved in cancer development and progression.The candidate is expected to have a federally-funded research program inhis/her area of research.The successful candidatewill receive a competitivesalary and generous start-up funds.

Applications or nominations with curriculum vitae, list of 5 referencesand statement of research interests should be submitted to: Dr. Shafq A.Khan, Ph.D., Director, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic

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SW, Atlanta, GA 30314 or via to skhan@cau.edu. The review ofapplications will start onMarch 1, 2019 until the position is flled.

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Califano concurs. “Thereis going to be a tremendousrequirement for analyticalpipeline specialists—peoplewho are able to performsophisticated data analysis,”he says.

Wanted: Multitalented

individuals

Precision medicine, andthe life sciences in general,have become increasinglymultidisciplinary and col-laborative, explains Ho, andrequire professionals with

multiple skill sets. “A degree of Cuency in one or more feldsoutside an area of core expertise is needed in order to effec-tively communicate across disciplines,” he says.

Cross agrees. Bench scientists, computational scientists,geneticists, and other researchers will need to be able to syn-thesize many different types of information, he notes.

The wealth of existing data could also create the demandfor more professionals to help patients process it, observesCalifano. “I see a need for more genetic counselors,” he says.“When you get the whole genome, you see what else is there.If something is found by chance, should the patient be noti-fed? It could be a fairly complicated process.”

Two new professional opportunities in precision medicinestem from the translational medicine and cellular and com-putational biology felds, says Klaus Hoefich, vice president,biology, at Blueprint Medicines, with headquarters in Cam-bridge, Massachusetts and Zug, Switzerland. The companydevelops precision therapies that selectively target proteinkinases, key signaling enzymes that are proven drivers of can-cer progression.

Translational medicine in this arena involves applying ad-vances in sequencing and biomarker assays to identify whichpatients are most likely to respond to treatment. “An emergingresearch area is to advance patient selection in immuno-oncology and immunology to make it more like precisionmedicine,” HoeCich says.

Cellular and computational biology will be called upon moreand more to manage in-depth analysis of a broad range ofdata. “We are increasingly integrating additional molecularand genomic data, including from tumor and liquid biopsies,via machine learning and artifcial intelligence, to reveal newinsights,” says HoeCich.

As entities form partnerships, explore licensing, anddevelop marketing and distribution plans for new products,opportunities will open up for business professionals, saysHamermesh, adding that the Harvard Business School’s KraftPrecision Medicine Accelerator was not started to create jobs.

And growth is continuing, asserts Califano. “We are in theinfancy of precision medicine—we are setting the stage forwhat the future will be.”

Featured participants

To accomplish that goal, for the past three-and-a-half years,the accelerator has been working with groups to build patientregistries and facilitate data collection and sharing. The easierit is to fnd patients, the more quickly clinical trials can bescheduled, says Hamermesh. “Nothing we’re doing is going tobypass physicians or researchers,” he adds. “We’re looking tomake their jobs easier.”

Opportunities galoreAs precision medicine grows and evolves, so will job

opportunities, and not just for researchers and clinicians,although they will continue to make up the major share of theworkforce.

“Career opportunities in precision medicine encompassa broad, multidisciplinary spectrum of capabilities, and alsorange from the discovery and preclinical [stages] to clinicaldevelopment settings,” says Steffan N. Ho, vice president andhead of translational oncology at Pfzer, adding that key jobcandidates will be individuals with expertise in cancer biology,immunology, bioinformatics, clinical laboratory science,and platform technologies supporting sample analysis anddiagnostic test development.

At AbbVie, the number of people working in precisionmedicine in the oncology department grew from 30 to 60 intwo years, says Hudson. “I see a lot of growth [for precisionmedicine] in pharmaceutical and diagnostic companies,” hesays. “Companies will also need more specialized people whocan analyze biomarkers and look at tissue samples.”

Data analysts will be some of the most sought-afterpersonnel, professionals agree, since the volume ofinformation coming from multiple sources will continueto grow.

“Big data needs clever, thoughtful analysis,” says BenedictC. S. Cross, head of functional genomic screening atHorizon Discovery, a translational genomics company basedin Cambridge, England, which supplies pharmaceuticalcompanies, researchers, and academia with cell lines thathave been genetically modiDed to mimic diseases. “The moredata you have, the greater the chance of better outcomes.”And the faster that data can be processed, the faster it can betranslated into treatment options, he says.

AbbVie

www.abbvie.com

All of Us Research Program,National Institutes of Healthallofus.nih.gov

Blueprint Medicineswww.blueprintmedicines.com

Califano Laboratory of SystemsBiology, Columbia Universitycalifano.c2b2.columbia.edu

Horizon Discoverywww.horizondiscovery.com

Kraft Precision Medicine

Accelerator, Harvard Business

School

www.hbs.edu/kraft-accelerator/pages/default.aspx

Loxo Oncologywww.loxooncology.com

Pfizer Oncologywww.pfizer.com/partnering/areas_of_interest/oncology

Ellen R. Delisio is a freelance writer who specializes in the sciences and

education. She is based in Connecticut.

Josh Bilenker

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The NIH is the center of medical and behavioral research for the Nation

---making essential medical discoveries that improve health and save lives.

Director, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

National Institutes of Health

Department of Health and Human Services

Do you have a vision for the future of improving research into the causes, treatment, and prevention of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin

diseases? Are you a frst-rate Scientifc Leader seeking a career at one of the preeminent biomedical research institutes in the nation and the

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We are looking for applicants with a commitment to scientifc excellence and the energy, enthusiasm, and innovative thinking necessary to lead

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The successful candidate for this position will be appointed at a salary commensurate with experience and accomplishments, and full Federalbenefts, including leave, health and life insurance, retirement and savings plan (401K equivalent) will be provided.

If you are ready for an exciting leadership opportunity, please see the detailed vacancy announcement at

https://jobs.nih.gov/vacancies/executive.htmApplications are due by 11:59 p.m., ET, on April 30, 2019.

Please contact Mariela Light at SeniorRe@od.nih.gov for questions and/or additional information.

DHHSAND NIHARE EQUALOPPORTUNITY EMPLOYERS

A postdoctoral position at the StephensonCancer Center, University of Oklahoma

HealthSciencesCenter (OUHSC) inOklahomaCity, Oklahoma, is immediately availableto study the role of the gut microbiome incarcinogenesis.

A highly motivated scientist with a fresh PhDor up to 2 – 3 years of postdoctoral experiencein relevant areas is encouraged to apply.Candidates with experience in microbiomestudies, cancer biology, molecular biology,tumor microenvironment, and animal models(xenograft as well as transgenic) are preferred.

To apply, please send a cover letter stating yourresearch interests and experience along with acurriculum vitae and three references to mark-huycke@ouhsc.edu.

The Stephenson Cancer Center is an NCI-designated cancer centerwith interacting teams ofscientists supported by an array of core facilitiesand located on a largeOUHSC research campus.OUHSC is one of only four comprehensiveacademic health centers in the nationwith sevenhealth professional schools, providing a broadbase of expertise for comprehensive clinicaland basic science research, interdisciplinaryinteraction, and career development. OklahomaCity is a large metropolis with western charm,easy local transportation, vibrant downtown, andexcellent suburbs.

The University of Oklahoma is an EO/AAInstitution http://www.ou.edu/eoo/. Individualswith disabilities and protected veterans are

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Stony Brook University is recruiting

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Stony Brook University/SUNY is

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Multiple PostdoctoralPositions

Spring/Summer 2019

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To further strengthen our research environment and complement research areas already present

at SciLifeLab, we are now looking to recruit an outstanding young group leader to a new Fellows

position. As part of the SciLifeLab Fellows program, you become an associate at our research center,

as well as contract a position at one of our host universities.

Read more at: www.scilifelab.se/fellows. Application deadline: March 29, 2019.

Tenure Track Position as Associate Senior Lecturer in Precision MedicineResearch that centers on disease origin and progression, or equally well on molecular diagnostics and development of

new strategies to treat diseases. The line of research may encompass basic method development, studies of disease

models, or patient groups, as well as development of diagnostics and treatment of diseases, that gives special

attention to conditions and prerequisites of the individual.

ONE LEADING POSITION AT SCILIFELAB

About SciLifeLab

As a national hub for molecular biosciences in Sweden, SciLifeLab (Science for Life Laboratory) facilitates cutting-edge, multi-disciplinary

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2020 Vetlesen Prize

Achievement in the Earth Sciences

Call for Nominations

Nominations should be sent

prior to 30 June 2019 to:

Sean C. Solomon, DirectorLamont-Doherty Earth ObservatoryPO Box 100061 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964Tel: 845/365-8546

or via electronic submission to:vetlesenprize@ldeo.columbia.edu

Past Vetlesen Laureates

The Vetlesen Prize, established in 1959 by theG. Unger Vetlesen Foundation, is awarded forscientifc achievement that has resulted in a clearerunderstanding of the Earth, its history, or itsrelations to the universe. Te prize consists of amedal and a cash award of $250,000. Nominationsare now open for the next prize, which will beawarded in 2020.

Te prize is awarded to a single individual, who canreside and work anywhere in the world. Te prizeis administered by Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.

Nomination packages should include at least twoletters that describe the nominee’s contributions toa fuller understanding of the workings of our planet,along with a one-paragraph biographical sketchand the full curriculum vitae of the candidate.

For more information about the Vetlesen Prize:

www.ldeo.columbia.edu/the-vetlesen-prize

2017 Mark A. Cane, S. George Philander

2015 Sir R. Stephen J. Sparks

2012 Susan Solomon, Jean Jouzel

2008 Walter Alvarez

2004 W. Richard Peltier, Sir Nicholas J. Shackleton

2000 W. Jason Morgan, Walter C. Pitman III, Lynn R. Sykes

1996 Robert E. Dickinson, John Imbrie

1993 Walter H. Munk

1987 Wallace S. Broecker, Harmon Craig

1981 M. King Hubbert

1978 J. Tuzo Wilson

1974 Chaim L. Pekeris

1973 William A. Fowler

1970 Allan V. Cox, Richard R. Doell, S. Keith Runcorn

1968 Francis Birch, Sir Edward Bullard

1966 Jan Hendrik Oort

1964 Pentti E. Eskola, Arthur Holmes

1962 Sir Harold Jefreys, Felix Andries Vening Meinesz

1960 W. Maurice Ewing

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Visit the website and start planning today!myIDP.sciencecareers.org

Features inmyIDP include:

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A Croucher Summer Course is a residential course

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NRC Research Associateship ProgramsPostdoctoral and Senior Research Awards

The National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine offerspostdoctoral and senior research awards on behalf of 23 U.S. federalresearch agencies and affiliated institutions with facilities at over 100locations throughout the U.S. and abroad.

We are actively seeking highly qualified candidates including recentdoctoral recipients and senior researchers. Applicants should hold, oranticipate receiving, an earned doctorate in science or engineering. Degreesfrom universities abroad should be equivalent in training and researchexperience to a degree from a U.S. institution. Some awards are opento foreign nationals as well as to U.S. citizens and permanent residents.

Applications are accepted during four annual review cycles withdeadlines of: May 1, August 1, November 1, and February 1

Awardees have the opportunity to:

• conduct independent research in an area compatible with the interestsof the sponsoring laboratory

• devote full-time effort to research and publication• access the excellent and often unique facilities of the federal researchenterprise

• collaborate with leading scientists and engineers at the sponsoringlaboratories

Benefits of an NRC Research Associateship award include:

• 1 year award, renewable for up to 3 years• Stipend ranging from$45,000 to $80,000, higher for senior researchers• Health insurance, relocation benefits, and professional travelallowance

For detailed program information, visit www.nas.edu/rap, or send ane-mail to rap@nas.edu.

ARL Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowships

The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) Distinguished PostdoctoralFellowships provide opportunities to pursue independent research thatsupports themission ofARL.The Fellow benefits by having the opportunityto work alongside some of the nation’s best scientists and engineers.ARLbenefits by the expected transfer of new science and technology thatenhances the capabilities of the U.S. Army and the warfighter in times ofboth peace and war.

ARL invites exceptional young researchers to participate in this excitementas ARL Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellows. These Fellows must displayextraordinary abilities in scientific research and show clear promise ofbecoming outstanding future leaders. Candidates are expected to havealready successfully tackled a major scientific or engineering problemduring their thesis work or to have provided a new approach or insight,evidenced by a recognized impact in their field. ARL offers five namedFellowships honoring distinguished researchers and work that hasbeen performed at ARL. Three of these positions are open for the 2019competition.

The ARL Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowships are one-yearappointments, renewable for up to three years based on performance.The annual stipend is $100,000, and the award includes benefits andpotential additional funding for the chosen proposal.Applicants must havecompleted all requirements for a Ph.D. or Sc.D. degree by the applicationdeadline andmay not be more than five years beyond their doctoral degreeas of the application deadline. For more information and to apply, visitwww.nas.edu/arl.

Online applications must be submitted by May 31, 2019 at 5 PM EST.