Tapping the Treasure
2
Starch, Unmodified (Native) One of nature’s preeminent renewable resources and a mainstay of our food and industrial economy, starch is a complex carbohydrate composed of chains of glucose molecules. Basic consumer necessiƟes such as paper and texƟles are examples of its use in major industrial applicaƟons, where it is used in sizing, surface coaƟng and adhesives. Cornstarch serves as the raw material from which a host of products are made, including baby powder, laundry spray starch and cooking starch. It is also found in other common household items such as matches, baƩeries, diapers and a wide variety of food products. Starch, Modified Modified starch is starch that has been treated to provide specific physical and funcƟonal aƩributes in a variety of food and industrial applicaƟons. Many of today’s instant and ready-to- eat foods are produced using modified starches, enabling them to maintain improved textural characterisƟcs during freezing, thawing and heaƟng. Dextrins Dextrins are a roasted form of starch and are used for their adhesive and thickening properƟes. Dextrins’ adhesive properƟes make them key components in corrugated board and paper bags. They are also found in a variety of food items such as baked goods, prepared mixes, frozen desserts and other dairy products. Cyclodextrins Cyclodextrins, which are produced through enzymaƟc treatment of starch, have the physical shape of a hollow cone. The interior cavity can encapsulate ingredients such as vitamins, flavors, fragrances and drugs, which makes them useful in a variety of pharmaceuƟcal products, nutriƟonally enhanced foods and beverages. They can even be used to remove cholesterol from milk and eggs. Maltodextrins Maltodextrins are made from starch that has been treated with acids and/or enzymes to produce low conversion syrups that are usually spray dried to create free-flowing powders. They are used for their bulking benefits and as complex carbohydrates in many applicaƟons. Maltodextrins provide energy, texture and moisture, and they help evenly disperse ingredients in items such as protein bars, meal replacement drinks and dried soups. Corn Syrups Corn syrups are made from starch that has been parƟally reduced in size by a combinaƟon of low pH and naturally-occurring enzymes to produce syrups that are primarily glucose polymers of varying lengths. They have low to mild sweetness and are used for thickening, texture, clarity and sheen in food applicaƟons such as cereal bars, ice cream, salad dressings and canned fruits. Glucose (Dextrose) Glucose (also called dextrose) is made by treaƟng corn syrup with naturally-occurring enzymes to break the glucose polymers down to their basic building blocks. Glucose is a monosaccharide sugar notable for its mild sweetness, texture, bulking ability and white color. It is used in a variety of food and confecƟonery applicaƟons, including baked goods, fruit fillings, tomato sauces, meat products, chewing gum and chocolates as well as for making soluƟons for intravenous injecƟons. Glucose serves as the source material for high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) producƟon and comprises half its composiƟon (fructose is the other half). It is increasingly used in fermentaƟons as a source of energy for microorganisms producing vitamins, amino and organic acids, anƟbioƟcs, ethanol, food colorants, renewable subsƟtutes for petrochemical feedstocks and a host of other materials. High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) HFCS is a versaƟle, nutriƟve sweetener offering many benefits. It is very similar to sucrose (table sugar) and honey in composiƟon, sweetness, calories and metabolism. HFCS is composed of either 42% or 55% fructose, with the remaining sugars being primarily glucose and small amounts of higher sugars. HFCS provides energy, sweetness and moisture, and it enhances flavor and stability. It is found in numerous consumer foods and beverages due to its valued physical and funcƟonal aƩributes, including bran cereals, yogurts, dairy beverages, sauces, canned fruits, baked goods and condiments. The sight of tasseled corn swaying gently in the wind is a familiar scene in summer in many regions of the country. In fact, corn is the most abundant crop produced in the United States today. It accounts for more planted acres and has a higher value than any other commodity. While consumers are most familiar with sweet corn and popcorn, the majority of corn grown in the United States is field corn — also called yellow dent corn. Yellow dent corn is prized for its starchy composiƟon and serves as livestock feed and as raw material for the host of food ingredients and industrial products described within the pages of Tapping the Treasure. With the advent of new manufacturing technologies and the successful commercializaƟon of innovaƟve products, the demand for refined corn has become a significant segment of the corn economy. Contained within the fibrous cover of the kernel — the hull — is a treasure of raw materials from which hunreds of ingredients used in thousands of food and industrial products are made. These refined corn products add tremendous value to yellow dent corn. Corn refiners use #2 yellow dent corn, which is removed from the cob during harvesƟng. An average bushel of yellow dent corn weighs 56 pounds. Approximately 70% of the kernel is starch (from the endosperm), about 10% is protein (predominantly gluten), 4% is oil (extracted from the germ) and 2% is fiber (from the hull). It is the goal of the corn refining process to separate each component and then further refine it into specific products. Each of the components — and the specific products made from them — is worth far more than the raw grain. Corn sweeteners and ethanol are the largest segments of products made by the corn wet milling industry. Sweeteners from corn include corn syrups, glucose (also known as dextrose), high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), crystalline fructose and a group of low-calorie sweeteners called polyols. Among the corn sweeteners, HFCS has the highest producƟon. It is used by the food and beverage industry to preserve and enhance product quality while adding taste, texture and freshness. Ethanol is used as an octane enhancer in gasoline. It has conƟnued to gain recogniƟon as a cleaner burning addiƟve than tradiƟonal, petroleum-based products. Starch is the third largest product family from refined corn. Corn refiners provide Americans with over 90 percent of their starch, and in a wondrous variety of forms and funcƟonal properƟes. Corn refiners are rapidly becoming the largest — and most innovative — fermentaƟon industry in the world. For decades, they have used fermentaƟon processes to convert glucose into organic acids (e.g., citric and lacƟc) and amino acids. In recent years, the fermented product line has expanded into areas including sugar alcohols, vitamins, pigments and corn-derived alternaƟves to petrochemicals. Corn oils and feedstuffs — corn gluten meal and corn gluten feed — are isolated from various parts of the refining process and are important commercial products in their own right. Thus, the treasure of corn is tapped through innovaƟve, evolving technology, which provides considerable added value to corn. Browse the thousands of applicaƟons listed within and see for yourself why corn is part of our daily lives. Crystalline Fructose Crystalline fructose is made by separaƟng the fructose from glucose in high fructose corn syrup. It is provided in crystalline form and used primarily as a replacement for sucrose in dry mix, baking and snack food applicaƟons. Polyols Polyols are a group of low-calorie sweeteners derived from the hydrogenaƟon of various corn sweeteners. They have fewer calories than sucrose, do not promote tooth decay and elicit a low glycemic response, which makes them important ingredients in foods and beverages formulated for diabeƟcs and oral care products like toothpaste and reduced-calorie gum. Corn Oil Corn oil is made from the oil-rich germ of the corn kernel. It is used mainly in cooking oil, salad oil and margarine. High in mono and poly unsaturated fats, corn oil is a top choice for reducing saturated fat and trans fat in numerous food products. Corn Gluten Feed Corn gluten feed is the protein and fiber co-product of corn processing. It is used primarily for dairy and caƩle feed. Corn Gluten Meal Corn gluten meal is a high protein co-product of corn processing. It is used for poultry feed, pet food and other applicaƟons. Germ Meal/Germ Germ meal is the co-product of corn germ aŌer oil has been extracted. It is used for its fiber and residual fat in feed for poultry and swine. Steepwater Steepwater is the water in which corn has been soaked (steeped) during the iniƟal stages of the corn refining process. It contains extracted protein, amino acids and important nutrients and is used as a concentrated liquid protein supplement for caƩle. It is also used as a fermentaƟon substrate for producƟon of enzymes, anƟbioƟcs other fermentaƟon products. Ethanol Ethanol is a pure alcohol produced by fermenƟng glucose. It is a renewable alternaƟve to petroleum-based fuels and is used as an oxygenate (octane enhancer) when blended with gasoline for automoƟve use. It is also used increasingly in pharmaceuƟcal and cosmeƟc formulaƟons. Organic acids Organic acids, like citric and lacƟc acids, are derived from the fermentaƟon of glucose. Citric acid is used for its tart flavor in confecƟonery and beverages and serves as a preservaƟve in many food products. LacƟc acid is also used for its flavor and preservaƟve qualiƟes. It also can be converted to polylacƟc acid, which can be made into biodegradable plasƟc. Amino acids The amino acids lysine, threonine and tryptophan are derived from the fermentaƟon of glucose. These amino acids, the building blocks of protein, are used as animal feed supplements. Xanthan Gum Xanthan gum is derived from the fermentaƟon of glucose. It provides stability, retains moisture, enhances flavors and improves texture in items such as dressings, sauces and dairy foods. 1701 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Suite 950 Washington, DC 20006-5806 Phone 202.331.1634 Fax 202.331.2054 www.corn.org Tapping the Treasure Tapping the Treasure { Endosperm Starch Starch and Gluten Hull and Fiber Germ Refined Corn Products Defi nitions Refined Corn Products Definitions cont. Definitions cont.
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This colorful brochure provides an overview of the products produced by the corn wet milling industry. It includes a general description of how corn is refined into a variety of valuable products, definitions of refined corn products and a table showing thousands of uses for them.
Transcript of Tapping the Treasure
Starch, Unmodifi ed (Native)One of nature’s preeminent renewable resources and a mainstay of our food and industrial economy, starch is a complex carbohydrate composed of chains of glucose molecules. Basic consumer necessi es such as paper and tex les are examples of its use in major industrial applica ons, where it is used in sizing, surface coa ng and adhesives. Cornstarch serves as the raw material from which a host of products are made, including baby powder, laundry spray starch and cooking starch. It is also found in other common household items such as matches, ba eries, diapers and a wide variety of food products.
Starch, Modifi edModifi ed starch is starch that has been treated to provide specifi c physical and func onal a ributes in a variety of food and industrial applica ons. Many of today’s instant and ready-to-eat foods are produced using modifi ed starches, enabling them to maintain improved textural characteris cs during freezing, thawing and hea ng.
DextrinsDextrins are a roasted form of starch and are used for their adhesive and thickening proper es. Dextrins’ adhesive proper es make them key components in corrugated board and paper bags. They are also found in a variety of food items such as baked goods, prepared mixes, frozen desserts and other dairy products.
CyclodextrinsCyclodextrins, which are produced through enzyma c treatment of starch, have the physical shape of a hollow cone. The interior cavity can encapsulate ingredients such as vitamins, fl avors, fragrances and drugs, which makes them useful in a variety of pharmaceu cal products, nutri onally enhanced foods and beverages. They can even be used to remove cholesterol from milk and eggs.
MaltodextrinsMaltodextrins are made from starch that has been treated with acids and/or enzymes to produce low conversion syrups that are usually spray dried to create free-fl owing powders. They are used for their bulking benefi ts and as complex carbohydrates in many applica ons. Maltodextrins provide energy, texture and moisture, and they help evenly disperse ingredients in items such as protein bars, meal replacement drinks and dried soups.
Corn SyrupsCorn syrups are made from starch that has been par ally reduced in size by a combina on of low pH and naturally-occurring enzymes to produce syrups that are primarily glucose polymers of varying lengths. They have low to mild sweetness and are used for thickening, texture, clarity and sheen in food applica ons such as cereal bars, ice cream, salad dressings and canned fruits.
Glucose (Dextrose)Glucose (also called dextrose) is made by trea ng corn syrup with naturally-occurring enzymes to break the glucose polymers down to their basic building blocks. Glucose is a monosaccharide sugar notable for its mild sweetness, texture, bulking ability and white color. It is used in a variety of food and confec onery applica ons, including baked goods, fruit fi llings, tomato sauces, meat products, chewing gum and chocolates as well as for making solu ons for intravenous injec ons. Glucose serves as the source material for high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) produc on and comprises half its composi on (fructose is the other half). It is increasingly used in fermenta ons as a source of energy for microorganisms producing vitamins, amino and organic acids, an bio cs, ethanol, food colorants, renewable subs tutes for petrochemical feedstocks and a host of other materials.
High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)HFCS is a versa le, nutri ve sweetener off ering many benefi ts. It is very similar to sucrose (table sugar) and honey in composi on, sweetness, calories and metabolism. HFCS is composed of either 42% or 55% fructose, with the remaining sugars being primarily glucose and small amounts of higher sugars. HFCS provides energy, sweetness and moisture, and it enhances fl avor and stability. It is found in numerous consumer foods and beverages due to its valued physical and func onal a ributes, including bran cereals, yogurts, dairy beverages, sauces, canned fruits, baked goods and condiments.
The sight of tasseled corn swaying gently in the wind is a familiar scene in summer in many regions of the country. In fact, corn is the most abundant crop produced in the United States today. It accounts for more planted acres and has a higher value than any other commodity.
While consumers are most familiar with sweet corn and popcorn, the majority of corn grown in the United States is fi eld corn — also called yellow dent corn. Yellow dent corn is prized for its starchy composi on and serves as livestock feed and as raw material for the host of food ingredients and industrial products described within the pages of Tapping the Treasure.
With the advent of new manufacturing technologies and the successful commercializa on of innova ve products, the demand for refi ned corn has become a signifi cant segment of the corn economy.
Contained within the fi brous cover of the kernel — the hull — is a treasure of raw materials from which hunreds of ingredients used in thousands of food and industrial products are made. These refi ned corn products add tremendous value to yellow dent corn.
Corn refi ners use #2 yellow dent corn, which is removed from the cob during harves ng. An average bushel of yellow dent corn weighs 56 pounds. Approximately 70% of the kernel is starch (from the endosperm), about 10% is protein (predominantly gluten), 4% is oil (extracted from the germ) and 2% is fi ber (from the hull). It is the goal of the corn refi ning process to separate each component and then further refi ne it into specifi c products. Each of the components — and the specifi c products made from them — is worth far more than the raw grain.
Corn sweeteners and ethanol are the largest segments of products made by the corn wet milling industry. Sweeteners from corn include corn syrups, glucose (also known as dextrose), high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), crystalline fructose and a group of low-calorie sweeteners called polyols. Among the corn sweeteners, HFCS has the highest produc on. It is used by the food and beverage industry to preserve and enhance product quality while adding taste, texture and freshness.
Ethanol is used as an octane enhancer in gasoline. It has con nued to gain recogni on as a cleaner burning addi ve than tradi onal, petroleum-based products.
Starch is the third largest product family from refi ned corn. Corn refi ners provide Americans with over 90 percent of their starch, and in a wondrous variety of forms and func onal proper es.
Corn refiners are rapidly becoming the largest — and most innovative — fermenta on industry in the world. For decades, they have used fermenta on processes to convert glucose into organic acids (e.g., citric and lac c) and amino acids. In recent years, the fermented product line has expanded into areas including sugar alcohols, vitamins, pigments and corn-derived alterna ves to petrochemicals.
Corn oils and feedstuff s — corn gluten meal and corn gluten feed — are isolated from various parts of the refi ning process and are important commercial products in their own right.
Thus, the treasure of corn is tapped through innova ve, evolving technology, which provides considerable added value to corn. Browse the thousands of applica ons listed within and see for yourself why corn is part of our daily lives.
Crystalline FructoseCrystalline fructose is made by separa ng the fructose from glucose in high fructose corn syrup. It is provided in crystalline form and used primarily as a replacement for sucrose in dry mix, baking and snack food applica ons.
PolyolsPolyols are a group of low-calorie sweeteners derived from the hydrogena on of various corn sweeteners. They have fewer calories than sucrose, do not promote tooth decay and elicit a low glycemic response, which makes them important ingredients in foods and beverages formulated for diabe cs and oral care products like toothpaste and reduced-calorie gum.
Corn OilCorn oil is made from the oil-rich germ of the corn kernel. It is used mainly in cooking oil, salad oil and margarine. High in mono and poly unsaturated fats, corn oil is a top choice for reducing saturated fat and trans fat in numerous food products.
Corn Gluten FeedCorn gluten feed is the protein and fi ber co-product of corn processing. It is used primarily for dairy and ca le feed.
Corn Gluten MealCorn gluten meal is a high protein co-product of corn processing. It is used for poultry feed, pet food and other applica ons.
Germ Meal/GermGerm meal is the co-product of corn germ a er oil has been extracted. It is used for its fi ber and residual fat in feed for poultry and swine.
SteepwaterSteepwater is the water in which corn has been soaked (steeped) during the ini al stages of the corn refi ning process. It contains extracted protein, amino acids and important nutrients and is used as a concentrated liquid protein supplement for ca le. It is also used as a fermenta on substrate for produc on of enzymes, an bio cs other fermenta on products.
EthanolEthanol is a pure alcohol produced by fermen ng glucose. It is a renewable alterna ve to petroleum-based fuels and is used as an oxygenate (octane enhancer) when blended with gasoline for automo ve use. It is also used increasingly in pharmaceu cal and cosme c formula ons.
Organic acidsOrganic acids, like citric and lac c acids, are derived from the fermenta on of glucose. Citric acid is used for its tart fl avor in confec onery and beverages and serves as a preserva ve in many food products. Lac c acid is also used for its fl avor and preserva ve quali es. It also can be converted to polylac c acid, which can be made into biodegradable plas c.
Amino acidsThe amino acids lysine, threonine and tryptophan are derived from the fermenta on of glucose. These amino acids, the building blocks of protein, are used as animal feed supplements.
Xanthan GumXanthan gum is derived from the fermenta on of glucose. It provides stability, retains moisture, enhances fl avors and improves texture in items such as dressings, sauces and dairy foods.
1701 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Suite 950 Washington, DC 20006-5806Phone 202.331.1634 Fax 202.331.2054 www.corn.org
Tapping the Treasure
Tapping the Treasure
{Endosperm Starch
Starch and Gluten
Hull and Fiber
Germ
Refi ned Corn ProductsDefi nitions
Refi ned Corn Products Defi nitions cont.Defi nitions cont.
HOUSEHOLD NEEDS Air freshener Batteries Briquettes Candles Cleaners Crayons & chalk Diapers Laundry care Matches Metal cleaner Surface cleaners Trash bags Twine, cord, string PERSONAL CARE Cosmetics Deodorant Hair styling products Moisturizer Mouthwash Shampoo & conditioner Soap Surgical dressings Toothpaste PHARMACEUTICALS Antibiotics Asprin Coatings (food & drug) Cough drops Drugs Intraveneous solutions Medicinal syrups Pharmaceuticals TOBACCO Tobacco ANIMAL FEED Cat Cattle Dog Fish Mink Poultry Sheep & goats Swine CHEMICALS Acetic acid Agrochemicals Dispersing agents Distillation processes Enzymes Fermentation processes Food acids Industrial alcohol Insecticides L-ascorbic acid Lecithin Organic solvents Pharmaceuticals Zein PAPER, PAPER RELATED PRODUCTS Abrasive paper & cloth Bookbinding Envelopes Glassine Labels Paper Parchment Printing inks Straws Wallpaper PASTE, ADHESIVES Adhesives Binders, binding agents Glues Gums Mucilages Pastes TEXTILE Cord polishing Dyes & dyeing Oilcloth Printing Sizing materials Textile Windowshades, shade cloth BUILDING MATERIALS Cardboard Ceramics Coatings (wood, metal) Cork products Fiberglass Fiberboard, plywood Glass or rock wool Laminated Linoleum Paints & varnishes Tile, ceiling Wall treatment compound Wallboard MINING/METALLURGY Electroplating Galvanizing Metal plating Orerefining,separation MISC. INDUSTRIAL Boiler compounds Explosives Filters Fireworks Leather tanning Lubricating agents Oil-well drilling Plasticizers Plastics, including degradable Polyurethane foams Protective colloids Refractories Rubber (cold process) Rubber substitutes Shoes Soil treatment Tires (rubber) Water recovery (industrial) Wastewater treatment FUEL ALCOHOL Fuel alcohol
Refined Corn Products1,000’s of Uses and Growing!
Refined Corn Products1,000’s of Uses and Growing!
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ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, BREWING Beer, liquorFlavored malt beveragesBrandyCordialsLiqueursWineBEVERAGES, NON-ALCOHOLIC CarbonatedCoffee & tea drinksDairy drinksProtein drinksFruit drinks & juicesPowdered mixesFrozen beveragesBAKING, SNACK FOODS Baking powderBars, energy & snackBiscuitsBreads & rollsCakesCookiesCrackersDoughnutsExtracts&flavorsFood coloringFrosting, icing, glazesPiesPotato chipsPowdered sugarPretzelsSpicesYeastCANNED FRUITS & VEGETABLES Fruits & berriesFruitfillingsFruit pectinFruits, candiedSoupsTomato saucesVegetablesCEREALS CerealsCereal barsCONDIMENTS CatsupGraviesMayonnaiseMustardOriental saucesPickles, pickle productsRelishesSalad dressingsSauce mixesVinegarWorcestershire sauceCONFECTIONERY & GUM Chewing gumChocolatesConfectioneryLicoriceMarshmallowsNougatsFATS & OILS Cooking oilMargarinePan coatingsShorteningFORMULATED DAIRY PRODUCTS Cheese spreads & foodsCoffee whitenerCondensed milkFrozen creamYogurtICE CREAM & FROZEN DESSERTS Frozen puddings/custardsIce cream or milkPowdered mixesSherberts, water icesJAMS, JELLIES, PRESERVES Fruit buttersJamsJelliesMarmaladePreservesMEAT PRODUCTS BaconBolognaBreakfast meatsChicken productsDried meatsFish, seafoodHamsHot dogsMincemeatSausagesSurimiMIXES, PREPARED Cake mixesCookie, brownie mixesDessert mixesDried foodsEggs, frozen or driedFrosting, icing mixesGelatin mixesGravy mixesInstant breakfast foodsInstant teaPancake,wafflemixesQuickbread mixesSeasoning mixesSoups, driedSYRUPS & SWEETENERS Chocolate, cocoaCoffee syrupsDessert toppingsFruit & tableLow calorie sweetenersSoda fountainMISC. FOODS Baby foodDesserts (puddings/custards)Dietetic preparationsInvalid feedingsPeanut butterPrecooked frozen meats
